Archival Documentation Research Articles

Documentary Heritage of 1773–1923 of Siberian Archives with Significance to Lithuania

Extensive archival documentation related to Lithuania and Lithuanians is kept in Russia, and not only in St. Petersburg or Moscow. Archival cases of Lithuanians containing high numbers of ego-documents, are dispersed throughout the vast territory, and are especially numerous in the Siberian memory institutions. Thanks to the project Lithuanian Sibiriada, copies of documents brought from Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk can be found in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives. By using the analysis of documents and the method of classification, this article tries to systematize the information about the relevant materials found in the state archives of Siberia and to determine their typology.
 The studied documentation covering the period between 1773 and 1923 was found to belong to such areas of public life as politics, economics, science, education, culture, religion, administration, law, statistics, labor, and migration. These are documents (ranging from drafts and copies to official originals) produced by Lithuanians themselves, scribes, state officials not only in Siberia, but also in Lithuania, St. Petersburg or other parts of the Russian Empire. By type, among the discovered documents, there are decrees and manifests, deportation sentences, appointment letters, certificates, sheets, decisions, court records, lists, metrics, reports, reviews, statistics, financial documents. In terms of ego-documents, letters, requests, complaints, explanations, and wills can be found. With such texts, people sought to report, ask, defend themselves or those close to them, or bequeath property. The government created documents with the purpose of informing, registering, taxing, deporting, liberating, accommodating, employing, accumulating data; (not) issuing permits, allowances, salaries. Photos were taken for the mass media, identification, or inspection.
 Siberian documents touch on such topics as the uprisings, the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, attempts of Russification, exiles and prisoners, police surveillance, deaths, liberation, return to the social group, employment, marriage, obtaining a passport, business, resettlement, return to Lithuania. Documentary testimonies are available about free Lithuanians in Siberia: workers and farmers, students and teachers, businesspeople and craftsmen, doctors and priests, officials and various specialists, war refugees and repatriates. The addressees of the letters were the governors’ offices, directorates, courts, various institutions, officials, private people.
 The study showed that, between 1773 and 1923, Siberian documents about Lithuanians most frequently concern the deported persons (political, criminal), their data and applications. Yet, there are also archival cases significant for the history of Lithuania about the Lithuanian colonies, various specialists, famous personalities, businesspeople, about events in Lithuania itself.

INSPECTION VISITS TO SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ITALY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS (1859-1889)

This contribution focuses on an important chapter in the history of education that has not yet been investigated, that is the methods of inspections in government gymnasiums and lyceums in the first thirty years after the Unification of Italy. Starting from the legal framework and on the basis of archival documentation, the historical passages of a system centered on university professors are reconstructed. Between 1863 and 1889, they were called upon by the ministry as government inspectors to visit gymnasiums and lyceums to assess first and foremost the teaching activity of the teaching staff.

Movilidad urbana y “geometrías de poder”: El tranvía urbano en La Paz a principios del siglo XX

The historical development of the electric trolley in La Paz is connected to the process of modernization and urban expansion carried out by the liberal criollo-mestizo elites in the early 20th century. The archival documentation shows the trolley as part of the development of the city's modern transportation system, but also as a technology connected to the social development of groups in conflict for the material and symbolic control of urban space. Drawing on Doreen Massey's analysis of "power-geometries," the article argues that the trolley was functional in the constitution of social subjectivities shaping people’s understanding and experience of public space, and it was part of a mobility and access policy in the idea that mobility and control of mobility reflect and reinforce power relations.

Association and Enlightenment: Scottish Clubs and Societies, 1700-1830, ed. Marc C. Wallace and Jane Rendell

<i>Association and Enlightenment: Scottish Clubs and Societies, 1700-1830</i>, ed. Marc C. Wallace and Jane Rendell

The Reactionary Romance of American Slave Revolt: Scripting the Unthinkable in the Archive of the 1811 German Coast Uprising

Enslavers and their allies wrote in terrified, apocalyptic terms about slave revolts, particularly in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century US. This essay suggests that by consistently framing slave revolt in these ways, proslavery white Americans constructed and reproduced a dominant, normative narrative about the meaning of Black self-determination, which this essay calls a "reactionary romance." This "romance" deemed Black self-determination an apocalypse-signaling antagonist against which the privileged body politic must continually and violently struggle in order to reproduce itself. It perversely drew on the rebellious actions of Black people as a way to enclose the prospect of Black freedom in a shroud of terror, rendering the suppression of Black self-determination an esteemed civic duty for the American citizen. This essay critically and historically analyzes this romance as it functions in archival documentation of the 1811 German Coast Uprising in southeastern Louisiana, the largest slave revolt in US history. The way that Louisiana planters told the story of the 1811 Uprising weaponized the reactionary romance to compel an expanding American empire (and its citizens) to protect and expand both the social and material structures of plantation slavery and the limits on moral and political imagination that attended these structures.

Problems in the archaeological study of Medieval Bilhorod and its ceramics (based on the excavations of one of the pottery workshop)

The medieval city and fortress built on the ruins of ancient Tyras at the mouth of the Dniester (the territory of modern Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine) are among the key archaeological sites of the Northern Black Sea region of the late Byzantine and Ottoman times. Despite the long term of excavation in the site and the large explored area, the chronology of its cultural layers and ceramics from them, as well as the declared origin of some groups of the pottery cause reasonable doubts. That is why the re-examination of ‘old’ excavation data from the perspective of new achievements of medieval archaeology and ceramology in the Northern Black Sea region is the focus of our study. The article analyses in detail the excavation materials in the area of one of the pottery workshops, which from 1970s were considered as a reference for dating the construction periods of a medieval settlement outside the fortress walls. The study of the archival documentation and ceramic collections allowed us to find out that the cessation of the activity of the pottery workshop dates back to the second half of the 15th century and not to the beginning of the 14th century as has been regarded before. So subsequent dwellings and other constructions were built, accordingly, more than 100 years later than previously thought. Hence we have obtained a strong case for significantly correcting the chronology of the cultural horizons of medieval Bilhorod. Moreover, it become possible to clarify ideas about ceramic production and the historical topography of the city, as well as to outline the topical questions for future research.

Methodology of spatial modelling and visualisation of remains of the fortified Lusatian settlement in Biskupin based on archival data

The fortified settlement in Biskupin, Poland, is a widely known example of a prehistoric Lusatian fortified settlement in which well-preserved remains were discovered in 1934. During archaeological excavations from 1934 to 1974, extensive documentation was acquired, including drawings and photographs. However, during the II World War, its significant part was lost, and consequently, the documentation available today is incomplete, usually lacking information about the relative vertical position of the remains, which is crucial for chronological and functional analyses. This work presents a methodology for generating 3D models and visualizations based on the aforementioned archival documentation. For this purpose, the “general-to-specific” approach was applied, exploiting four methods varying in accuracy and level of detail: Structure-from-Motion together with Multi-View Stereo, the variation of Shape-from-Shading technique and 3D modelling based on single photographs and drawings. The article covers the advantages and limitations of each method and evaluates their applicability in archaeological analyses. This work is related to the research presented in [1–3]. However, the objective of this research is a thorough analysis of mentioned 3D documentation methods and their evaluation with regard to archaeological analyses. Furthermore, unlike in [1], this study concerns the use of terrestrial and low-altitude archival images for the documentation of separate artefacts.

Historia de las Indias (1552)

In 1552, Francisco López de Gómara published Historia de las Indias y conquista de México, which was quickly followed by immediate success, numerous editions, and censorship. Drawing on Marcel Bataillon's lectures in the Collège de France, French scholars from four different universities have put together a new comprehensive critical edition of the first part of Gómara's work, known as Historia de las Indias. The collaborative work of these scholars, as Monique Mustapha writes, provides a “panorama de las viscitudes y censura sufridas por la Historia” based on a systematic comparison of the different editions of Gómara's work (p. 14).This new edition of Gómara's Historia is divided into two parts. The first one comprises two informative preliminary essays, the criteria for editing and transcribing Gómara's work, the content of the Historia, a list of variants among the imprints, and endnotes. In one of the preliminary essays, Mustapha writes that unlike most editions, which rely on the text of Guillermo de Millis published in Medina del Campo in 1553 (titled Hispania Victrix), the editors of this new imprint chose to follow the 1552 princeps edition and include reproductions of its original covers, mappemonde, and engraving of the bison. Historia de las Indias (1552) is particularly distinguished by its exhaustive editorial work. The editors carefully underscore the modifications that took place between the 1552 princeps edition and other editions, including its second imprint, the versions published in Medina del Campo and Antwerp, the corrected versions published in Zaragoza, and Andrés González de Barcia's edition of 1749. Such editorial work provides indeed “una visión global del conjunto de las variantes” of several imprints of Gómara's Historia (p. 48).The second part of Historia de las Indias (1552) consists of six illuminating essays, six appendixes, and two bibliographies. Based on strong archival documentation, the essays address Gómara's biography, sources, and the trajectory of the Historia and its morphosyntactic phenomena. The recently found documents on Gómara's life as well as an iconographic study stand out among the appendixes. Regarding the latter, it is worth noting that the authors demonstrate that the engraving of the bison included in the princeps edition is the only image that appears in all the sixteenth-century editions of Gómara's text and was the first representation of the bison to circulate in Europe. Throughout Historia de las Indias (1552), there is keen attention to the iconographic elements that appear in multiple editions, which stresses the editors' goal of bringing to light modifications among these texts.These French scholars' comparative analysis of the diverse versions of the Historia contributes to our understanding of the material history of Gómara's work. Experts on Gómara's Historia will find particularly useful the arduous editorial work, in which differences among various editions are presented in a clear, expositive manner. By the same token, historians and graduate students can benefit from the informative essays as well as from new archival information included in the appendixes. Scholars interested in iconographic elements of colonial texts will also find this new edition useful. Overall, the editors of Historia de las Indias (1552) make a significant contribution to the study of Gómara and his works by putting together an edition that presents Gómara's first imprint while underscoring the differences between it and its following publications.

In the Blood of Our Brothers: Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain's Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870

Jesús Sanjurjo posits that the end of the slave trade to the Spanish empire was largely the result of “international political negotiations that excluded the Spanish authorities and ignored Spanish political actors”—an argument that echoes older, Anglocentric scholarship on the topic and fails to engage with the literature's recent focus on the role that the enslaved themselves played in pushing for abolition (p. 2). (White) Spanish anti–slave trade activists, he sustains, contributed only in terms of turning public sentiment against the slave trade. In so doing, they worked concurrently with the growth of liberalism in the Spanish empire, which Sanjurjo rightly points out looks different in the Spanish context. In Spanish liberalism, liberal political actors privileged preserving what was left of the empire, safeguarding the wealth of Cuba, and generally placating the Cuban elite. This argument about the ties between slavery and Spanish liberalism is intriguing, but it remains unclear whether the book's research, writing, and analysis do it justice.Chapter 1 treats the familiar early Spanish anti–slave trade activists: the statesman Agustín de Argüelles, law student Isidoro de Antillón, and expatriate journalist José Blanco White. With just a few allies, these men singlehandedly initiated public discussion about outlawing the slave trade and slavery itself in Spain—an essential aspect of the author's argument that they “contributed to building the public consensus” against the slave trade (p. 2). But strangely, Sanjurjo barely references—much less analyzes with any thoughtfulness—the body of work that they produced. This is a curious choice because their speeches and publications not only evince deep engagement with the broader abolitionist movements throughout the Atlantic world but also present uniquely Spanish arguments and proposals that merit attention.The next chapter outlines the British diplomatic pressure that resulted in the deeply flawed—and unenforced—Treaty of 1817, by which Madrid agreed to a plan to end the slave trade to the Spanish territories. Here, Sanjurjo references the related 1816 Council of the Indies report that recommended the abolition of the slave trade. He refers to it as “extraordinarily important”—even though it was a dead letter—but does so while attacking other scholars who have written on this topic for downplaying it, misinterpreting it, or failing to mention it altogether (p. 29). Unfortunately, such ruthless attacks against existing scholarship mar much of the book.Chapter 3 has some useful aspects, as it explains the “necessary evil” argument that Spanish elites forged in response to British abolitionist pressure. Sanjurjo shows how instead of attempting to directly counter British arguments about the immorality of the slave trade, proslavery Spanish and Spanish American elites argued that it was a “necessary evil” that would preserve the Cuban economy—and by extension, the economy of the entire empire. Its proponents, Francisco Arango y Parreño among them, framed British abolitionist pressure in terms of nationalistic discourse, suggesting that to be Spanish and Cuban would mean to push back against foreign interlopers who sought to harm Spanish interests under the guise of abolitionism.Chapter 4 examines Cuban historian and politician José Antonio Saco, who is sometimes considered as having contributed to antislavery sentiment. Sanjurjo rightly characterizes Saco as arguing against the slave trade not because he believed it was wrong but because he was convinced that the island's sugar industry and white population would be better off without it. But here again, when given an opportunity to execute original research with new archival sources that could have shed light on such important concepts, the author fails to do so, instead relying on just a few well-known published sources and secondary literature. Throughout the book, in fact, there is a notable lack of substantive engagement with archival sources in England, Spain, and Spanish America. The final chapter—the book is quite short, at only 123 pages of body text—outlines the rise of the Spanish Abolitionist Society in Madrid but strangely fails to engage with Christopher Schmidt-Nowara's groundbreaking work on the topic or the archives he used, instead delivering a basic outline of historical events largely based on secondary sources.The epilogue offers a thesis that frames antislavery and anti–slave trade thinking as “contradictory and complementary . . . Liberal and absolutist, progressive and conservative, egalitarian and racist” (p. 121). While in theory this gesture toward the confounding complexity of Spanish political sentiment regarding the slave trade is suggestive, the book is simply not up to the task of illustrating such historical nuance. It is hampered by an excessively combative approach to the existing literature and an impoverished understanding of the relevant archival documentation. Throughout, its organization is difficult to follow, and the argumentation is both scant and unclear. The book will be of interest to scholars who work on antislavery and abolition in the Spanish empire, but it brings little new to their table.

Analisis Isi Kebijakan Perbandingan Peraturan Daerah Pengelolaan Sampah di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2017-2021

This study aims to identify the main points regulated in local regulations in each district/city in Central Java, and to find out the similarities and differences between each regulation. According to Grindle, the success of a policy can be seen from the content of the policy itself. The method used in this research is a mixed research method, namely qualitative with secondary data analysis approach and descriptive quantitative. The source of data comes from secondary data, namely in the form of archives of regional regulations. Data collection techniques are carried out through archival documentation. Researchers will analyze regional regulations using a content analysis approach. The results showed that the points regulated in the local regulations for waste management in several districts/cities in Central Java have similarities and differences. Of the 7 aspects analyzed, only the Site of decision aspects are the same from one regional regulation to another. The decision-making positions in the form of district/city regulations are the same, namely the Regency/City DPRD and the Regent/Mayor. All regional regulations have met the indicators in Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017. The waste management methods used in all regional regulations apply the 3R concept, namely reduce, reuse, and recycle. The 3Rs have entered into the circular economy concept but have not fully implemented the circular economy concept. Basically the circular economy concept is waste managed with 5R (reduce, reuse, recycle, recovery, and repair).

Application of Remote Sensing Techniques to Identification of Underwater Airplane Wreck in Shallow Water Environment: Case Study of the Baltic Sea, Poland

Multibeam echo sounders (MBES), side-scan sonars (SSS), and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are irreplaceable devices in contemporary hydrographic works. However, a highly reliable method of identifying detected wrecks is visual inspection through diving surveys. During underwater research, it is sometimes hard to obtain images in turbid water. Moreover, on-site diving operations are time-consuming and expensive. This article presents the results of the remote sensing surveys that were carried out at the site of a newly discovered wreck, in the southern part of the Baltic Sea (Poland). Remote sensing techniques can quickly provide a detailed overview of the wreckage area and thus considerably reduce the time required for ground truthing. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the process of identification of a wreck based on acoustic data, without involving a team of divers. The findings, in conjunction with the collected archival documentation, allowed for the identification of the wreck of a Junkers Ju-88, a bomber from World War II.

South Russian Settlers of Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Centuries, Based on Archival Documents and Field Studies

In cultural terms, as compared to many other Russian groups, the South Russian (Kursk) settlers of Siberia in the late 19th to early 20th centuries were a distinct group, having their own traditional culture but usually no compact settlements. In this work, for the first time, on the basis of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, the ethno-cultural composition of Siberian settlers from that region is examined. Attitudes of South Russian peasants of the post-Reform era to migration are analyzed, reasons underlying their “wanderlust” and their reflection about relocation and ethnic identity are explored. Documents at the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, and the findings of my fi eld studies in 2014– 2018 pertaining to the Siberian stage in the history of Russian “Yuzhaks” (Southerners) suggest that their priority was to live side by side with Ukrainian settlers, as they had used to do in their homeland. The reason is that the key role in the early 20th century migrations was played by Russian-Ukrainian frontiersmen—people of “no man’s land”. At the time of migration to Siberia, those living in the southern Kursk Governorate were Russian Old Believers, Southern Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians (Little Russians), Russian Cossacks, and “Cherkassians” (Ukrainian Cossacks). The latter preferred to live apart from others, even within a single village. Archival documents and findings of field studies in the Anzhero-Sudzhensky District of the Kemerovo Region, and in the Topchikhinsky and Kulundinsky Districts of the Altai Territory demonstrate that Southern Russians were situationally identical to Ukrainians, as evidenced, for instance, by the frequent shift of surname endings from “-ko” and “-k” to “-ov” and vice versa, depending on migration plans. A conclusion is made that the ethnic diversity of migrants from the Kursk Governorate, the situational equivalence of Eastern Slavic groups in Siberia, as well as marriages with Russian old residents and Ukrainians, were key factors in the formation of local Siberian variants of the South Russian culture.

The Chicano Student Movement at California State College Los Angeles, 1967–1971

The authors examine the successful efforts to set up the first department of Mexican American Studies, possibly the first Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) in the California State University system, the establishment of a community center, and a Black and Brown House on the campus. The article details the negotiations among administrators, students, faculty, staff, and community. The goal is to highlight how the background of the East Los Angeles Blowouts, the response to the Vietnam War, the reaction to police violence, and the rise of La Raza Unida Party were central to the success of establishing these academic and university programs. At the same time, the essay underscores how these constituencies, given their divergent interests, were able to shift the institution. The authors use archival documentation and oral histories to demonstrate their points.

REFLECTING ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR IN ALBANIA

Albania was considered "a wild province" by the British missions that served in the "land of the eagles"during the Second World War. First, the Italian occupation and then the German occupation created the ground forthe anti-fascist national liberation war, carried out by various political forces operating in the country at that time.This paper aims to analyze the approaches and controversies of the civil war in Albania through the lens of Britishmilitary missions’ (SOE) official documents, Albanian archival documentation as well as from the literature ofvarious authors. Referring to this documentation, the beginning of the civil war in Albania is related to thecapitulation of Italy in September 1943 and the arrival of the German army, which occupied Albania, Yugoslaviaand Greece in three weeks. Domestic political situation in Albania was strained because off encountered difficultiesin creating a common front by the nationalist forces. The main rivalry was between a part of National Front calledBalli Kombetar (BK) and Albanian Communist Party (ACP). BK was a republican, liberal and nationalist wingorganization with an anti-communist program. Meanwhile, ACP identified itself with the National Liberation Front.In the vortex of these events, in August 1943 it was organized a meeting called “Mukje Meeting” due to the name ofthe village where it was held. The two rival political forces concluded an agreement, which lasted only one month;the communists cancelled it under the directives of the Yugoslavs because it meant equal power for both politicalforces and territorial unification with Kosovo after the war. These and other decisions were officially announced atthe next conference organized by APC, called Labinot Conference II (September 1943). At the Central Archives ofAlbania it is found a circular - letter of October 1, year 1943 addressed to the APC Committees. Through it EnverHoxha, as the secretary of APC opposed the union of BK forces with National Front, describing them as enemies.From this moment and on began the civil war. The confrontations are confirmed by the reports of SOE addressed tothe British Foreign Ministry; it was reported that only 10% of the British weapons given to the communists wereused in the war against the Germans, while the rest, 90% of them were used to fight the opponents (BK). Communisthistoriography denied the existence of civil war by censoring the history learned by Albanians for 45 years. After thefall of the communist regime, it was a necessary reviewing and rewriting the history of Albania. Even today,historians share different opinions regarding the period of World War II and especially the (in)existence of the civilwar. The fact that Albania has had a civil war reflected in the struggle for power, just like the countries of the region,does not at all diminish the organization of a liberation war and its commitment to the Allies. To reflect about thisperiod of Albania's history, we will refer to historical facts, arguments and various sources, which prove theexistence of the civil war even after the liberation of the country. In January 1945, when the Germans had leftAlbania, it happen another confrontation, known as the Battle of Tamara. In the time when the victory of thecommunists was a fact and they were full of glory, this event is interpreted as the last step towards the power. Withthe coming of the communists in power, the civil war was replaced by the class war, which marked countlessvictims during the entire communist dictatorship.

A Study on Pertussis in the Ottoman Empire in the Light of Archive Documents (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century)

Giriş ve Amaç: Boğmacanın, özellikle bebeklik ve çocukluk çağında ağır seyreden bulaşıcı bir enfeksiyon hastalığı olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir solunum sistemi hastalığı olan boğmaca, aşının keşfedilip kullanılmasından önce dünyanın birçok yerinde salgın halinde görülmüş ve ölümlere sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar Osmanlı Devleti’nde görülen boğmaca hastalığını incelemektir.Yöntem: Çalışmanın kaynağını, “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Osmanlı Arşivi”nde bulunan boğmaca içerikli kayıtlar oluşturmaktadır. Perâkende Evrâkı, Elçilik Şehbenderlik ve Ateşe Militerlik, Meclis-i i Vükelâ Mazbataları ve araştırılan konu ile ilgili belgeler; Maârif Nezâreti, Teftîşât-ı Rumeli Evrâk, Dâhiliye Muhâberât-ı Umûmiye, Yıldız Dâhiliye Mektûbi Kalemi’nde tespit edilmiştir. Bahsi geçen konu ile ilgili tüm belgeler çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Bulgular: Elde edilen veriler şiddetli öksürük nöbetlerine neden olan boğmacanın, Osmanlı arşivine oldukça geç yansıdığını göstermektedir. Zira arşivdeki kayıtlar; boğmaca hastalığının XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren kayıt altına alındığına işaret etmektedir. Arşiv belgelerinde boğmaca yerine bazen "kara öksürük" ya da "öksürük" tabirlerinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Öte yandan arşiv kayıtlarından, başta okullar olmak üzere, Osmanlı Devleti'nin çeşitli yerlerinde boğmacanın görüldüğü, bu nedenle hükümet yetkililerinin hastalığın yayılmasını engellemek için birtakım önlemler aldığı görülmektedir.Sonuç: Bu araştırma bizlere Osmanlı Devleti'nde boğmaca hastalığının oldukça geç kayıt altına alınmaya başlandığını göstermektedir. Osmanlı yöneticileri diğer bulaşıcı hastalıklarda olduğu gibi boğmacanın da yayılmasını önlemek için çeşitli tedbirler almıştır.

Feminist Mobilizations for Peace: The Bulgarian Branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1918–1952)

The article discusses the feminist mobilization in the first half of the 20th centuryby example of the Bulgarian branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1918–1952). On the basis of archival documentation and data from the periodicals, the ideology, social foundations and activities of society are reconstructed. The study analyzes the profile of this formation, situated between transnational, social and maternal feminism, pacifism and nationalism.

Bernard Bailyn Memorial Remarks October 25, 2020

Bernard Bailyn Memorial Remarks October 25, 2020

The Sun King’s Silver: An Artisan-Centered Study of the Silver Furnishings of Louis XIV

In December 1689, Louis XIV consigned his vast collection of silver furnishings to the crucibles of the Royal Mint. Although the celebrated collection took on legendary status that has persisted in popular and scholarly narratives of the reign of the Sun King ever since, the material and the documentary archive nonetheless offer a limited picture. This article seeks to demonstrate that reexamining the archive with reference to a chaîne opératoire framework that centers on artisanal practice can help to illuminate these absent artifacts. This attention to production and process allows a view beyond the representational surfaces. In the hands of networks of expert specialists—goldsmiths, joiners, sculptors, ironmongers, founders, ébénistes, and probably more besides—these pieces combined cross-trade expertise and diverse techniques, revealing sophisticated deployments of material and coordination of artisanal skills.

Savez socijalističke omladine Jugoslavije i BUM festival (1971–1978): od antisocijalističkih pojava na festivalu do socijalističkih korekcija

Based on the press of the League of Socialist Youth in Yugoslavia, also Yugoslav music and entertainment-information press, archival documentation from the Archives of Yugoslavia, the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia and the Historical Archives of Belgrade, as well as literature. This paper discusses the positions of the League of Socialist Youth towards all-Yugoslav BOOM Festival, mass gatherings of hippies, but also covers how the League of Socialist Youth corrected some anti-socialist appearances at this festival and gave to BOOM Festival a socialist shape.

The costs of treating patients during the epidemics at the beginning of the 20th century, based on the example of the Hospital for Infectious Patients in Częstochowa

Purpose: The study characterizes the determinants of the costs of treating patients during various epidemics at the beginning of the 20th century in Częstochowa. Methodology/approach: Research tools included a literature review on the subject, legal acts, archival documentation of the Hospital for Infectious Patients, and other ar-chival materials concerning the costs of treating patients during the epidemic in Częstochowa between 1918 and 1922. Findings: The analysis shows that both now and 100 years ago, the tools for fighting the epidemic are similar. The most important include preventive vaccinations, a health care system properly adapted to crises, prevention, and the protection of medical personnel who treat sick people and other people who have contact with the sick. The research hypothesis was positively verified that “covering the costs of treating patients during the epidemic at the beginning of the 20th century was determined by the principles of set-tling accounts for the treatment of patients and running the hospital”. Practical implications: The results are essential for developing and improving health systems. They have a cognitive value and can be analyzed by decision-makers at various management levels of Poland’s medical entities. Originality: The article is part of the trend of historical research on the costs of Poland’s healthcare system.