Basic Doctrine Research Articles

Analisis Pasar Monopoli Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi ISlam Dan Etika Bisnis Islam

Monopoly market share, namely: the composition of market share indicates that one seller orproducer dominates the market, so that it has is a market structure characterized by oneseller or producer dominating the market so that it has the power to determine prices andsupply. In an Islamic economic perspective, monopoly practices are often consideredunethical because they have the potential to harm consumers and create injustice due to thedistribution of resources. This article aims to analyze monopolized markets from theperspective of Islamic economics and Islamic business ethics by highlighting relevant Islamicbusiness ethics doctrines, such as justice, balance (mizan), and the prohibition of exploitation(gharar, and ikhtiar). Analyzing monopoly markets from the perspective of Islamic economicsand Islamic business ethics, taking into account the basic doctrines in fiqh muamalah,justice, and social responsibility. This article also discusses the implications of thesedoctrines for regulation and business practices in monopoly markets. How reviewingmonopolistic practices is contrary to the doctrine of Islamic business ethics, whichemphasizes honesty, transparency, and mutual prosperity. Research with a qualitativeapproach by analyzing literature and theories of Islamic economics and business ethics. Thisresearch concludes that monopoly markets conflict with the basic guidelines of Islamiceconomics that focus on the balanced welfare of the people. In Islamic business ethics, monopoly is considered a practice that inconsistent with the teachings of beliefs thatencourage healthy competitions and honnest trade.

Философская скромность Канта. К типологии философской теологии

Kant’s doctrine of religion has been repeatedly accused from different perspectives of having committed a rationalistic reduction of religious faith to a «faith of reason», or of claims to reinterpret by means of reason the body of beliefs of a revealed religion. The article investigates the Königsberg philosopher’s ideas concerning the boundary strip between philosophical and biblical theology as well as the criterion of an illegal trespass of this borderline. Only the philosopher’s claim to complement, modify or reinterpret of the dogmatic tenets of a historical religion, by means of reason alone, or to review the practical targeting of the dogmatic doctrines of a church, i.e. an «engagement in theology», proves to be, according to Kant, such a criterion; by contrast, an interpretation of church dogmatics which is devoid of any creedal claims does not imply an illegitimate reinterpretation of dogmatics. Contrarily, a criticism of Kant for such a reinterpretation, or even a mere presumption of its possibility in principle, does itself imply, as a matter of fact, a trespass of borderlines as determinated by Kant, a kind of hermeneutical dumbness of such criticism, its incapacity to accept its opponent in its specific intellectual quality. Such a dumbness may be caused by the difference in conceptions about the possibility and the essence of rational philosophical theology in doctrines of religion developed from an irrationalist, a speculative metaphysical and a moral-practical perspective, the first of which was intrinsically foreign to Kant’s mind, the second had been overcome by him in the result of the Copernican turn, and only the third made up the core of his own critical philosophy of religion. On this third position of philosophical theology comprehensive cognition of «God’s own properties» is held to be unattainable for human beings, and yet is everything knowable in the field of faith and theology acknowledged to be a product of practical reason. The limitation upon the claims of «theory» provides such a philosophical theology with genuine philosophical modesty, while its affirmation of ethico-theology as the only possible basis of rational doctrine of religion allows it to display a genuine awareness of the philosophy’s dignity as a science of reason. F.K.Forberg’s and Leo Tolstoy’s philosophies of religion, in spite of their superficial resemblance with the ethico-theological project, do not distinguish themselves at the least with that kind of philosophical modesty, digressing in two different ways from the science of reason towards a tcommon sense theory and providing an opportunity for critique of established religion from the perspective of the latter.

«Confrontation of fonts: Gothic vs Antiqua» in the language politics of the Third Reich

The article is devoted to the consideration of the script in the modern history of the German literary language, associated with the design of its normative graphics (graphemics), in particular the «font dispute: antiqua vs gothic» in the first half of the 20th century. For a significant period of historical development, the German literary language is marked by «cognitive dissonance» caused in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers by the collision of «conflicting» variants of Latin characters. The parallel use of various graphic variants of writing (diglyph), especially at the stage of the modern history of the German language, is marked by the influence of various extra-linguistic factors (ideology, confessional, cultural differences, national and state policies, etc.). A pressing issue is the consideration of the radical and controversial language policy in the totalitarian Third Reich in 1933–1945. Declaring Fraktur as a «national script», a symbol of identity and the embodiment of basic doctrines (unity of the nation and German-speaking ethnic groups, anti-Semitism, «struggle for culture», the idea of superiority), the National Socialists in 1941, at the stage of reorienting their policy towards «Eurocentrism», declared it replacement of the previously rejected antiqua as «normative German writing». The article provides a critical stage-by-stage analysis of the scenarios of the language policy of National Socialism in the «dispute about graphics», attempts to use a «compromise font» (Futura). Ideologemes associated with this practice are analyzed as lexical markers (Sprachregelung, Kulturkampf, Schrifttum, Judenlettern, deutsche Volksschrift/Normalschrift, etc.). The result of the study was the construction of a model of «font strategy» as a special linguistic-semiotic phenomenon of the language policy of the Third Reich. The conclusions note a peculiar reflection of the «font dispute» in different types of texts of 1933–1945 and in the military discourse of the Third Reich.

The doctrinal basis of research on human rights protection systems in international and national Islamic (Muslim) law

The doctrinal basis of research on human rights protection systems in international and national Islamic (Muslim) law

Ethical Causality and Rebirth in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra and Abhidharmakośabhāṣya: A Mirrored Argument

AbstractThis paper focuses on Sāṃkhya-Yoga and Buddhist Abhidharma ontologies and their engagement. A close reading of two hitherto uncompared passages from Pātañjalayogaśāstra 2.13 and Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośabhāṣya 4.94 suggests that they are intertextual or interdiscursive. A mirrored argument form in the texts explains ethical causality (karma) in relation to rebirth (punarjanman). The arguments in both texts are similar in form, sequence, and even conclusion, although not in terms of the doctrinal basis of reasoning. On first examination, both arguments analyse how action (karma) sustains patterns of moral repercussion across life and beyond death in terms of singular and plural causes and effects. But a close reading shows that the level of conceptual engagement on this issue is more nuanced – centred on ‘projecting’ and ‘completing’ mechanisms of karmic retribution (ākṣepaka karman and paripūraka karman) as well as determinate or indeterminate (niyata and aniyata) maturation of karmic effects. The paper suggests that the function of Patañjali’s passage was to serve as a structured engagement with Buddhist Sarvāstivāda karma theory.

Pengantaraan Orang-orang Kudus

This article wants to explore the historical and doctrinal basis for the practice of praying through the intercession of saints, which is commonly found in the Catholic Church. For that purpose, it will study the historical context of its origin and its doctrinal basis originating from the documents of councils. From the study of these sources, it is hoped that we can find the authentic spirit behind the practice of supplicating prayer through the intercession of saints. It is also hoped that, with a proper understanding of its history in the Church and the Church teaching on it, abuse can be avoided, and correct practice found support. For this reason, the discussion will be maintained by a study on the historical context of the practice and of the development of the doctrine found in the Magisterium of the councils. Yet the general theological framework of the Second Vatican Council will be presented first, so that the theological vision of the theme in the modern era could be placed as our basic understanding. But as it is also necessary to present the historical background of this practice, the discussion should also be supplied with this historical background. With this background, it is hoped that the idea of the teachings outlined by the councils, from the beginning up to the Second Vatican Council, can be better understood.

Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Nihilism in the Posthumous Fragments (1885–1888)

This article highlights the main principles of the Nietzschean view of nihilism. The analysis is focused on considering nihilism as a special approach to examination of the modern world. Nietzsche is positioning himself not only as a theorist or an investigator of cultural and anthropological symptoms of decadence, but also speaks as a prophet or a visionary. The article traces how Nietzsche gradually comes to the problem of dangerous nihilism. Already in his first significant work devoted to Greek tragedy he traces the tendencies of the decline of Western culture. Later on, the philosopher demonstrates that the origins of nihilism go back to the doctrine of true and false worlds in Platonism and this particular idea is the basis of the Christian moral doctrine. Nietzsche continues, as a result of the spread of the Judeo-Christian worldview, the ideals of hatred, resentment, bad conscience, and guilt are established, based on which the physical world is devalued. Therefore, the weakest forms of life are justified. This has a suggestive influence on all domains of culture: philosophy, science, art, literature, etc. Finally, a man turns into a possessor of the will to nonbeing. Nietzsche exposes different types of this nihilistic movement. His words ‘death of God’ become a figure of human loss of values that provided a person with meaning, purpose, and integrity. A tired and exhausted human being is disposed to pessimism as a symptom of nihilism. In Western society, substitutes for God—progress or collective happiness—are invented to save the situation. In contrast to this, Nietzsche’s active nihilism, which opposes passive nihilism—indifference and weakness that indicates trivial joys instead of the will to power—will be able to change the condition.

Imam Al-Shafi’i: The Founder of Islamic Law

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Idrees Al-shafi'i is a theologian and renowned Islamic Scholar, who was the first contributor of the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. He was a famous theologian and it was not his only forte, he also lectured on Poetry, Linguistics and Genealogy as well. His students cane from a varied array of disciplines. Among the four schools of thought of Muslims, Shafi'i is the Imam and founder of his school of thought. He was one of the four great Imams whose legacy on juridical matters and teachings eventually led to the formation of Shafi School of law. He is also the author of several prominent works in the field. Imam Shafi’I wrote many books and according to some narrations, the number is around 123. One of his famous books is Al-Risala. This is a book of his verdict’s specific issues, rather it was a book settling the principles of Islamic jurisprudence upon which every school of thoughts agree. He was one of the first people in the history of Islam who developed this branch of the religion. Another book comprising his rulings called Al-Umm has also become widely popular. Just as his book Al-Risala has the status of the first book and the primary source in the principles of Jurisprudence, like that his book Al-Umm has the status of the primary source in the field of Jurisprudence. The Shafi’i school of Jurisprudence is based on these books. The complete Jurisprudence has been compiled on the basis of these books. Imam Shafi’i write these books in his last year’s, in the early 3rd Century, when he was living in Egypt. In Egypt he not only rearranged Al-Risala, but also revised most of the issues of his Jurisprudence and compiled a collection of them in the form of Kitab Al-Umm. This book was dictated by him to his students and it is through them that it is available today. The four volume book Al-Umm also discussed a special chapter of Jurisprudence, International Islamic Law of War. That’s why it is also used in the formulation of international law. In the Risala which laid down the basis for various legal doctrines, al-Shafi’i established the overriding authority, based only to the Quran and the Sunnah or examples of the Holy Prophet PBUH as transmitted in the traditions. Shafi'i elaborated a system of positive law and a rudimentary legal theory that attracted a number of scholars. His two chief treatises that survived are al-Umm, a collection mainly concerned with positive law and disagreements among the early jurists, and al-Risala, a work on legal theory with particular emphasis on Prophetic Traditions, as a binding source of law. He set a new road towards Islamic Law through these two precious books. His contribution towards Islamic law is able to be discussed and remembered. The article will deal with the contributions of Al- shafi’i in Islamic Law in the light and approach of Al-Umm and Al-Risala.

액션러닝 기반 종교교육의 설계 방향: 원광대학교 교양과목을 중심으로

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to explore the a design guideline of Action learningbased religious education. As a poetic study for teaching-learning design that can interact with learners in the era of de-religionization, it proposes a way for ‘Religion and Won Buddhism’, an essential liberal arts course at Wonkwang University, to achieve educational effects such as active participation of learners while conforming to the doctrinal basis and educational ideology of Won Buddhism. [Contents] This study explores the fundamental ideologies that should be referenced for the design of teaching-learning and establishing the tasks of religious education of Won Buddhism, focusing on ‘Il-Won (一圓)’, ‘Fourfold Grace (四恩)’, and ‘Four Essentials(四要)’ in this study. And based on this, the direction of operation of Action learning-based ‘Religion and Won Buddhism’ is explored. [Conclusions] Through action learning-based religious education, this study discussed the learner’s subjectivity as a ‘Il-Won’, the network of ‘Grace’ between educational members, and the role establishment of instructors and learners based on the ‘The Wise Mas First’. In particular, practical methods such as small group activities using Action learning were explored, and an educational direction was suggested to pursue religious knowledge through the daily life of learners.

Can a Crop Rotation and Fallow System Reduce the Carbon Emission Intensity of Agriculture?

Under the carbon emission pattern of “peak carbon and carbon neutrality”, the policy of crop rotation and fallow system (CRFS) is regarded as an important initiative to promote the green, low-carbon, and high-quality development of agriculture. Focusing on balanced panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2021, this paper empirically examines the impact of CRFS on agricultural carbon emissions (ACEI) and its internal mechanism using a multi-temporal difference-in-differences model. The benchmark regression results show that CRFS can significantly reduce ACEI, and the results remain robust after validation by multiple methods. Mechanism results show that CRFS is able to reduce ACEI by reducing factor mismatch and promoting the level of agricultural services. Heterogeneity analysis results show that the arable land fallow rotation system is more conducive to promoting the reduction in agricultural carbon emission intensity in the main grain producing areas, main grain marketing areas, high land transfer areas, and plantation areas than in the grain production and marketing balanced areas, low land transfer, and animal husbandry areas. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the CRFS policy implementation, provides a doctrinal basis for expanding the scope of CRFS implementation, and provides policy recommendations for relevant departments to improve the CRFS policy.

Transforming Caste Domination and the Challenges of Structural Transformations and Transformation of Consciousness: Ambedkar, Shankara and Beyond

Caste is a multidimensional reality in history and society, and it has manifested itself through varieties of structures of domination which are simultaneously cultural, economic, political and ideological as caste has also been related in complex ways with structures of class and gender domination. These structures of domination have led to the annihilation of self and society. This led Ambedkar to challenge us for annihilating caste. For Ambedkar, annihilation of caste calls for the realization of each person as an individual and not just a caste person. It also calls for the destruction of caste privileges, discrimination and their scriptural legitimation. However, this call for annihilation mainly has been a structural project without enough attention to the project of transformation of consciousness—self and social. There is a hint of this in Ambedkar’s Annihilation of Caste when he urges us to realize each one of us as unique individuals beyond the holes of caste which is further deepened in his Buddha and His Dhamma. Transformation of consciousness is also suggested in Adi Shankara’s treatise on self, Atmastakam. The essay engages itself with Ambedkar, Shankara, Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo, among others, as they help us in the transformation of caste domination and present a new hermeneutics of self-realization and social liberation. It deals with the simultaneous challenges of structural transformation of caste as well as consciousness of caste at the levels of both self and society which can draw on multiple sources of critique, creativity and transformations in India and the world. Brahminism is the poison which has spoiled Hinduism. You will succeed in saving Hinduism if you will kill Brahminism. There should be no opposition to this reform from any quarter. It should be welcomed even by the Arya Samajists, because this is merely an application of their own doctrine of guna-karma. Whether you do that or you do not, you must give a new doctrinal basis to your religion—a basis that will be in consonance with liberty, equality and fraternity; in short, with democracy. I am no authority on the subject. But I am told that for such religious principles as will be in consonance with liberty, equality and fraternity, it may not be necessary for you to borrow from foreign sources, and that you could draw for such principles in the Upanishads. Whether you could do so without a complete remoulding, a considerable scraping and chipping off from the ore they contain, is more than I can say. (Ambedkar, 2002[1936], p. 303)

An Adolescents First Insight: On the Infiltration and Manifestation of Buddhist Four Noble Truths in East Asian Animation Works

Animation, as one of the genres of cultural products that East Asian adolescents born in the 1980s and thereafter are most exposed to in the initial stages of their lives, plays an important role in their contact with the outside world and formation of their worldview and value judgment. While Buddhism, as one of the most popular religions among East Asian countries, has an undeniable influence in the creation of literary and artistic works, as well as a strong penetration in the process of constructing the worldview and outlook on life of East Asian teenagers. As the basic doctrine of Buddhism, the core of the Four Noble Truths has constantly been manifested in many East Asian animation works. By analyzing the Buddhist elements and the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism in the three most influential animation works for East Asian adolescent audiences from the 1990s to the present, namely One Piece, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Jujutsu Kaisen, this paper then describes the insights and reflections on the sufferings of life, the ultimate goal of life, and the paths of life cultivation that are produced by adolescent audiences when watching the animation, and then analyses the important influence of these animation works on their way of thinking.

Индо-тихоокеанская стратегия Канады: новейший этап

Canada, despite its geographical location in North America, following its closest allies, mainly the USA, seeks to strengthen its influence in the Indo-Pacific region. The Canadian Government sees significant opportunities for the development of its economic, diplomatic and military potential. Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy, announced in 2022, has become the doctrinal basis of this policy, systematizing it in three key areas – economic, military and humanitarian. The article examines the issue of the transformation of the terminology base used, the regional Strategy of Canada as a mid-ranking power in the Indo-Pacific region, the main directions of its policy, and analyzes its doctrinal design with regard to the presence of goals, objectives, risks and threats in the Strategy. The author also focuses on the “anti-Chinese” aspect of the Strategy as a combination of diplomatic, economic and military means of the Canadian “containment” policy toward the Communist Party of China, whose growing influence, according to the Canadian political circles and the expert community, carries risks for regional stability and security, for a regional order based on rules and regulations. The study shows that in the long term, the priorities of Canada’s Strategy in the Indo-Pacific are updating the system of bilateral economic, diplomatic and defense agreements, as well as supporting the defense potential of partner countries. At the same time, despite the desire to strengthen its military presence in the region, the expansion of economic and trade development with regional actors will remain a key aspect of Canada’s policy.

A Note on Doctrinal Basis of Transfer Pricing Rules: From a Contract Model to a Fiduciary Model

A Note on Doctrinal Basis of Transfer Pricing Rules: From a Contract Model to a Fiduciary Model

IS A RESOLUTION OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL CONCERNING A PERIODIC SPORTS SCHOLARSHIP FOR INDIVIDUALS ISSUED UNDER ARTICLE 31(3) OF THE LAW ON SPORTS OF JUNE 25, 2010 A LOCAL LAW?

The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the statements of doctrine and case law on local laws. In addition, the author in the study attempted to assess the legal evaluation of the resolution of the municipal council issued under Article 31 paragraph 3. of the Law of June 25, 2010 on sports, establishing and financing periodic sports scholarships for individuals through the prism of the features characterizing acts of local law, developed by the doctrine of administrative law. The considerations contained in the work support the claim that this normative act has all the characteristics that characterize this source of universally binding law. The analysis of the problem was made primarily on the basis of Polish legislation, case law and doctrine. The inclusion of administrative-legal aspects in the study of the sports scholarship issue complements the legal-financial and physical culture research.

Methodology for Combating Extremism in Cyberspace: Experience of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The studies of extremist discourse in cyberspace use set scientific methods to protect traditional spiritual values, such as state sovereignty, human rights and freedoms, historical and cultural heritage. The experience of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the implementation of regional international agreements aimed at combating extremism should be applied in the organization of countering extremist crimes committed using digital technologies.Aim . To characterize approaches to combating extremism in cyberspace within the SCO and to determine the methodology for assessing the degree of public danger of manifestations of extremism.Methods. The study on extremism in SCO apply a comparative legal method when posing the problem of criminalization of extremist practices and use discourse analysis of the extremism in cyberspace problem for assessing the public danger of radical ideology.Results. Three groups of methods are used in the fight against extremism: methods of legal regulation, methods of studying and assessing the public danger of extremist materials and methods of scientific research of extremism. Prohibitive legal regulation in cyberspace is applied to media content that, according to the conclusion of linguistic expertise, contains signs of extremist materials. The doctrinal basis for the legal assessment of the linguistic expertise of extremist materials is the socio-legal research conducted in the SCO member states.Conclusions. The propaganda of extremism in cyberspace qualifies as an abuse of freedom of speech, since extremist ideology leads to terrorism. The SCO consensus on the need to combat extremism is based on a scientific methods system for radical ideology research, among which discourse analysis and narrative dialogue research will play an increasing role with the digital transformation.

Comparing Islam with other Late Antique Religions: Examining Theological Parallels with Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Manichaeism

This article argues that Islamic theological doctrines emerged out of broad late antique religious trends. Such trends were reflected in Judaism and Christianity, but also transcended them. In support of this view, the article systematically examines parallels between Islamic theological doctrines, and those found in the late antique religions of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Manichaeism. It is argued that all of these religions share six basic doctrines: (1) belief in one morally-concerned Supreme Being (2) belief in lesser spirit beings that are good or bad (3) belief in prophets (4) belief in scriptural texts (5) belief in an afterlife (6) belief that the world will end with the triumph of good over evil. It is argued that the preceding six doctrines coherently fit together into a larger perspective on the universe. The article explains how this perspective is central to late antique religions, including Islam.

Current problems of the Administrative-tort law of Ukraine

The article examines certain shortcomings of the current Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses in comparison with the provisions of the new administrative code. The examples show individual shortcomings of the new regulatory regulation. The author of the article also notes that in recent years, Ukraine has implemented the largest regulatory and legal measures to modernize administrative and tort legislation._The unstoppable increase in the number of registered administrative offenses makes us think again about the lagging of the law-making process from the real needs of society. The article singles out some aspects of improving the legislation on administrative offenses and the administrative- delict process, specifying the concept and legal meaning of the norm on administrative responsibility, rethinking some scientific dogmas, leading scientists to the need to clarify the concepts that constitute the essence of legal regulation of relations in the field of administrative responsibility: administrative- delict relations, administrative-delict law, norm of administrative-delict law for further regulation of legal relations in the sphere of administrative liability. On the basis of rethinking the views established in science about administrative responsibility as one of the institutes of administrative law, the author substantiates the conclusion that the norms regulating the issue of this type of legal responsibility form an independent branch of Ukrainian law - administrative tort law. Administrative-delict law carries out material-legal regulation of administrative liability. The opinion of academics is also noted, who note that the Code of Criminal Procedure in its current state is outdated in many respects and requires a radical adjustment on a new conceptual and doctrinal basis. The set of its constituent norms has its own subject, method of legal regulation, separate organization of regulatory material on administrative offenses.
 Modern administrative and tort law is characterized by integration with criminal law, which allows more effective use of their powers in the prevention of offenses.

Infliction as a Criminal Law Category

The article is devoted to the issues of infliction as a category of criminal law science. On the basis of the philosophical doctrine of causality, an attempt is made to resolve the problem of criminal law infliction through such concepts as “causal connection” and “causal relationship”. The author comes to the conclusion that infliction is an act which in some cases is criminal, in other cases – non-criminal; causal connection is a feature of the objective side of both criminal and non-criminal infliction, and causal relationship is an optional feature of the objective side of the corpus delicti of an offence with a substantive legislative construction.

Эволюция российской Конституции и государство-цивилизация как концептуальная парадигма нового Основного Закона России

Introduction. The relevance of the study. One of the key worldviews of the resurgent state ideology of modern Russia is the idea of a state-civilization, which acted as the doctrinal basis of the recently adopted Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. In this regard, there is a need to describe the legal characteristics of the state-civilization and their adequate reflection in the constitutional legislation, which puts on the agenda the issue of developing and adopting a new Constitution of the Russian Federation that meets its civilizational characteristics and development goals. The purpose is to analyze the contradictions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation reformed in 2020, substantiate the idea of a state-civilization as the conceptual basis of the new Basic Law of the country, and argue for the need to start work on it in the near future. The methodological framework for the research is the civilizational approach in combination with the general scientific and special methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, technical, comparative law, and historical-legal. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that, based on a civilizational approach, it outlines the tasks facing domestic legal science in connection with the official recognition of Russia as a civilizational state and identifies some conceptual ideas that, in the author’s opinion, could form the basis of the new Russian Constitution. Results and conclusions. The official recognition of Russia as a civilizational state is in fact an announcement of a course towards building an empire. Therefore, the main direction of constitutional reform at this historical stage is the legalization of the Russian government in this capacity. The main principles of the new Constitution of Russia, which allows for the consolidation of Russian society in its confrontation with the collective West, are the ideas of social justice and state sovereignty. It is in them that the request of Russian society to the state is revealed as fully as possible. All other political and legal principles and norms can be important, accepted by the public consciousness, and enshrined in the Constitution only if they correspond to these fundamental values.