Doctoral Level Research Articles

Well‐supervised, highly motivated, and healthy? Using latent class analysis and structural equation modelling to study doctoral candidates' health satisfaction

AbstractMore and more empirical studies address doctoral candidates' health. Yet, the mechanisms linking supervision and doctoral candidates' health often remain unclear. We start to fill this research gap with classifications of supervisors produced by latent class analysis, which were introduced into structural equation models with motivation towards the dissertation research as a mediator to predict doctoral candidates' health satisfaction. We used data from more than 200 doctoral candidates from a German university. Three types of supervisor support were extracted (poor support: 18.4%; good support: 26.4%; very good support: 55.2%). Poor support was significantly negatively associated with doctoral candidates' levels of motivation and health satisfaction. The relationship between poor support and health was partly mediated by motivation. By means of the advanced statistical models, mechanisms linking supervision and doctoral candidates' health could be identified and research on the dimensions of (very) good supervisor support could be expanded.

EXPLORING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND INCOME: THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE FORMAL SECTOR

Education is the key gateway for people with disabilities to become skilled laborers for self-reliance and to create better welfare. Using Sakernas data for 2021, this study aims to analyze the impact of education level on people with disabilities between two groups, namely people with disabilities with high education and people with low education, with additional observations on people with disabilities working in the formal or informal sector. The sample selected for the study is made up of workers with disabilities who have an income of 27,049. The higher education category is the level of education completed by persons with disabilities at the equivalent of high school to doctoral level, while the low education group is the level of education of persons with disabilities at the junior high school level and below. The results of the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method state that higher education and working in the formal sector have an impact of more than 58 percent on increasing their income compared to persons with disabilities who have low education and work in the informal sector.

How to measure field soil water balance parameters?

The article provides a methodological, computational, and instrumental assignment that aids in identifying the various elements that makeup soil water balance. Reputable publications have published a large number of studies in the last ten years that discuss the computation of the soil water balance under various cropping patterns using various establishment procedures and Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs). However, the computational and instrumental aspects of this work have received little attention. Because they lack the necessary fundamental (instrumental/methodological) competence, prospective scientists and students are unwilling to take on soil water balance calculation problems at the master's or doctoral levels, which generates misunderstandings. A thorough analysis of all the elements of soil water balance-irrigation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, drainage, seepage, and changes in the soil moisture profile-was included in this collection. To determine the soil water balance, all the factors are important. Although the instrumental part is well known, the computational and methodological parts are equally important. Scientists are currently attempting to find ways to save water and increase water productivity, as well as to better understand current patterns of water usage and the repercussions of activities. If one is fully versed in the instrumental, methodological, and computational aspects required to ascertain the components of soil water balance, one may also discuss the effects of a particular RCT on raising water and land productivity in a region with differing agroclimatic conditions.

Supervisory feedback and doctoral students’ academic literacy development: the case of writing for publication

ABSTRACT This study examines how supervisory feedback facilitates doctoral students’ academic literacy development in their situated practice of writing for publication (WFP). Multiple-sourced data collected from one supervisor and his four doctoral students were analyzed, including drafts with written comments added, feedback dialogues around text development through instant messaging, and student interviews. Findings show that supervisory feedback unpacks the hidden knowledge about WFP and contributes to students’ academic literacy development in three ways, namely, familiarizing them with the conventions of the academic genre, inducting them to the social relations embedded in scholarly communication, and encouraging them to make and claim original contributions. Overall, the supervisory feedback characterized by dialogic interactions creates a productive site for students to internalize the tacit and discipline-specific knowledge in the social practice of WFP and develop as reflexive and independent scholarly writers. The findings have implications for academic writing pedagogy and feedback giving at doctoral level.

Ethics education among obstetrics and gynecologists in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

There are a lot of efforts to promote ethics education and training at an undergraduate and postgraduate level around the world, including in Saudi Arabia. However, there is still a lack of structured ethics education curricula in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in Saudi Arabia. In the current scenario, where new ethical dilemmas are emerging, an ethics education that only focuses on teaching the ethical principles does not enhance the competence to deal with the ethical challenges in daily practice. This study evaluates the lack of ethics education and training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey of working obstetricians and gynecologists in Saudi Arabia was conducted among all working levels of doctors (the residents, registrars, consultants, and program directors) from various hospitals of Saudi Arabia. 391 practitioners responded to the survey, representing a response rate of 39.1%, including 257 (66.4%) females and 130 (33.6%) males. 74 (23.0%) received formal education (medical school = 35%; residency programs = 11.8%; sub-specialty programs = 4.3%; postgraduate programs = 7.4%), 85 (26.4%) received informal education (online training = 12.8%; conferences = 18.9%; courses and workshops = 13.3%; self-learning = 31.7% and daily practices = 20.7%), and 78 (19.95%) received no ethics education. Almost all the respondents had a positive attitude towards ethical principles, but a least percent were competent to deal with the ethical challenges. The bottom line of this survey is the imperativeness of reinforcement of formal ethics education in obstetrics and gynecology postgraduate programs in Saudi Arabia.

Grieving academic grant rejections: Examining funding failure and experiences of loss

Bidding for research funding has increasingly become a main feature of academic work from the doctoral level and beyond. Individually and collectively, the process of grant writing – from idea conceptualisation to administration – involves considerable work, including emotional work in imagining possible futures in which the project is enacted. Competition and failure in grant capture are high, yet there is little discussion about how academics experience grant rejections. In this article we draw on our experiences with grant rejections, as authors with diverse social science backgrounds working with death and bereavement, to discuss how grant rejection can be conceptualised as a form of loss and lead to feelings of grief. We end by considering what forms of recognition and support this may enable.

Student experiences of the ‘closed-door’ PhD and doctorate level viva voce: a systematic review of the literature

The closed-door PhD and doctoral viva voce - the approach adopted in the United Kingdom - is esteemed by some as being a valuable academic tradition. However, an increasing body of literature and research has raised concerns about the quality, transparency, reliability and validity of this viva format. This systematic literature review aims to explore the closed-door viva from the candidate perspective. Eight studies, encompassing 267 participants, were included. Themes which emerged from a narrative synthesis of the data were: emotional response; psychological impact; power; examiner conduct (i.e. questioning techniques and interpersonal style); fairness; and practical and procedural issues. A great deal of variation was found across all accounts. Whilst some were indicative of positive and constructive viva experiences, there were also concerning reports of candidate distress as a result of examiner conduct, behaviour and use of positional power. Implicit and explicit reference was made to the lack of fairness. Given that concerns regarding the closed-door viva are now well-established, results are discussed with reference to recommendations for change; ultimately, to ensure best practice in PhD and doctoral assessment in the UK as well as to offer academic providers in other countries valuable insights into this form of viva.

Effectiveness of Participatory Teaching Methods in the Standardized Training of Respiratory Medicine Residents

Objective: To explore and analyze the application effect of participatory teaching method in the standardized training of respiratory medicine residents. Methods: The study period was from May 2022 to May 2023. 20 doctors in the standardized training of respiratory medicine residency in our hospital were taken as research subjects and grouped into the participatory group (n = 10) and the routine group (n = 10) by using the random number lottery method. The participatory group practised participatory teaching methods, and the routine group practised routine teaching methods. The results of discharge assessment, teaching evaluation, and mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (mini-CEX) assessment were compared between the groups. Results: The theoretical assessment, operational assessment, and total scores of the participatory group were significantly higher than those of the routine group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The teaching evaluation of independent learning, theoretical mastery, teamwork, clinical thinking, communication, and learning interest of the participatory group was significantly higher than that of the routine group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mini-CEX assessments of history inquiry, organizational effectiveness, professionalism, physical examination, clinical diagnosis, communication skills, and overall clinical competence of the participatory group were significantly better than those of the routine group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The teaching satisfaction of the participatory group was significantly higher than that of the routine group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Participatory teaching methods can improve the overall level of doctors in the respiratory medicine residency standardized training, and the teaching satisfaction is improved.

Impact of Selected Schemes of SERB: Empowering Indian Women in R&D Spectrum.

The role of women in science and technology has become crucial for the overall development of a nation. In India, the numeric representation of women up to graduate and postgraduate levels is the same as male candidates but declines from the doctorate level. A continued women's lower employment rate in universities and higher educational institutes must be analyzed for necessary action. The Government of India has initiated various schemes, programs, fellowships, and financial grants to the research community to carry out basic and advanced scientific and technological research. In this regard, the present study maps the participation of women through research proposal submission and approval in selected schemes of the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB). The study also analyzed subject-wise trends and the role of institutes in developing the capacities of women scientists to perform research in cutting-edge technologies. The paper also describes the impact of SERB's women-centric POWER Scheme to uplift women scientists from different institutes. The review recommends potential areas where women researchers should be further encouraged to participate and generate solutions for societal problems using the tools of science and technology.

Conceptual Framework of an Information for Emergency Management for Higher Education in Thai Supply Chain

The objective of research were to develop conceptual framework of an information for emergency management for higher education in Thai supply chain and to evaluate conceptual framework of an information for emergency management for higher education in Thai supply chain. The research sample totalling ten experts consisted of five experts on supply chain , five experts on information system. All of expert must have educational qualification at the doctoral degree level, and must have more than more than four years of work experience The research tool was questionnaire assessing the suitability about conceptual framework of an information for emergency management for higher education in Thai supply chain comprises five elements namely main components suppliers, University, Good service and security, Customers. The data analysed by using arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The assessment about conceptual framework of an information for emergency management for higher education in Thai supply chain using Black-Box technique. The overall model evaluation result was validated at a “Good” level, suggesting that conceptual framework of an information for emergency management for higher education in Thai supply chain aims to support sustainable information system development.

Evaluation of the knowledge and practice of family physicians in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 in Iran

BackgroundThe increasing prevalence and occurrence of type 2 diabetes has made it a widespread epidemic. Being the first line of care, family doctors can play an essential role in this field. The knowledge of these doctors about how to deal with the prevention, diagnosis, and correct treatment of patients is fundamental in reducing the burden of this disease in the community. In this study, we decided to evaluate the knowledge and practice of family doctors in Shiraz-Iran and its related factors in managing Diabetes.MethodThis analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among family doctors of two primary healthcare centers, Shahadai Wal-Fajr Health Center and the Enghlab Health Center in Shiraz, Iran, from March 2021 to August 2021. A researcher-designed diabetes questionnaire consisting of 21 items and a data collection form including demographic information and other related factors was used in this study. An interviewer asked the questions from participants at their workplace and completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software. A linear regression test was used to investigate the factors affecting the questionnaire score. A one-way ANOVA test was used to compare questionnaire scores among multiple groups.ResultsOn average, the participants obtained 62.5% of the total score. The average scores for each question in the screening, the diagnosis, and the treatment sections were 0.5 ± 0.28, 0.65 ± 0.2, and 0.66 ± 0.17, respectively. Physicians’ knowledge about the blood sugar threshold for diagnosing Diabetes was suboptimal, and 81.9, 47, 43 correctly mentioned the FBS, 2hrpp BS, and HbA1c threshold, respectively. Although 95% knew the first line medication but 33.6% prescribed 2nd or 3rd medication for DM treatment. Only 43% knew the goal of therapy. Sixty-three doctors (42%) have not registered any referrals for newly diagnosed uncomplicated diabetic patients, and 37.6% referred these new DM cases to an internist or endocrinologist at the first visit. Microvascular complication screening, such as testing for microalbuminuria and ophthalmologist consultation reported by 32. 89% and 8% of physicians, respectively. Years since graduation was the determining factor of the knowledge level of doctors in this study. Regarding the preferred education method, most participants selected the workshop method as the preferred training method. Virtual education was ranked as the second preferred educational method.ConclusionThe knowledge and practice of general family doctors were lower than the optimal level in diabetes screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In the treatment of patients, the knowledge of most of the physicians was appropriate in the early stages of treatment, such as determining the time to start the medication and the first line of treatment, but in the follow-up and more advanced treatment, the knowledge and performance of the doctors were less than expected. They prefer to refer patients to higher levels in the healthcare system. Recently graduated physicians had better knowledge and approach to DM management. Therefore, effective periodic training should be conducted as soon as possible to address this pitfall and improve the quality of care. Workshops and virtual education were the most preferred education methods from the participants’ points of view. So, it is suggested that these methods be used as the first training methods. Implementing the specialty training program for family medicine (which has been started in our country for a few years) is the best final solution. In addition, A clinical guideline should be designed for family physicians highlighting these physicians’ roles in the management of Diabetes.

A Review of Postgraduate Studies on Home Literacy Environment

The environment in which children grow up, the experiences they have here, the literacy support and the variety of resources they have in their home environment affect children's spontaneous literacy skills processes. The aim of this study is to examine graduate theses on home literacy environment according to years, universities, types, supervisor titles, languages, research models, population and samples. Eight graduate theses registered in the national thesis center of YÖK on the subject were identified and constituted the subject of the study. Document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used to analyze the theses. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the first study on home literacy environments at the graduate level was conducted in 2013, 62.5% of the supervisors were faculty members, students and families were taken together as the population and sample in 50% of the studies, quantitative research model was used in 62.5% of the studies, 87.5% of the studies were conducted in Turkish, the most studies were conducted at Hacettepe University, six studies were at master's level, two studies were at doctoral level, and the studies were conducted on different subjects. It was concluded that the postgraduate studies on literacy environments contributed to the studies on literacy environments in Turkey. Based on the results obtained, suggestions for graduate studies on literacy environments for researchers and other stakeholders who want to work in the field are included.

Appreciating failure and success to help nations unite

Research methodology The author employed a five-step approach: Data (e.g., qualitative primary and secondary data) collection (about a major project at the examined organisation), Critical thinking (in order to determine the dilemma), Setting learning objectives (e.g., with respect to the Bloom's taxonomy), Testing (in order to confirm the teaching plan) (e.g., with research assistants and doctoral candidates), and Ensuring clarity (e.g., especially for the case narrative). Case overview/synopsis The site manager at a UNESCO World Heritage Site by the name Ephesus in Türkiye (Turkey) was considering who would update the site management plan. UNESCO was regularly asking for updates. Would site management outsource the management plan from a firm? For example, the site management had had an outside firm develop the management plan and Ephesus had become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Otherwise, would the site management rely on their own experience this time? Was there another way? Complexity academic level The educators could use the case study to introduce graduate students to “the value conception” in “marketing management” courses and to “the social exchange school of thought” in “marketing theory” courses. The learning objectives develop over the tension between owning and outsourcing main responsibilities of a scientific field as well as the tension between claims and objective evaluations. “The value conception” in “the social exchange school of thought” could improve planning in favour of humanity in a way that the United Nations could recognise (e.g., “value-based planning”). Corresponding discussions motivate a main question about the future: What is marketing for?

The Influence of Institutional Resources on Doctorate Degree Enrolment and Completion Rates in Selected Public Universities Kenya

Doctorates are fundamental pivot towards facilitating the social and economic transformation of a nation. Nevertheless, research on doctorate education point out that most candidates in Kenyan public universities spend lengthy period of time to earn their doctorate degrees. Furthermore, data of those enrolling in selected Kenyan public universities demonstrate that less students enroll for doctorate programmes in contrast with those who register for Master and Bachelors’ programmes. Institutional resources have been cited as a critical ingredient toward enhanced students’ enrolment into doctorate programmes. The purpose of this paper was, therefore, to establish the influence of institutional resources on doctorate degree enrolment and completion rates from selected Kenyan public universities. The study sought to analyse institutional resources influence on doctorate degree programmes enrolment and completion rates from selected public universities in Kenya for the last fifteen years. The study employed the mixed methods research design. Data was collected from four purposively sampled universities using questionnaires, analysis of documents (on enrolment, completion and staff enrolments) and interview schedules. Qualitative data was coded and then thematically analysed guided by the study objectives while quantitative data was analysed using percentages and graphs. The study revealed that institutional resources influence enrolment and completion rates at doctorate level. Availability of qualified and sufficient academic staff, funding, mentorship programmes, well equipped libraries, reliable internet connections and ambient social environment to be critical in determining where one enrolls for a doctorate programme and how long it will take to complete. The study furthermore established that between 2003 and 2017, there was low doctorate programmes enrolment and completion rates at the selected public Universities Kenya. This was demonstrated from trends in the numbers of those who enrolled and those who graduated. The trends revealed that more males than females enrolled and completed their studies with the highest being between 2008 and 2013. The findings of this research would be resourceful to university policy makers, administrators and lecturers to improve on institutional policy framework with regard to institutional resources which could be used to enhance doctorate programme enrolment and completion in Kenyan public universities.

Gender Gap in Access to Education in Kazakhstan

Gender inequality in education is a problem in both developed and developing countries. This social phenomenon has many negative consequences (income inequality, decline in human capital, reduction in economic growth, etc.). The purpose of this study is to identify the gender inequality in education through the analysis of gender gaps in access to education in Kazakhstan. The study was conducted within the concept of liberal feminism to assess the participation of women in education. Issues of gender inequality in education were studied through the gender parity index, with a focus on the analysis of the enrollment of women and men in education and their satisfaction with the availability of educational services. The main research methods were economic and statistical analysis and comparison. The source base for the study was statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2000 to 2022. The limitation of the study was the lack of data for a certain period or by level of education. The study revealed that in Kazakhstan there is a gender inequality in the field of postgraduate education, where the number of students is dominated by women. During the period under review, gender inequality decreased at the master’s level and increased at the doctoral level. At the same time, during the pandemic, gender inequality in education at the master’s level increased, while at the doctoral level it decreased. The main reason for the emergence of gender inequality in the field of postgraduate education is the low attractiveness of employment in the field of education and science on the part of men due to the low level of income in this area. The results obtained indicate the need to increase the prestige of teaching and research activities among the population, including by raising wages and providing decent social security for specialists in this field.

Polyvalent Practices and Heteropraxis as Heuristic: A Survey of Doctoral Examination Processes in Rhetoric and Composition

While scholarship in rhetoric and composition has deliberated its disciplinary identity, we do not yet have a current account of how pluralistic approaches to curriculum at the doctoral level professionalize graduate students as teachers, researchers, and future faculty. This article describes a survey distributed to program directors in the Consortium of Doctoral Programs in Rhetoric and Composition in September 2020. Doctoral examinations in the field differ widely in format and function to fit local needs, a heteropraxis of graduate curriculum that this article frames as a set of heuristic questions for PhD program administrators to use.

A Book Review of the 4th Edition of Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice by Janie B. Butts and Karen L. Rich (2022). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

This is a review of the 4th edition of Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice by Butts and Rich and colleagues (2022). This book consists of 26 chapters, divided into five parts that address metatheoretical background, followed by content on a breadth of selected interdisciplinary and nursing theories, models, and philosophies relevant to teaching master's and doctoral level nursing students, particularly those in advanced practice academic programs.

Importance of Integrated Simulation Approaches in Medical Education when Teaching Therapy Disciplines to Students of Medical Faculty

The article is devoted to reviewing the main methods of practice-oriented teaching of medical students at the Department of Internal Medicine No. 1, Clinical Immunology and Allergology named after Academician Y. M. Neyko of Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University (Ukraine). The significance of not only theoretical but also practical training of medical students in the conditions of blended learning is highlighted. The impact of new teaching methods on the level of future doctors' professionalism has been analyzed. Another important aspect of training is the introduction of simulation training, which allowed for obtaining a high level of knowledge without harming the patient. The article focuses on the role of the “virtual patient” in supervision, as this method, regardless of the form of study, allowed the student to be acquainted with a standardized patient, improve communication skills and choose the right method of diagnosis or treatment by the European guidelines. The article describes prospective systems for simulating clinical cases, which allow the creation of interactive training cases of various complexity levels depending on the goals set or the level of a specialist's training. The article presents the main online platforms for creating the most realistic cases with photographs of the affected body area and protocols of instrumental examinations, which allow you to reproduce the order of the doctor's actions and modify the intensity of the patient's condition if the prescription was incorrect. Moreover, the article highlights the positive impact of interactive teaching methods on student motivation and encouragement to deepen knowledge in a particular discipline, as an essential aspect is the discussion of examination results and prescription of therapy based on modern guidelines. It additionally outlines actions to be taken for ensuring efficient handling of new “virtual patient” cases and for inputting data on previously created clinical cases into the system. The article describes the main advantages of simulation-based teaching methods in comparison with traditional forms of teacher-student interaction. It is noted that training with the help of ”virtual patients” allows us to evaluate the acquired practical skills and competencies of future doctors.

Soft Tissue Manipulation and Naprapathy: Origins and Current Practices

Naprapathy is an integrative medicine therapy that can aide in decreasing medical costs by assisting in pain management and improving overall function in individuals experiencing musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Naprapathy was developed in 1907 by Oakley Smith. Naprapathy treats musculoskeletal pathologies by using connective tissue tension found within the vertebral column and peripheral joints with an emphasis on ligamentous tension. Current scientific studies have emphasized the role of fascia and its importance to manual medicine. Fascia has many properties including assisting in venous return, dissipation of tensional stress, pain, proprioception, and coordination of movement. Fascial restrictions occur when there is lack of glide between the fascial layers. These restrictions can be released with the utilization of different methods of fascial manipulation. Compared to other manual therapies, naprapathy has its own set of diagnostic tools and protocols emphasizing the treatment of fascial restrictions, stretching of buckled ligaments and tracing tension to the musculoskeletal system. It includes within its scope of practice dietary counseling in conjunction with vitamin and mineral supplementation for assistance in decreasing pain and inflammation. Several organizations and schools throughout the U.S. and internationally promote the discipline of naprapathy with the goal of advancing the profession by preparing practitioners at the doctorate level, treating patients, and using evidence-based medicine providing support for the efficacy of naprapathy and its interventions.

Analysis of the Survey Results of Interns of the First Year of Study Regarding Training in the Specialty «Otolaryngology» at the Undergraduate Level

Otolaryngology is a narrow medical specialty that focusses in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the ENT organs, as well as surrounding tissues. Today, there is a need in the experienced doctors who have knowledge, skills and conduct ethical rules. Otolaryngology is an important specialty relevant to family medicine, pediatrics, and general practice, as 20% to 40% of adult general practice consultations are related to otolaryngological complaints. Taking into account the problem of insufficient training in otolaryngology in medical universities in some leading countries, we have proposed a questionnaire for persons who have graduated from medical universities in Ukraine and have not yet completed an internship on the subject of training in the specialty “Otolaryngology” at the university. The objective: to analyze the degree of satisfaction with study of otorhinolaryngology in leading higher educational institutions of Ukraine at the undergraduate level of future general practitioners-family medicine doctors. Materials and methods. A survey of first-year interns who graduated from various medical higher educational institutions of Ukraine was conducted. The questionnaire contained 11 questions. The questionnaire was distributed using Google Forms and processed using Excel. Results. The analysis of the results of the survey showed that the training of doctors in the specialty “Otolaryngology” remains at an insufficient level due to the reduction of teaching hours. 1.9% of respondents were very dissatisfied and 17.3% of the respondents were dissatisfied with the quality of the obtained theoretical knowledge in otorhinolaryngology at the undergraduate level, in fact 1/5 of the respondents. 5.9% and 31.4% of respondents, i.e. 1/3 of surveyed persons, were very dissatisfied and dissatisfied, respectively, with the quality of the acquired practical skills in otorhinolaryngology at the undergraduate level. The majority of respondents (76.9%) plan further training in otorhinolaryngology. Respondents want to improve their knowledge in all areas of ENT pathology (64.7%). Conclusions. The improvement if the training process for future doctors, intensifying the training process and introducing modern methods to it, presenting the latest technology for disease diagnosis and treatment to interns remains a priority. In order to obtain high-quality theoretical and practical skills, it is necessary to increase the time for studying otolaryngology in medical higher education institutions.