Doctoral Level Research Articles

WE6.10 Gender Balance at Surgical Meetings in Ireland

Abstract Aim To assess the genders of lead authors and primary investigators in major surgical research meetings over a 10-year period in Ireland. Method We gathered data from the 3 main surgical conferences in Ireland. We looked at the abstracts of each of the plenary sessions over the last 10 year. We used the Irish Medical Council, previous published research from these authors and ResearchGate to help identify the gender of the author. We complied and analysed the data using Excel. Results We analysed 306 papers over the last 10 years. We found that the primary investigator was male in 78% of the papers and female in 20%. The primary author was male in 52% and was female in 46% of the papers. There has been little change over each 5-year interval for who was the primary investigator. In 2010–2015, it was 77% male and 23% female while from 2016–2020, it was 82% male and 18% female. Furthermore, in relation to the primary author, it has shifted from being relatively equal to becoming more male dominant. In 2010–2015, it was 52% female and 48% female while from 2016–2020, it was 57% male and 43% female. Conclusion The gender gap has appeared to have widened at the non-consultant hospital doctor level and it is very apparent that there is a large inequality at consultant level regarding surgical research in Ireland.

Using Peer Mentorship to Foster Growth and Interest in Human Factors

Academic programs benefit from the addition of a formalized peer mentorship program to help undergraduate and graduate students achieve academic success, social and psychological wellbeing, and career development. This article describes a peer mentorship program developed in the Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) program at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) where students study human factors at the bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral levels. We describe the steps taken to develop, maintain, and evaluate the program, along with lessons learned.

Problems and Implementation of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies

The purpose of this study was to find out the stakeholders' understanding of the IAI An Nur Lampung Postgraduate Doctoral Program stakeholders towards multidisciplinary Islamic studies, what the problems faced by the IAI An Nur Lampung Postgraduate Doctoral Program in implementing Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies and the design of appropriate multidisciplinary Islamic studies to be implemented in the Postgraduate Doctoral Program. IAI An Nur Lampung. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative with data sources from online media, print media, journal articles, and books. This study found that most of the stakeholders of the Postgraduate Doctoral Program of IAI An Nur Lampung have a good understanding of inter-and multidisciplinary Islamic studies; problems in the implementation of inter- and multidisciplinary Islamic studies exist in four aspects: student aspects, lecturer aspects, curriculum aspects, and carrying capacity and policy aspects. Therefore, further studies and developments are needed in various aspects to realize a multi-talented university. The transformation of STAI An Nur into IAI An Nur Lampung has changed the epistemology of science. These changes need to be translated and poured into various levels of academic practice so that the academic community at IAI An Nur Lampung can understand and implement these changes and expectations. Studies at IAI An Nur Lampung must also be oriented towards the institute's new paradigm. One of them is the Postgraduate Doctoral Program, which seeks to develop inter, multi, and transdisciplinary Islamic studies at the doctoral program level.

History, Current Practice, and the Future of Wound Care for Occupational and Physical Therapists.

History, Current Practice, and the Future of Wound Care for Occupational and Physical Therapists.

Interventions, Participative Role, Barriers, and Facilitators for Involvement in eHealth Communication for People Undergoing Hemodialysis: Protocol for a Scoping Review

BackgroundeHealth interventions have been shown to offer people living with chronic kidney disease the opportunity of embracing dialysis therapies with greater confidence, the potential to obtain better clinical outcomes and increased quality of life, and diverse and flexible designs and delivery options. eHealth interventions or solutions can offer one-way information without the possibility for dialogue, as with most mobile apps. eHealth interventions intending to enable two-way communication between patients undergoing hemodialysis and health professionals are the focus of this review. eHealth communication interventions that enable two-way communication between patients undergoing hemodialysis and health professionals is an emerging field, but issues relating to participation in eHealth communication for patients undergoing hemodialysis are scarcely described. The current conceptualization of this issue is too scattered to inform the development of future interventions. In this scoping review, we want to assemble and examine this scattered knowledge on participation in two-way eHealth communication for patients undergoing hemodialysis.ObjectiveWe want to understand the participative role of people living with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in available communicative eHealth interventions and to understand which barriers and facilitators exist for patient involvement in eHealth communication with health professionals.MethodsA scoping review methodology is guiding this study. Peer-reviewed primary studies, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods study designs will be included. A systematic search for published studies, dissertations, and theses at the doctoral level in the English language will be conducted in five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses). The included literature will focus on adult (18 years or older) patients undergoing hemodialysis who are involved in eHealth communication with health professionals. Data on the type of eHealth communication interventions, the participative role, and barriers and facilitators for the involvement in eHealth communication for people undergoing hemodialysis will be extracted independently by two reviewers. The extracted data will be collected in a draft charting table prepared for the study. Any discrepancies between the reviewers will be solved through discussion or with a third reviewer.ResultsResults are anticipated by the spring of 2023 and will be presented in tabular format along with a narrative summary. The anticipated results will be presented in alignment with the objectives of the study, presenting findings on the participative role of patients undergoing hemodialysis in eHealth communication interventions.ConclusionsWe anticipate that this study will inform on eHealth communication interventions and the level of patient participation in eHealth communication for patients undergoing hemodialysis. The systematized overview will possibly identify research gaps and motivate further development of eHealth communication to ensure patient participation. The findings will be of interest to key stakeholders in clinical care, research, development, policy, and patient advocacy.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/38615

Do doctors preferring forceps encounter more obstetric anal sphincter injuries: A retrospective analysis.

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) is a hospital-acquired injury and can affect a woman's quality of life with problems such as anal incontinence, perineal pain, dyspareunia, mental health, psychosexual issues, and concerns about future childbirth choices. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between a doctor's preference for instruments, their individual OASIS rate and whether factors such as their fully dilated caesarean section rate, rate of double instrumental and seniority, influences their individual rate of OASIS. A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed on 1340 term nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies who underwent an instrumental delivery or fully dilated caesarean section. A survey of doctors involved in these deliveries was performed. The risk of OASIS was analysed for maternal age, ethnicity, birth position, level of training and doctor's instrument preference using a generalised linear mixed model. Doctors' instrument preferences were established in two ways: a self-reported survey and data-inferred preference based on the most used instrument per doctor. The OASIS rate for individual doctors was calculated. The overall risk of OASIS is higher for forceps compared to vacuum deliveries. Doctors with a preference for forceps compared to vacuum, correlated with both a lower OASIS rate and a higher fully dilated caesarean section rate. Doctors preferring forceps report a lower OASIS and higher fully dilated caesarean section rate. Doctors preferring vacuum must consider carefully whether forceps should follow if a vacuum fails as OASIS is more likely to occur.

REINSURANCE WITH R: PRICING, RESERVING, SOLVENCY AND PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS

The lack of education and training has been highlighted as one of the highest factors stifling the growth of the re/insurance industry in Africa. Although reinsurance is offered as a course in the insurance/actuarial undergraduate and postgraduate study programs, many higher institutions of learning in Nigeria lack the sufficient mathematical and technical faculty expertise required to thoroughly deliver the reinsurance subject matter particularly at the masters and doctorate levels. As a result of the general absence of the required expertise in the re/insurance field of study, only a couple of universities offer postgraduate programs in insurance within Nigeria. The ripple effect of this gap is consequently felt in the re/insurance sector. This paper, therefore, is meant to serve as a teaching aid to boost the postgraduate teaching and classroom experience in reinsurance and to strengthen the technical capacity of researchers in this field. First, contributions to literature from the Nigerian academic landscape is reviewed and then the computational aspect is implemented. The study aims to bridge the gap between theory and application. Both simulated and real data are used to illustrate the different concepts in reinsurance with techniques ranging from Monte Carlo simulations to various statistical distributions. The R language has been adopted because of its ease of use.

Online selection of a physician by patients: the impression formation perspective

BackgroundWith the rapid development of online health communities (OHCs), an increasing number of physicians provide services in OHCs that enable patients to consult online in China. However, it is difficult for patients to figure out the professional level of doctors before consultation and diagnosis because of information asymmetry. A wealth of information about physicians is displayed in their profiles as a new way to help patients evaluate and select quickly and accurately.ObjectiveThis research explores how the profile information (PI) presented in OHCs influences patients' impression formation, especially the perception of professional capital (i.e., status capital and decisional capital). The impression influences their intention to consult further, which is partially mediated by the initial trust. The Toulmin’s model of argumentation is used to decide the strength of the argument presented in physicians’ homepage information and divide it into claim, data, and backing.MethodsThis study conducts an internet experiment and recruits 386 subjects through the internet to investigate the effect of impression formation on online selection behavior by a patient.ResultsThe results show that the strength of argument has a significant positive association with the perception of professional capital. Perceptions of professional capital are highest when a fully composed argument (claim/data/backing) is included in a profile, with claim/data being the next highest and claim only the lowest. Recommendations from connections have the strongest impact. In turn, patients' selection decisions are influenced by their perception of professional capital, which is partially mediated by initial trust.ConclusionsThis study is significant in terms of its implications for theory and practice. On the one hand, this research contributes to the online health community literature and suggests that the perception of professional capital on physicians should be pre-presumed and built based on the information before in-person interaction online. On the other hand, this study is helpful in understanding the effect of various components included in PI on perceiving physicians’ abilities, and not all information is equally important.

Studies in Turkiye within the context of Gender: An Overview of Postgraduate Dissertations

The gender issue is a relatively new topic in migration studies. However, with increasing awareness, it has gained growing popularity among research topics dealing with human mobility. As a research interest, it also naturally stands out in Turkiye, a destination country for large-scale immigration movements. Considering all this, one can see the importance and necessity of examining studies that address gender and migration in tandem. Such an academic endeavor could bring about key results in terms of identifying more and less focused themes by gender and migration studies, thus helping formulate functional recommendations for further research. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the postgraduate dissertations directly focusing on gender in the context of migration in Turkiye. To this end, 57 postgraduate dissertations were examined by the years they were completed, the universities in which they were made, the gender of authors, the methods of the dissertations in general, and the sample or study groups. The findings evaluated were based on the relevant literature. The findings show that there is a growing interest in the migration issue as part of the academic studies in Turkiye. However, the studies in the context of gender and migration are still limited. There is very little research on this subject at the doctoral level. The findings highlight the need for the diversification and enrichment of gender and migration studies in certain aspects.

Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction: a modern view on the problem

Cardiovascular diseases remain a heavy socioeconomic burden in the modern world, claiming up to four million lives annually, including one million of the Russian population. Most often, cardiovascular mortality is associated with chronic coronary heart disease and its complications. Despite the progress in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome in the acute disease phase, the problem of recurrent coronary events and associated adequate rehabilitation remains unresolved. Modern Russian and European recommendations for cardiovascular rehabilitation present the main directions of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, which summarize the global and Russian evidence-based medicine data on the problem and are based on the principles of phasing, continuity, succession, and multidisciplinary approach to the patient management. This review focuses on the problems and shortcomings of secondary prevention and cardiac rehabilitation at the patient, doctor, and healthcare system levels. In addition, contemporary approaches to their elimination are described. The necessity and importance of individual training and informing patients and the formation of their sustainable commitment to a healthy lifestyle and therapeutic and preventive measures prescribed by modern guidelines on this issue are emphasized.

Increasing Demand for Specialized Psychological Services Mandates Increasing Specialization at the Doctoral Level of Training

Increasing Demand for Specialized Psychological Services Mandates Increasing Specialization at the Doctoral Level of Training

The Corona Pandemic Impact on Education: Proposing a Mechanism for Postgraduate Programs at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSU)

Based on the instructors' and the students' viewpoints, this study identifies and investigates the positive and negative effects of the pandemic (COVID-19) on the postgraduate programs in the Curricula and Teaching Methods Department (Department hereafter) at IMSU. The study provided a system for creating postgraduate programs at IMSU in the wake of the pandemic experience by employing descriptive survey methodology and designing a series of questionnaires. The study sample comprised 53 teaching staff individuals and 90 male and female graduate students studying in the Department at IMSU at the masters and doctoral levels. The results found that the study sample respondents' responses regarding the pandemic's positive effects on the postgraduate programs reached 3.85, indicating that the respondents' approval rate is very high. The study sample respondents' responses regarding the pandemic's negative effects on the University's postgraduate programs reached 3.43, signaling that the approval rate is high among the respondents. Accordingly, the network's poor service in remote areas and the absence of effective technical support to the e-learners and teachers are the significant negative effects of the pandemic recorded by the study's respondents on education. 
 
 Received: 25 March 2022 / Accepted: 26 June 2022 / Published: 5 July 2022

Stress and burnout amongst foundation year doctors during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdown

Context: Foundation Year Doctors (FYD) have been immensely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic because of its effect on their academic training, uncertainties about the novel coronavirus, specific pandemic issues around patients and personal safety. Aims: This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic first national lockdown in the United Kingdom on FYD stress and burnout levels. Method: Quantitative study was conducted to compare Foundation Year doctors (FYD) level of stress and burnout pre and during the first national lockdown of the COVID 19 pandemic in the UK using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale. Descriptive analysis was used to present background information of participants and the effect of COVID-19 on participants. Furthermore, Wilcoxon-signed ranked test was used to identify any significant increase in stress and burnout levels during COVID-19 pandemic. Bivariate Pearson Chi-square test was used to assess any association between categorical variables and burnout levels. Multinomial regression was conducted to identify the predictor of high stress andburnout levels. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered of statistical significance.

P057 Disparities in Food Insecurity Prevalence and Correlates Among Undergraduate, Masters and Doctoral Students

<h3>Background</h3> Previous studies have found that the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) in graduate students is lower than in undergraduates. However, few studies have examined FI prevalence or correlates at the master's and doctoral levels separately. <h3>Objective</h3> To compare the prevalence and correlates of FI among undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> All matriculated students at a large public northeastern university were invited to complete a cross-sectional online survey in 2019, resulting in a sample of 5,017 undergraduate (85.3%), 581 master's (9.9%), and 282 doctoral students (4.8%). <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Food insecurity status over the past 30 days was measured using the USDA 18-item Food Security Survey Module. Additional data were drawn from institutional databases (degree level, age, sex, race/ethnicity, first-generation student) and survey questions (loans, financial aid, LGBTQ+). Frequencies and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted separately by degree level. <h3>Results</h3> Food insecurity rates were highest for master's (32.2%) and undergraduate (31.4%) compared with doctoral students (21.6%). For undergraduates, FI risk factors included being older (OR = 1.08 [95% CI 1.05 – 1.10]), Black (OR= 1.94 [95% CI [1.40 – 2.67]), Hispanic (OR = 1.36, [95% CI 1.08 – 1.71]), international (OR = 1.89 [95% CI 1.40 – 2.73]), LGBTQ+ (OR= 1.40 [95% CI 1.15 – 1.68]), first-generation college student (OR=1.52, [95% CI 1.30 – 1.79]) and having loans (OR=1.72 [95% CI [1.48 – 2.01]). Among master's students, being Black (OR = 3.20 [95% CI 1.68 – 6.08]) and having loans (OR=2.46 [95% CI 1.61 – 3.76]) increased FI risk, while being older decreased FI risk (OR=0.96 [95% CI 0.93 – 0.99]). For doctoral students, risk factors included loans (OR=3.40 [95% CI 1.17 – 9.87]) and being a first-generation college student (OR=2.9 [95% CI 1.55 – 5.47]). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Food insecurity prevalence and risk factors vary by degree level, with doctoral students having the lowest prevalence and fewest correlates. The effectiveness of FI interventions, such as campus pantries, can be improved if they are targeted by degree level and corresponding risk factors. <h3>Funding</h3> None

The Effect of STEM Approach In Science Education On Academic Success: A Meta-Analysis Study

In this research, a meta-analysis study was conducted to examine the effect of the STEM approach in science education on academic success of students. In accordance with the criteria determined in the meta-analysis study, the studies included in the research are at the Master's and doctoral levels, and these studies were taken from the National Thesis Center database of the Council of Higher Education. In the study, a total of 147 studies carried out between 2010 and 2020 were examined and 31 Master's and 3 Doctoral studies fit the criteria of inclusion were included in the meta-analysis. The sample of a total of 34 studies consisted of 1962 students at the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grade levels. Analyses were made with the help of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2 statistical program. The random effects model was used because the structure was heterogeneous when the studies were analysed and combined. As a result of the research, the effect size of the STEM approach in science education on students' academic success was calculated as 1.420. These values are a large effect size according to the academic success variable according to the classification made. In this context, it has been concluded that the STEM approach in science education has a positive and wide-ranging effect on increasing the academic success of students. The size of the effect on academic success differed according to the grade level, and the highest effect was observed in the studies at the 4th grade level.

Methodology of recreation in the structure of the educational space

Background and Study Aim. The aim of the study is to present the methodological aspects of health, healthy lifestyle and recreation of students in higher educational institutions.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Sources of information are publications in domestic literature. A total of 37 publications were selected.&#x0D; Results. The historical moments of recreation and the conceptual definition of recreational activities are presented. Certain characteristics of types and functions of recreation, recreational system, recreational zoning, placement and correlation of active recreation facilities are given. An important factor in conducting recreational activities is: the desire of students; high professional level of doctors, rehabilitologists, instructors, methodologists of medical physical culture.&#x0D; Conclusions. Recreation is a collective concept and it reflects mainly active and passive recreation of a person outside of labor, educational, scientific and other activities. Such activities are aimed at the formation, restoration, strengthening and preservation of health. The most favorable environment are sanatorium and health-improving institutions.&#x0D; Keywords: higher educational institution, student, teacher, recreation, active recreation, passive recreation.

PELATIHAN SPEAKING SKILL PADA PENDIDIK (DOSEN) DI FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN DENGAN METODE ROLE PLAY DI INSTITUT KESEHATAN MEDISTRA LUBUK PAKAM

This activity is one way to face globalization where the 4.0 industrial revolution and 5.0 Society era are known. In this era, the whole world uses English as the language of instruction. Educators (lecturers) with health backgrounds are also required to be able to communicate in English to become educators (lecturers) who go international such as be able to further study abroad an educator (lecturer) must master English both in TOEFL test and interviews. The other reason is some institutions at the doctoral level requiring a TOEFL test before attending lectures. In addition, campuses that can accept foreign students in terms of increasing study program accreditation must have educators (lecturers) who are fluent in English. From this explanation, we can conclude that English is very important, especially for nursing educators at Health Institute of Medistra Lubuk Pakam who send their students abroad to work. Therefore, this activity aims to improve speaking skills in English in Educators (Lecturers) who do not teach English are Nursing Educators (Lecturers) who will send their students to work abroad or even continue their studies abroad. By using the Role Play method "Health English Conversation" so that nursing educators (lecturers) can apply teaching in the classroom using English so that students are also motivated to master English and learning materials in the teaching and learning process are more interesting.

Academic Writing Challenges and Supports: Perspectives of International Doctoral Students and Their Supervisors

IntroductionAcademic writing is a core element of a successful graduate program, especially at the doctoral level. Graduate students are expected to write in a scholarly manner for their thesis and scholarly publications. However, in some cases, limited or no specific training on academic writing is provided to them to do this effectively. As a result, many graduate students, especially those having English as an Additional Language (EAL), face significant challenges in scholarly writing. Further, faculty supervisors often feel burdened by reviewing and editing multiple drafts and find it difficult to help and support EAL students in the process of scientific writing. In this study, we explored academic writing challenges faced by EAL doctoral students and faculty supervisors at a research intensive post-secondary university in Canada.Methods and AnalysisWe conducted a sequential explanatory mixed-method study using an online survey and subsequent focus group discussions with EAL doctoral students (n = 114) and faculty supervisors (n = 31). A cross-sectional online survey was designed and disseminated to the potential study participants using internal communications systems of the university. The survey was designed using a digital software called Qualtrics™. Following the survey, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were held, two each with two groups of our participants with an aim to achieve data saturation. The FGD guide was informed by the preliminary findings of the survey data. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data was managed and analyzed using NVivo.DiscussionThe study findings suggest that academic writing should be integrated into the formal training of doctoral graduate students from the beginning of the program. Both students and faculty members shared that discipline-specific training is required to ensure success in academic writing, which can be provided in the form of a formal course specifically designed for doctoral students wherein discipline-specific support is provided from faculty supervisors and editing support is provided from English language experts.Ethics and DisseminationThe general research ethics board of the university approved the study (#6024751). The findings are disseminated with relevant stakeholders at the university and beyond using scientific presentations and publications.

Intentions and Realities in Doctoral Education in Norway. New Policies for Doctoral Education in Norway and the Implications for an Inter-Institutional Research School (WNGER II)—Some Preliminary Findings

This policy and practise review article examines how new policies and policy documents impact a graduate-level research school in Norway, Western Norway Graduate School of Educational Research II (WNGER II) on a general level. WNGER II is a research school consortium with seven universities and university colleges, six PhD programmes, 97 PhD candidates, and 48 supervisors. It was established in 2018 to complement existing PhD programmes and strengthen PhD education in Western Norway. A pilot phase (2016–2017) was used to identify and address specific challenges in PhD education as experienced in the seven universities and university colleges of Western Norway. Against this backdrop, this policy and practise review article builds on our previous research on doctoral-level education and aims to illuminate the more general learning and teaching conditions in the WNGER II consortium in light of national PhD regulations. This subject will be examined in light of the relationships among the arenas of formulisation (macro-level), transformation (meso-level), and realisation (micro-level). Frame factor theory is used as a lens to examine how new policies impact the doctoral level of higher education, and the main data source of the study is document analysis. The policy and practise review shows that the new national policies on doctoral education add a new layer of requirements on several levels, a situation that can be demanding and challenging for institutions and might be considered part of what has come to be known as a certain tendency toward “public management” within higher education. Such new policies and requirements constitute changing frame factors, which can enhance the focus on educational, study, and teaching quality at the doctoral level in WNGER II. For some institutions, such as research schools, it seems particularly fruitful to deal with challenges through collaborative measures. A general finding seems to be that if WNGER II (and similar research schools) is to optimise its potential as a collaborative research school, increased integration amongst its six different PhD programmes is required. The study finds that certain actionable recommendations could be relevant to consider in relation to the institutions' frame factors to facilitate further development of the research school. There are also several limitations on the study, since this is the first phase of formative dialogue research and only deals with a general policy review. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with great caution.

Short Answer Detection for Open Questions: A Sequence Labeling Approach with Deep Learning Models

Evaluating the response to open questions is a complex process since it requires prior knowledge of a specific topic and language. The computational challenge is to analyze the text by learning from a set of correct examples to train a model and then predict unseen cases. Thus, we will be able to capture patterns that characterize answers to open questions. In this work, we used a sequence labeling and deep learning approach to detect if a text segment corresponds to the answer to an open question. We focused our efforts on analyzing the general objective of a thesis according to three methodological questions: Q1: What will be done? Q2: Why is it going to be done? Q3: How is it going to be done? First, we use the Beginning-Inside-Outside (BIO) format to label a corpus of targets with the help of two annotators. Subsequently, we adapted four state-of-the-art architectures to analyze the objective: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT-BETO) for Spanish, Code Switching Embeddings from Language Model (CS-ELMo), Multitask Neural Network (MTNN), and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). The results of the F-measure for detection of the answers to the three questions indicate that the BERT-BETO and CS-ELMo architecture obtained the best effectivity. The architecture that obtained the best results was BERT-BETO. BERT was the architecture that obtained more accurate results. The result of a detection analysis for Q1, Q2 and Q3 on a non-annotated corpus at the graduate and undergraduate levels is also reported. We found that for detecting the three questions, only the doctoral academic level reached 100%; that is, the doctoral objectives did contain the answer to the three questions.