DMT2 Patients Research Articles

Evaluasi Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Dengan Kombinasi Anti Diabetik Oral-Oral Di RSUD Provinsi NTB

Background: based on data from the Ministry of Health NTB, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in West Nusa Tenggara in 2020 is around 59,606 people divided into 10 regencies and cities. The highest prevalence of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). One way to assess the success of T2DM therapy is to measure quality of life using Quessionnair's Diabetic Quality Of Life Clinical Trial (DQLCTQ) questionnaire. The purpose of the study: to evaluate the quality of life of DMT2 patients who received oral-oral antidiabetic combination at West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Hospital. Method: observational analytic with Cross Sectional design with Concurrent patient data collection. Samples: 56 T2DM patients. The results of the study: on the characteristics of respondents there was no difference in quality of life on gender, age, occupation and length of suffering from T2DM. Patients who received the combination of metformin and glimepiride had a quality of life score of 71.84, while patients who received the combination of metformin and glimepiride 74.77. Research conclusion: statistical test with independent sample t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.268).

Potential of Binahong and Ginger Functional Drink as An Alternative Food for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Binahong and ginger are herbal plants with various bioactivities, including antidiabetic and antioxidant. One of the herbal drinks used in therapy for patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is decoction from binahong leaves. This research used binahong leaves and ginger to make a functional drink rich in antioxidants for DMT2 patients. This research aimed to determine the effect of adding ginger on antioxidant activity and sensory tests and the antioxidant potential of binahong leaves decoction as a functional drink for DMT2 patients. The research design used was a completely randomized design with five formulations, namely F0 (0 grams of ginger), F1 (2 grams of ginger), F2 (5 grams of ginger), F3 (7 grams of ginger), and F4 (10 grams of ginger). The parameters tested were antioxidant activity and organoleptic attributes such as colour, taste, and aroma. The resulting data was then subjected to an ANOVA test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that F3 gave a different value (p<0.05) and gave the highest score to the organoleptic properties of taste (5.02) and aroma (5.03). The F4 formulation gave a different value (p<0.05) and gave the highest score for organoleptic properties of colour (5.45). Apart from that, F3 and F4 showed potent antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 45.18 and 38.83 ppm. Thus, F3 and F4 have the potential to be developed as functional antioxidant drinks for DMT2 patients.

Synthesis of Mn2O3 Nanoparticles and Determination of Its Inhibition Effect On Sera of Iraqi Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 and Diabetes Nephropathy

Manganese is essential for the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic issues in Diabetes type 2 (DMT2), which is a worldwide disease, Chronic metabolic disorders cause insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and complications like diabetic nephropathy. Arginase converts arginine to ornithine and urea. Increased arginase activity in DMT2 and diabetes nephropathy (DN)which has been linked to kidney damage, and arginase inhibitors can increase NO which is essential to vascular function. However, the molecular mechanisms of arginased is regulationare in DMT2 and DN are still unclear. This study examined the effect of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3NPs) on arginase activity inhibition inserum samples from DMT2 and DN patients. We hypothesized that Mn2O3NPs alter cell redox status and signaling pathways, affecting DMT2 and DN arginase activity. We used a colorimetric assay to measure arginase activity in 80 serum samples from DMT2 and DN patients treated with different MnO2 NP concentrations to test our hypothesis. The current study characterized nanoparticles using various techniques such as IR, SEM, AFM, XRD, and EDX, which found it within nanoscale nature. Our findings are that Mn2O3NPs modulate arginase activity specificity in DM2 samples. SuggestionsMn2O3NPs could be used to develop new treatments for these conditions.

Conservative Wound Treatment in DMT2 Patients Using Honey

Background : The number of diabetic patients in Indonesia is on the rise. In contrast to typical wounds in non DMT2 patients, chronic wounds in DMT2 patients heal more slowly, which makes it difficult to achieve complete primary wound healing. Thus, surgery is frequently required to achieve optimal healing. Patients' physical condition, age, comorbidities, and financial circumstances such as high medical costs frequently limiting patients from receiving comprehensive care, resulting alternative treatments are required to treat chronic wounds in DMT2 patients whom prefer conventional medications, addressing all circumstances. Honey, in addition to having fructose compounds, which has the benefit of increasing glucose homeostasis and insulin response, resulting in lower insulin and plasma glucose levels, also has been shown to contain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial substances that aid in wound healing. Thus, it may be an alternative therapy for chronic wound in DMT2 patients.
 Methods : A Case-series studies of four DMT2 patients who were referred to Plastic and Reconstructive Outpatient ward with chronic wound were evaluated on a monthly basis following conservative treatment using Nusantara local honey-coated gauze.
 Result : Secondary wound healing, which can be assessed from the epithelialization process started from the peri-wound area has been obtained through monthly observations.
 Conclusion : Honey is used as an alternative therapy for patients with diabetic foot ulcers due to its anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties in the wound healing process. Furthermore, honey is considered less expensive and more affordable alternative for patients with co-morbidities that is impossible to operate, or with financial limitations.
 Keywords: DMT2, Chronic wound, Honey

Integration of foot massage and diabetic foot gymnastic on peripheral perfusion in patients with diabetes mellitus 2

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) is increasing yearly. Peripheral neuropathy of the foot is a complication that often appears in people with diabetes. Neuropathy disorders that are not treated properly can risk causing diabetic ulcers and even amputations. Complementary therapies that can be done to overcome this are foot massage and diabetic foot exercises. This study aims to determine the effect of integrating foot massage and diabetic foot gymnastics to overcome complaints of peripheral tissue perfusion in the feet of DMT2 patients at the Polyclinic of Panti Nugroho Hospital. Quasi-experimental research method with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design design. The intervention and control groups each consisted of 15 respondents. The intervention group was given foot massage treatment and diabetic foot exercises for three consecutive days for 15 minutes. The independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data. There were significant differences in ABI scores, oxygen saturation, and monofilament scores in the intervention group's left and right legs against the control group (p-value < 0.05). There is a significant effect of the integration of foot massage and diabetic foot gymnastics on peripheral tissue perfusion in both the left leg and right foot of T2DM patients. The contribution of this study needs further research with a larger number of respondents and a longer time to ascertain its effectiveness before it is used as part of local nursing intervention standards.

Perbedaan Kadar Glukosa, Kadar Insulin, Homa IR Dan Protein Scube2 Pada Penderita DM Tipe 2 Terkontrol Dan Tidak Terkontrol

Chronic diabetes mellitus is carried on by a rise in blood glucose levels as a result of decreased insulin sensitivity to manage blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze participants with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in relation of blood glucose, insulin, Homa-IR, and SCUBE2 protein levels. This study has a cross-sectional design and is descriptive analytic research. The sample for this study was stored biological fluid which was collected by total sampling from the Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang Laboratory Installation in September 2022 to October 2022. The T-Independent test and the Mann-Whitney U-test used to the data analysis. The results of the T-Independent test results suggest that there was no significant variance between the insulin levels in DMT2 patients who were in control and those who unable (p=0.820, p>0.05). According to the results of the Mann-Whitney U-test analysis, there was no significant difference in the levels of scube2 protein between controlled and uncontrolled T2DM, and there was a significant difference in the glucose levels and Homa-IR values between controlled and uncontrolled T2DM, including both.but there was a significant effect of differences in glucose levels and Homa-IR values. The conclusion is that there are differences in glucose levels and Homa-IR values in controlled and uncontrolled DMT2 and there is no difference in insulin and scube 2 protein levels in controlled and uncontrolled DMT2. Keywords: Glucose, Insulin, Homa-IR, Protein Scube2

The Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Ilanur Mother and Child Hospital Tangerang

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is still a global health problem. If not treated properly, DMT2 can lead to chronic conditions such as albuminuria, a condition in which albumin is found in the urine due to decreased kidney function. The presence of elevated albumin levels in the form of microalbuminuria indicates that DMT2 disease has progressed. This study aims to describe the prevalence of microalbuminuria in DMT2 patients who have urine microalbumin examined at RSIA Ilanur, Tangerang City. This type of research is descriptive, with a cross-sectional approach and a total of 28 respondents. The method used to examine microalbuminuria is fluorescence immunoassay using the Boditech AFIAS instrument. The urine microalbumin profile obtained was then analyzed based on gender, age, and duration of suffering from DMT2. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the majority of DMT2-sufferers are women. The age range of most sufferers is in the age group of 51–60 years. Meanwhile, based on the duration of suffering from DMT2, the categories <5 years and ≥5 years both have a 50% frequency distribution. Based on the microalbuminuria examination profile, both male and female groups showed a proportion of 75% microalbuminuria incidence. The number of DMT2 sufferers who experienced microalbuminuria was higher in the age group of 51–60 years (73.3%). Meanwhile, based on the duration of suffering from DMT2, the group of respondents <5 years tended to have higher cases of microalbuminuria (78.6%) in the population studied.

Predictors of Inadequate Health Literacy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Assessment with Different Self-Reported Instruments.

Obtaining, understanding, interpreting, and acting on health information enables people with diabetes to engage and make health decisions in various contexts. Hence, inadequate health literacy (HL) could pose a problem in making self-care decisions and in self-management for diabetes. By applying multidimensional instruments to assess HL, it is possible to differentiate domains of functional, communicative, and critical HL. Primarily, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of inadequate HL among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to analyze the predictors influencing health literacy levels. Secondly, we analyzed if different self-reported measures, unidimensional instruments (Brief Health Literacy instruments (BRIEF-4 and abbreviated version BRIEF-3), and multidimensional instruments (Functional, Communicative and Critical health literacy instrument (FCCHL)) have the same findings. The cross-sectional study was conducted within one primary care institution in Serbia between March and September 2021. Data were collected through Serbian versions of BRIEF-4, BRIEF-3, and FCCHL-SR12. A chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and simple logistic regression were used to measure the association between the associated factors and health literacy level. Multivariate analyses were performed with significant predictors from univariate analyses. Overall, 350 patients participated in the study. They were primarily males (55.4%) and had a mean age of 61.5 years (SD = 10.5), ranging from 31 to 82 years. The prevalence of inadequate HL was estimated to be 42.2% (FCCHL-SR12), 36.9% (BRIEF-3) and 33.8% (BRIEF-4). There are variations in the assessment of marginal and adequate HL by different instruments. The highest association was shown between BRIEF-3 and total FCCHL-SR12 score (0.204, p < 0.01). The total FCCHL-SR12 score correlates better with the abbreviated BRIEF instrument (BRIEF-3) than with BRIEF-4 (0.190, p < 0.01). All instruments indicated the highest levels for the communicative HL domain and the lowest for the functional HL domain with significant difference in functional HL between the functional HL of FCCHL-SR12 and both BRIEF-3 and BRIEF-4 (p = 0.006 and 0.008, respectively). Depending on applied instruments, we identified several variables (sociodemographic, access to health-related information, empowerment-related indicators, type of therapy, and frequency of drug administration) that could significantly predict inadequate HL. Probability of inadequate HL increased with older age, fewer children, lower education level, and higher consumption of alcohol. Only high education was associated with a lower probability of inadequate HL for all three instruments. The results we obtained indicate that patients in our study may have been more functionally illiterate, but differences between functional level could be observed if assessed by unidimensional and multidimensional instruments. The proportion of patients with inadequate HL is approximately similar as assessed by all three instruments. According to the association between HL and educational level in DMT2 patients we should investigate methods of further improvement.

Hubungan Pengendalian Diabetes Melitus Type 2 Dengan Kejadian Retinopati Diabetes Di Rsud Dr Chasan Boesoirie Ternate

Background: Controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is very important in reducing the possibility of complications. The incidence of complications of DMT2 includes macrovascular and microvascular. An important microvascular complication is diabetic retinopathy, which is strongly influenced by the duration of diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Many studies with mixed results regarding the relationship of controlled diabetes with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between T2DM control and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy at Dr Chasan Boesoirie Hospital Ternate. Methods: This study used an analytic observation design with a cross sectional approach. DMT2 patients who visit the internal medicine polyclinic are examined for HbA1c and examined by an ophthalmologist to diagnose the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. Samples were taken by purposive sampling. Correlation test analysis was carried out with the Chi Square test. Results: In DMT2 who visited the Internal Medicine Polyclinic at Dr. Chasan Boesoirie found. Conclusion: There is a non-significant relationship with p=0.179 between controlled T2DM and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Early detection of diabetic retinopathy is required by funduscopic examination with regard to the status of T2DM control

Rancangan Model Pemberdayaan Keluarga Pasien terhadap Perawatan Diri (Self Care) Pasien DM Tipe 2

This study aims to develop a design model for family empowerment in treating patients with type 2 DM in the working area of ​​EMC Cikarang Hospital. This study uses a qualitative design with an action research approach through two stages of implementation, namely experimental phenomenology and focused group discussions (FGD). The results of this study identified four themes, namely: (1) Family knowledge about Diabetes Militus; (2) the role of the family in caring for DM patients (DM diet management, OAD consumption regulation at home (PMO), DM wound treatment, and monitoring blood sugar levels); (3) the role of the family when they find out that a family member has DM; and (4) Supportive examination of DM patients. In conclusion, family empowerment can change the attitudes and behavior of patients by empowering families who can assist in the form of self-care for DMT2 patients so that the quality of self-care in DMT2 patients becomes better and improves the patient's health status on an ongoing basis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Family Empowerment, Self-Care

Risk factors for decreased hand grip strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Tabanan Public Health Center II

Introduction: The condition of decreased muscle mass and function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) will lead to a significant effect on the decline in quality of life. A commonly found manifestation of sarcopenia is the presence of a decrease in the strength of the hand grip. Other research showed a significant inverse relationship between the strength of the hand grip and DMT2. But to date, there are still few studies that assess the factors that cause a decrease in the strength of the hand grip in DMT2 patients. This study aims to evaluate risk factors that are related to the strength of the decrease in the strength of the hand grip in patients with DMT2. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical research. The data was taken through interviews, physical examinations and data collection of laboratory examination results at the general polyclinic of the Tabanan Public Health Center II. The bivariate test used chi-square and the multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used in assessing the magnitude of influence between variables that have a meaningful relationship with HGS and looking for the magnitude of the adjusted odd ratio (AOR) value. Results: The study discovered a strong correlation between age (p=0.002), body mass index (p=0.002), and fasting blood sugar levels (p=0.001) and hand grip strength. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the relationship of age more than 50 years to the decrease in hand grip strength was greater than high fasting blood sugar levels, while no significant relationship was found on excess nutritional status in this multivariate analysis (p=0.44). Conclusion: Age, body mass index, and fasting blood sugar levels are the risk factors for decreased hand grip strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Different Characteristics of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with and without COVID-19 at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital

Background: Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose. Diabetes leads over time to serious complications to the bloodvessles, heart, kidneys, nerves, and eyes. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in patients with COVID-19. People with diabetes are more likely to have more severe symptoms and complications when infected with any virus. The data gathered from patients with type two diabetes mellitus medical records in RSUD dr. Soetomo for the period May 2020 – April 2022. The data will be analyzed univariately on each variable resulting from data collection. Each variable added in to tables to see the difference between positive and negative COVID-19 DMT2 patients characteristics. The result is there was an increase in the number of hypertension and patients who die in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with COVID-19 compared to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients without COVID-19.

Association between metabolic syndrome and knee osteoarthritis

Introduction: The inflammatory process underlies either osteoarthritis (OA) or metabolic syndrome. Systemic inflammation that occurs in the metabolic syndrome will result in the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of macrophages and chondrocytes. This can affect the entire body including joints and the surrounding tissues, causing OA. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) and hypertension are the first and second most common metabolic syndrome components found in OA patients. This study aimed to determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome and knee OA in DMT2 patients with hypertension. Methods: By using an analytic observational method and cross-sectional design, this study involved the medical records of patients with DMT2. The sample consisted of 50 medical records selected by using the purposive sampling technique and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: This study involved 25 medical records of patients with and without knee (genu) OA. The characteristics of the sample were as follows: 1 medical record of patient aged 36-45 years, 18 medical records of patients aged 46-55 years, 16 medical records of patients aged 56-65 years, 15 medical records of patients aged &gt; 65 years, 21 medical records of male patients, 29 medical records of female patients, 27 medical records with metabolic syndrome, and 23 medical records without metabolic syndrome. The association between metabolic syndrome and knee (genu) OA was analyzed by using the Chi-Square Test using the SPSS application, where the results showed a significance value of p &lt; 0.05 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that there is a significant association between metabolic syndrome and knee (genu) OA.

Pharmacogenetics of Metformin Transporters Suggests No Association with Therapeutic Inefficacy among Diabetes Type 2 Mexican Patients.

Mexico has been under official epidemiological alert due to diabetes since 2016. This study presents new information on the frequency and variants of metformin transporters OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, ABCB1, and CYP2C9 variants as well. It also reports the association with HbA1c control on 103 DMT2 patients. They were genotyped through real-time PCR (TaqMan assays) and grouped according to treatment: metformin and metformin + glibenclamide. Metformin plasmatic levels were determined through mass spectrometry. The analysis of HbA1c showed statistical significance across genotypes in polymorphisms rs72552763 (p = 0.022), rs622342 (p = 0.009), rs1128503 (p = 0.021), and rs2032582 (p = 0.009) within the monotherapy group. Bivariate analysis found no association between any polymorphism and HbA1c control. Two logistic regression models accounted for two diplotypes in OCT1 and ABCB1, including statistically significant covariates. The first model yielded significance in age (p = 0.026), treatment period [p = 0.001], BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.043), and combined therapy (p < 0.001). There was no association with GAT/GAT of rs72552763 or A/A rs622342 in OCT1. The second model yielded significance in age (p = 0.017), treatment period (p = 0.001), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.042), and combined therapy (p < 0.001), finding no association with C/C of rs1128503 or G/G of rs2032582 in ABCB1. Our multinomial logistic regression results may benefit future predictive analyses in diabetic populations.

Hubungan Efikasi Diri, Kepatuhan dan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Manajemen Diri Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Surabaya

Introduction: Diabetes care is complex, requiring long-term care and support. Diabetics face challenges in managing themselves by making the right decisions every day, so people with diabetes mellitus often experience decreased motivation, hopelessness decreased capacity to manage diabetes and, difficulty reducing habits or routines that take. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of self-efficacy, compliance and family support with self-management of people with DMT2. Methods: The design of this study is a cross-sectional approach. The relationship between one and several variables is expressed by the magnitude of the correlation coefficient and statistical significance. The research population was 165 people, the sample size based on Isaac &amp; Michael's table with an error rate of 10% was 103 respondents. The sampling technique is done by non-probability sampling that is purposive sampling. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy (P-Value 0.042), compliance (P-Value 0.001) and family support (P-Value 0.035), with self-management. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in this study self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with self-efficacy, compliance and family support. DMT2 sufferers who have good self-efficacy will help them in managing self-management well, as well as compliant DMT2 patients will also have good self-management. Good family support for people with DMT2 will have a good impact on their self-management.

Intervensi Pemberdayaan Berbasis Keluarga terhadap Peningkatan Perilaku Perawatan Diri Pasien dengan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

This study aims to identify the effect of family empowerment intervention on the self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research method used was quantitative with a Quasy Experimental Non-Equivalent Control Group Pretest-Postest Design. Respondents in this study were patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus totaling 70 respondents. Data were collected using the Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire consisting of 14 question items. Data were analyzed using parametric tests (paired t-test and t-test for independent groups). The results of this study indicate a difference between the mean value of self-care in the intervention group and the control group after being given treatment with a p-value of 0.001 (t = -19,027; p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, family empowerment intervention affects self-care in DMT2 patients.&#x0D; Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Family Empowerment, Self Care

The Relationship Between FokI Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms on The Incidence Of Diabetic Retinopathy In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients At Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali

Introduction: Complications of T2DM result in many organs of the body including visual disturbances (diabetic retinopathy). Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene FokI, increase the risk of complications of T2DM including DR. This study aims to determine the FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali and to determine whether there is a relationship between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI on the incidence of DR in DMT2 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali. Methods: Design of the research was a cross-sectional analytical study. To detect the status of the FokI polymorphism, DNA segment amplification was performed using the PCR method using a primer specific for the FokI polymorphism. Furthermore, sequencing was performed to detect the base pattern at the location of the FokI SNP. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 25.sav. P-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 38 samples that were eligible to be analysed and successfully sequenced. The mean age of the sample was 50.68 years with the proportion of DR and non-DR of 73.7% and 26.3%, with the majority of DR patients being male (65.8%). In our multivariate analysis, we found a significant relationship between VDR FokI polymorphism with hypertension among diabetic retinopathy patient (p=0.036; adjusted OR=18; 95% CI=1.694-191.233). Conclusion: Heterozygous (C/T) VDR Fok I polymorphism was the most frequent in this finding. There is no significant relationship between FokI polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene and the incidence of RD in T2DM patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.

Analysis Of Serum Cystatin C Levels In People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus As A Biomarker Of Early Detection Of Atherosclerosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is associated with atherosclerosis, which causes the disease. cardiovascular and increased mortality. It is still difficult to detect ateroskelerosis in the early stages. Arterial stenosis often develops without symptoms in patients. DMT2, then causes cardiovascular disease. Therefore, development diagnostics to easily detect early-stage atherosclerosis are needed. In this study, we focused on cystatin C serum, an inhibitor of cysteine proteinase. Some research results, it has reported a significant correlation between serum Cystatin C levels and Arterial stiffness in a group of normal individuals. Cystatin C serum has a correlation strong with a value of elasticity of the carotid artery walls that reflect the degree of atherosclerosis subclinical. This is a new sign that is quite potential as a biomarker of early detection atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study is to know the picture serum Cystatin C levels as an early marker to determine the presence of possible complications of atherosclerosis in DMT2 patients, as well as the usefulness of Cystatin-C in predicting atherosclerosis of the early stages. Research methods are analytical research with use cross-sectional design. The study was conducted by calculating the value of Cystatin C blood serum with DMT2. The study subjects were people with DMT2 in RSUD.Labuang Baji Makassarand its network. Sum the sample in this study was 20 people. Determination of the research subject is done by conducting a search on medical records of DMT2 patients who meet the criteria of inclusion and exclusion to achieve minimum number of samples. The study subjects were classified into two groups based on medical record data searches are subclinical atherosclerosis group and nonclinical group ateroskelorosis. The research sample is a serum sample. Serum sample examination is carried out in the Clinical Prodia Laboratory using PENIA method. The results of this study reported the results that Cystatin-C Serum is closely correlated with subclinical atherosclerosis (arterial stiffness. Increase in serum cystatin-C levels indicates the risk of atherosclerosis in Patients with DMT2. The results of this study reported that serum cystatin C levels in dmt2 patients in the nonclinical atherosclerosis group (n = 10) showed normal cystatin levels (0.50 - 0.96 mg/L), while serum Cystatin-C levels in dmt2 group patients showed normal cystatin levels (0.50 - 0.96 mg/L), while serum cystatin-C levels in DMT2 group patients Subclinical atherosclerosis (n = 10) has an increase in serum cystatin-C levels (&gt; 0.90 mg/L). Level cystatin C serum is associated with SA in DMT2 patients. Cystatin C was identified as a predictor of atherosclerosis risk, after adjusting for a variety of factors associated with diabetes.

Serum Vitamin D Levels and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Complication in Diabetes

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a significant contributor to dyslipidemia, which can contribute in cardiovascular complications. Vitamin D is crucial in preventing chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease (cardiovascular disease [CVD]). AIM: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Vitamin D levels and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is cross-sectional in nature. The study sampled 89 diabetic patients who met the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a 10 h fast, a venous blood test is performed to determine Vitamin D levels, apolipoprotein-A levels, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride levels. The data are analyzed using SPSS. The Pearson correlation test (p &gt; 0.05) was used to determine the connection. RESULT: Vitamin D levels were found to correlate with Apo-A1, TC, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels (p = 0.05), but not with LDL-C levels (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation may assist DMT2 patients minimize their chance of developing CVD problems.

Identification SNP rs5219 KCNJ11 gene and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Moewardi Hospital Surakarta

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that developed due to the pancreas does not sufficient to produce insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Genetic factors have an essential role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2), which impaired insulin production by pancreatic β cells, insulin resistance, and action. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the KCNJ11 rs5219 affected the pancreatic β cell activity that can inhibit insulin release, thus causing a decrease in therapeutic effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to identify the SNP rs5219 of the KCNJ11 gene and measure patient blood sugar levels as the outcome of therapy. A cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively at Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, involving 10 patients with DMT2 who received sulfonylureas therapy. DNA was isolated from the whole blood sample of DMT2 patients. PCR amplification was performed to amplify the KCNJ11 gene, and followed by PCR sequencing. The 2-H PP, FPG , and HbA1c parameters were measured as therapeutic outcomes. The results showed that the genotype frequencies (AA-AG-GG) were 10%, 50% , and 40%, while the allele frequency (A-G) in the sample was 35% and 65%. The uncontrolled values for 2H-PP on genotype (AA and AG + GG) were 10% and 20%; uncontrolled FPG on genotypes AA and AG + GG were 10% and 40%; and uncontrolled HbA1c on genotype AA and AG + GG were 10% and 80%. This study conclusion is the presence of the SNP rs5219 KCNJ11 gene with A&gt;G base change in DMT2 patients who received sulfonylurea therapy.