Diyala Governorate Research Articles

Determining the optimal combination of production factors in pomegranate production farms in Diyala Province-Iraq: An analytical study for the season 2022

This study aimed to analyze the reality of pomegranate production in Diyala Governorate - Iraq for the season 2022 using the Cobb-Douglas function model, with the aim of achieving optimization in production through the Lagrange method. The production function it estimated for a sample of pomegranate orchards, the function included production, as a dependent factor and each of labor, capital, and area are independent factors. The optimal combination of productive factors that achieve the optimal production volume reached (6.985) tons / hectare in the short-run. The total cost function was also estimated, including the optimal production volume in the long- run, which reduces costs, reaching (30.8) tons / hectare, which is achieved by exploiting the optimal area of the orchard, which amounted to (32.667) hectare. While the long-run profit-maximizing production reached (21.077) tons/hectare, it was recommended to use the optimal combination of production factors that have been reached, which achieve optimal production that reduces costs, and then increase the areas planted with pomegranate trees in the long-run in the study region.

Assessment Of Utilization of Sediments of The Wand Dam Reservoir For The Purposes Of Making Clay Bricks In Khanaqin, Diyala Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Assessment Of Utilization of Sediments of The Wand Dam Reservoir For The Purposes Of Making Clay Bricks In Khanaqin, Diyala Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Guide to Post-Recovery Symptoms in Diyala Governorate, Eastern Iraq

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a massive global event with significant health, psychological and social consequences, appeared for the first time in December 2019, it was officially called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-Cov-2), it causes important diseases in humans ranging from common cold to deadly respiratory infections, most infected people recovering within a few weeks, except some of them, have symptoms for a long time and it is called a post-COVID-19 syndrome. Objectives: This study was conducted in Diyala Governorate, north of Baghdad, from October 2022 to March 2023, to investigate the most important symptoms that people are still suffering from them after recovering from COVID-19. Materials and methods: The study was carried out by cross-sectional analysis of a sample of people who had previously been infected with COVID-19, using a questionnaire that was divided into several sections including demographic details for the participants in this study, duration of hospitalization, and the symptoms that still accompany them after gaining full recovery from infection with the virus. The sample size was 300 individuals. Results: The current study concluded that many of the symptoms are still associated with people who recovered after infection with Covid-19. The following symptoms were most common, fatigue after any slight exertion, headache, Dizziness when standing, coughing, and difficulty breathing with proportions of 70.0%, 69.0%, 64.0%, 60.7%, and 55.7%, respectively. there were highly significant differences in the age of the sample, with the highest age group (10-40) accounting for 85%, while the lowest age group (60) also there was statistically significant differences between age and rate of symptoms appearing, as the symptoms are more common in male from the female. no significant differences between the samples on the rural versus urban housing variable and oxygen demand during the hospital stay. Conclusion: After full recovery, COVID-19 continues to produce major complications, with males being more affected than females.

Investigation Roles of Erythropoietin, Testosterone, and Thyroid Hormones in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is characterized as a steady decline in liver functions that lasts longer than six months, including the generation of clotting factors and other proteins, detoxification of toxic metabolic products, and bile excretion. CLD is a continual process of inflammation, damage, and regeneration of the liver parenchyma that results in fibrosis and cirrhosis. The study aims to determine the predictive role of erythropoietin, testosterone, and thyroid function markers in the pathogenesis of liver dysfunction in Iraqi patients. The current research investigation was conducted out in Baquba Teaching Hospital / Diyala governorate from November 2022 to January 2023. 50 blood samples were taken from patients who came to the Baquba Teaching Hospital and those with chronic liver disease for inspection and diagnosis by the consultant doctor in the advisory units/Baquba Teaching Hospital. 30 healthy people's blood samples were taken as a control group. The serum levels of erythropoietin, testosterone, TSH, FT3, and FT4 indicators in the samples were determined using the Roche Cobas e411. The current study's findings revealed that 61-70 and >70 years scored highest age groups (28% and 26%) than ≤40 years that scored least age groups (6%) with significant differences (p<0.05). The levels of erythropoietin and TSH were higher in patients than healthy. In contrast, the levels of testosterone, FT3, and FT4 were low in patients than healthy with significant differences (p<0.05). According to Pearson correlations, erythropoietin is a substantial positive association with FT4 (r= 0.293* Sig.=0.039). Depending on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the present study showed the Erythropoietin, Testosterone, TSH, FT3, and FT4 markers scored the highest sensitivity (86%, 90%, 94%, 96%, and 100%) and specificity (90%, 90%, 94%, 100%, and 72%) respectively, in screening patients with Chronic liver disease (CLD). We came to the conclusion that illness severity increased with age. Erythropoietin, testosterone, and thyroid function are good prognostic markers in screening chronic liver disease that is associated with gonadal and thyroid disorders.

Forecasting Final Cost and Time Rates of Highway Construction Projects in Iraq Using Regression Analysis

The construction process is fraught with risks and uncertainties, which grow in proportion to the size and complexity of the project. The project is considered successful if it is completed within the specified time and cost and with the required quality standards. The time and cost overrun of building projects and highways is a critical issue because of the great risks that result from it, which affect the project completion process and sometimes put it to a halt. In this paper, an attempt was made to predict the final cost rate and final time rate of such projects before starting work, using the technique of reverse elimination regression analysis. The study covers a group of highway projects in Diyala Governorate, where the records of (25) projects that were completed during (2012-2021) were used to develop and validate the regression model. Based on the experts' convictions, there are nine factors that are considered the most influential on the final cost and final time. Hence they are used as input parameters for the form. These factors are; bid cost, bid duration, change order cost, change order duration, final cost, and final duration, no. of change order, start time and final time. It was found that the developed regression model has the ability to predict the final cost rate (FCR) and final duration rate (FDR) for highway projects as outputs with very high goodness of fit and coefficient determination ( ) of (98%) and (96%) for FCR and FDR respective.

Organizational Immunity and Its Role in Reducing Sports Crises in Sports Clubs in Diyala Governorate

يتضح من جدول (5) والخاص التكرار والنسبة المئوية والدلالات الاحصائية الخاصة بعبارات المحور الاول (أبعاد المناعة التنظيمية داخل الاندية الرياضية) ان نسبة موافقة عينة البحث الاساسية تراوحت ما بين (32.50% إلى 98.33%) وبترتيب العبارات كما هو موضح بالجدول. وبالنسبة للبعد الاول ( التعلم التنظيمي)، قد حازت العبارات ارقام (1/1، 1/6، 1/7، 1/8) على نسبة موافقة تراوحت ما بين (69.58% : 82.50%) في اتجاه (نعم) والتي تشير الى أن التعلم التنظيمي يتمثل في (يمتلك النادي عاملين ذوى خبرة، يراعى العاملين الاقتصاد في الوقت والجهد والتكاليف عند انجاز المهام ، يشجع النادي على نقل المعرفة وتبادل الخبرات بين العاملين، يصنع النادي أزمات افتراضية وتدرب العاملين على تخطيها)، وقد حازت العبارة رقم (1/2) على نسبة موافقة قدرها (32.50%) في اتجاه (لا) والتي تشير الى أن النادي يتبنى أنظمة تدريب حديثة ومتطورة. يتضح من جدول (6) والخاص التكرار والنسبة المئوية والدلالات الاحصائية الخاصة بعبارات المحور الثاني (انواع الازمات والاجراءات الادارية للحد من الازمات الرياضية بالأندية الرياضية)ان نسبة موافقة عينة البحث الاساسية تراوحت ما بين (23.33% إلى 100% ) وبترتيب العبارات كما هو موضح بالجدول ،وبالنسبة (الازمات التنظيمية والإدارية)، قد حازت العبارات ارقام (1/1/1، 1/1/2، 1/1/3، 1/1/4، 1/1/5، 1/1/6، 1/1/7 ) على نسبة موافقة تراوحت ما بين (71.25% : 86.25%) في اتجاه (نعم) والتي تشير الى (عدم وضوح الأهداف العامة للعاملين في الاندية الرياضية، عدم الإدراك الصحيح لكيفية التعامل مع المواقف المتغيرة والمعقدة، الدراسة الغير كافية للخطط المقررة للأندية الرياضية، سوء توزيع المهام والاعمال علي العاملين بالأندية الرياضية، سيادة المعلومات غير الدقيقة التي تؤدى إلى وقوع الأزمات، سيطرة المصالح الشخصية لمسئولي الأندية الرياضية علي المصلحة العامة، الاستهانة بالأزمات وعدم الاستعداد الجيد لمواجهتها)

Assess the Attitudes of Cancer Patients Attending Oncology Clinics in Several Iraqi Governorates on the use of Chemotherapy, as well as their Awareness of its Side Effects

Background: Cancers are a class of illnesses characterized by the unchecked growth and spread of abnormal cells. Death may ensue if the metastasis, or the spread of cancer cells at this point, is not stopped. Methods & patients: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, one hundred patients participated, carried out in the oncology department at Salah Al Deen general hospital in Salah al Deen governorate and Baquba general hospital in Diyala governorate from 23 October 2022to23 February 2023, key inclusion criteria involved the oncology clinic sees all cancer patients, including inpatient and outpatient. who received chemotherapy. Results: It was observed through our study thatmost of participants were female (72%) and only 28% were male. About 72%, 64%, 58%, 56% of participants knew that chemotherapy could cause alopecia, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite respectively. A50% of cancerd patient participate in these study who received chemotherapy got their information from their friends , 42% of participants received their information from doctor and only 8% of participants received their information from pharmacists Conclusion: The current study concluded that approximately more than half of the participants have acceptable knowledge about potential side effects of chemotherapy, but most of the participants were informed by their friends more than their doctor regarding side effects of chemotherapy. Aim of study: The purpose of the study is to look into and determine how cancer patients in particular Iraqi governorates feel about using chemotherapy and how informed they are of its side effects.

Preparing Environmental Isotopes Databases for Determining Groundwater and Surface Water Relationships in Iraq

This study is prepared to constitute an isotopic database of Deuterium (δ2H) and Oxygen 18 (δ18O) for groundwater and its relationship with the isotopic footprint for surface water The 311 samples of groundwater were collected between 2013 and 2021 and analyzed using a Liquid-Water Isotope Analyzer (LWIA). The study covered different regions of Iraq, including the Western region (Al-Anbar), Northern region (Kirkuk), Central Region (Samarra, Shirqat, Khanaqin, Baghdad, Karbala, Najaf, Diyala), and Southern region (Samawah، Nasiriya, Diwaniyah, Basra). In addition, the 208 surface water samples were collected from different sources including (the Tigris, Euphrates, Diyala, and Shatt Al-Arab) rivers during the same period. The isotopic measurements showed a linear relationship between the two stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) with a slope of 7.38 and an excessive deuterium reach to (-9.4597) compared with the excessive value of the domestic rain line of (14.15). It is defined according to the local meteoric water line equation (LMWL δ2H = 7.7035 * δ18O + 14.158), which characterized a fingerprint of groundwater and showed the impact of the climate on it. The study showed a significant interaction between groundwater and surface water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Southern region of Iraq, due to the aquifers in these areas being close to the surface, with depth ranges between (6 – 40 m), and high porosity that simulative of the sedimentary plain characterization. The samples of these areas calculated the highest and the lowest value for δ2H of (12.04‰) and (-36.14‰) respectively. A similar result was found in the western regain. This region recorded the highest value of δ2H (-4.42‰) and the lowest value (-42.2‰), the depth of the wells ranged between (2 – 22 m), which explains the relationship between the groundwater and the Euphrates River. However, the study indicated that the wells in Diyala Governorate, have depth ranges between (10 – 70 m) and were not affected by rainwater or Diyala River, with the highest and lowest value for δ2H of (4.66‰), (-38.54‰), respectively. On the other hand, the highest and lowest values of δ2H were recorded in the Khanaqin area with a value of (-13.48‰) and (-32.67‰) respectively.

Integrating remote sensing and GIS techniques for effective watershed management: a case study of Wadi Al-Naft Basins in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, using ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model

Integrating remote sensing and GIS techniques for effective watershed management: a case study of Wadi Al-Naft Basins in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, using ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model

Effect of Humic Acid, Organic Nitrogen and Thidiazuron Spray on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) cv.Le-Conte

This study was carried out on 5-yrs old Pear trees cv.Le-Conte), grown in a private orchard located at Otomaniyah area, Diyala Governorate, Iraq during 2019 growing season to study the effect of Humic Acid (0 and 1%), Organic Nitrogen (0 and 1%) and Thidiazuron (0,7.5 and 15 mg l-1) Spray on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Pear trees. Three replicates and one tree per experimental unit were utilized in a factorial experiment with three factors (2×2×3) using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data analysis was performed with the use of ready-made program and the Duncan’s multiple range test with 0.05 probability. The solutions were sprayed three times ( 20 march, 10 April, and 10 may ). The results showed that TDZ spray gave a significant effect through improving most of the studied traits as leaf area, leaves nitrogen, and potassium content (%), fruit weight, fruit flesh total titratable acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS %) of fruit juice.

First molecular record of Thielaviopsis punctulata, the causative agent of black scorch blight disease on date palms in Iraq

A laboratory study was conducted on samples of palm trees collected from Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The results of isolation and diagnosis of the samples that showed symptoms of black blight infection indicated that the fungus that causes the disease is Thielaviopsis punctulata. This is the first record of T. punctulata as a causative agent of black blight in Iraq. Moreover, the results of the microscopic examination showed that the fungus forms endoconidia from Phialidic conidiophores, and also produces aleoroconidia, thickened-walled chlamydial spores. In addition, the results of testing the pathogenic ability of the isolates on date palm seedlings showed that all the isolates of the pathogenic fungus showed the ability to cause the disease, but with different percentages compared to the percentage of the disease, where it was 0 in the comparison treatment that was free of pathogenic fungus, and isolate GP2 excelled, as it gave an infection severity of 100%, followed by the two isolates GP0 and GP1, which gave an infection severity of 93.33 and 80%, respectively.

The Effect of Fungi Accompanying cuscuta on the Germination Rates of Ocimum and cuscuta Seeds and Their Molecular Diagnosis

This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Plant Protection Department / University of Baghdad-Jadriya, with the aim of isolating fungal pathogens from samples of the parasite on different plant families (Solanum, Astragalus, Conocarpus, chenopodium, Alhagi, Ocimum) from several areas in Baghdad and Diyala Governorate and diagnosing them phenotypically and testing their pathogenicity. The results of isolation and phenotypic diagnostics from the stems and seeds of the cuscuta showed the presence of 12 genera belonging to nine species : Alternaria, sp. (F2), Alternaria sp. (F4), Aspergillus sp. (F6), Aspergillus sp. (F12), Chaetomium sp. (Amesia sp.) (F7), Cladosporium sp. (F8), Curvularia sp. (F5), Helminthosporium sp. (F10), Penicillium sp. (F9), Rhizoctonia solani (F1), Stemphylium sp. (F3), Stemphylium sp. (F11). The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Chaetomium sp. Helminthosporium sp. and SP. Stemphylium was first recorded on the Cuscuta plant in Iraq. The results of the pathogenetic assessment showed that all the tested isolates (F1-F12) were pathogenic to Porter and Ocimum seeds, as they caused a significant reduction in seed germination rates compared to the control treatment (without inoculation with fungal vaccine). it was found that there was a difference between fungal isolates in reducing the percentage of seed germination, as some fungal isolates achieved the highest reduction in the percentage of germination of carrier seeds. the effect of their fungal filters on the germination of Porter and Ocimum seeds was tested and diagnosed in part. The results showed that the leached fungus Chaetomium sp. With concentrations of 20, 40 and 60%, it significantly reduced the percentage of germination of Porter seeds and differed significantly with the coefficients of Aspergillus SP.(F6) fungal filters, Stemphylium sp.(F3), Alternaria sp.(F4), Curvularia sp.(F5) by analogy with the comparison treatment, while there are no significant differences between the fungal filtrate at the three concentrations. The results also showed that the fungus leached Chaetomium sp.(F7). And Aspergillus sp. sp.(F6) in concentration, it had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of germination of Ocimum seeds compared to the comparative treatment. She showed that the isolates belong to fungi (F2 Aspergillus Flavus and(F4) Alternaria alstroemeria and that F5 Curvularia spicifera and F3 Stemphylium vesicarium and F7 belong to Amesia atrobrunneum and the name was changed instead of the old name Chaetomium atrobrunneum and deposited in the gene bank Gene Bank and NCBI under the accession numbers oq746923, Oq746924, Oq746925 and Oq74692.

Salt Eruptions and Their Role in the Shaping of the Oil Trapping for Selected Fields in Eastern Iraq

This research had been achieved using 2D seismic sections to study the presence of subsurface salty bodies in the Khashim Al-Ahmer, Galabat, Injana fields as a case study. The selected oil fields is located to the northeast of Baquba city within Diyala Governorate. The study aims to determine the salt accumulations of the selected fields and their role in the formation of oil traps. The interpretation of seismic data was focused on two reflectors Fatha and Jeribe Formations which belong to the lower and Middle Miocene. Structurally, Two systems of reversal faults are affecting the fields, according to seismic sections, the first represents thrust faults affected on the top part of Fatha (Red Beds & Seepage) and the layers above with large displacements and trending in an NW-SE orientation; The separation surface of these faults is the salt bed in the Fatha Formation. the second represents reversal faults affected on the lower section of Fatha (Transition beds) and the layers beneath with high displacements. The research concludes Petroleum flow from the source was directed by the faults created by the broad Zagros tectonism to Miocene and younger traps, also seal fracturing exceeds vertical petroleum flow. The differences in fault types are caused by the presence of a salt bed within the Fatha Formation and the high variation in its thickness at the crest and flanks. So, the main recommendation of research is to implement a 3D seismic survey covering these fields to determine salt body areas.

Molecular prevalence of MecA and Blaz Genes with phenotypic analysis of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern for S.aureus Isolated From Dermal lesions of Sheep Breeders In Diyala Governorate – Iraq

Background: S. aureus is one of the dominant bacterial pathogens among dermal infections in human and animals, which have resistance to different antimicrobial drugs.
 Objective: Isolation and identification of S.aureus from skin lesions among sheep breeders by traditional methods, Vitek 2 system and PCR using Staur 4, 6 specific pri-mers for validation, Detection of genes (methicillin resistant (mecA), Beta- lac-tamase gene (blaZ) by conventional PCR ,determine antibiotic sensitivity pat-tern by kirby bauer disc diffusion method.
 Patients and Methods: A total of 44 swaps were collected from sheep breeders suffered from variety of infected skin lesions to detect methicillin sensitive and resistant s. aureus by employing traditional methods in addition to confirmatory techniques through fast rapid VETEK2 system , detection of genes (methicillin resistant (mecA), Be-ta- lactamase gene (blaZ) by conventional PCR , and determine antibiotic sensi-tivity pattern by kirby bauer disc diffusion method.
 Results: S.aureus was isolated from 15/44,( 34.09%) of skin lesion of sheep breeders . A total of 6/15 ,(40%) were methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA) ,which represent ( 13.63%) from total samples .Beta lactamase gene primers was detected in all S.aureus isolates. A 6/15,(40%) of S.aureus have resistance for members of antibiotics classes, penicillins, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, macrolide which include the following : methicillin that was confirmed early by detection of me-cA gene , levofloxacin , ofloxacin , erythromycin and vancomycin. A 6/15,(40%) of S.aureus have multidrug resistant trait for Penicillins, Polypep-tides, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolide antibiotics. Non multidrug resistant S.aureus was reported for Penicillins (oxacillin,4/15, 26%) and Polypeptides antibiotics (vancomycin 8/15, 53.33%) of S.aureus . Absolute sensitivity was reported for gentamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, imipenem and chloramphenicol.
 Conclusion: Methicillin sensitive S.aureus was more common compared with MRSA isolated from dermal infections of sheep breeders. Blaz gene was predominantly ex-pressed by S.aureus isolates followed by Mec A gene. S.aureus have resistance for penicillins, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, macrolide which include the fol-lowing : methicillin, levofloxacin , ofloxacin , erythromycin and vancomycin . S.aureus have multidrug resistant trait for Penicillins, Polypeptides, Fluoroquin-olones, Macrolide antibiotics. S.aureus was absolutely sensitive to gentamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, imipenem and chloramphenicol.

The role of magnetic resonance imaging technique in detection dentofacial pattern among Diyala Governorate population

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is accepted as the most advanced imaging modality for diagnosis of maxillofacial soft tissue abnormalities. It is noninvasive and has the potential to yield high quality tomographic imaging in any plane with bone as well as soft tissue spatial resolution. Additionally, the patient is not exposed to ionizing radiation or any biological hazards.
 Objective: To determine the depth of masseter muscle in various vertical dentofacial shapes and to relate masseter muscle depth with craniofacial shapes using magnetic resonance imaging technique (MRI).
 Patients and Methods: Thirty youthful, healthy people overall between the ages of 16 and 40 were chosen and divided into three groups of ten, using (MRI), categorize each as a vertical, average, and horizontal grower. The concepts masseter muscles had their different anatomical dimensions sagittal, axial, and coronal directions utilizing MRI perspectives.
 Results: Our study found the difference is significant when comparing between the growth patterns in both direction (horizontal and vertical)(p<0.05), also the direction of muscle fibers of masseter muscle (anterior and posterior) away from first molar to the zygomatic arch was saved. In contrast to the horizontal list, when the fibers are attached anteriorly and vertically at the jaw angle, we discovered in our research that the direction of the muscle fibers is toward the posterior side more than anterior side and at a sharper angle.
 Conclusion: The study found that the muscle fibers in the extra posterior direction had a steeper angle than the horizontal group, with the vertical fiber orientation having an anterior connection at the angle of the mouth.

Molecular prevalence of MecA and Blaz Genes with phenotypic analysis of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern for S.aureus Isolated From Dermal lesions of Sheep Breeders In Diyala Governorate – Iraq

Background: S. aureus is one of the dominant bacterial pathogens among dermal infections in human and animals, which have resistance to different antimicrobial drugs. Objective: Isolation and identification of S.aureus from skin lesions among sheep breeders by traditional methods, Vitek 2 system and PCR using Staur 4, 6 specific pri-mers for validation, Detection of genes (methicillin resistant (mecA), Beta- lac-tamase gene (blaZ) by conventional PCR ,determine antibiotic sensitivity pat-tern by kirby bauer disc diffusion method. Patients and Methods: A total of 44 swaps were collected from sheep breeders suffered from variety of infected skin lesions to detect methicillin sensitive and resistant s. aureus by employing traditional methods in addition to confirmatory techniques through fast rapid VETEK2 system , detection of genes (methicillin resistant (mecA), Be-ta- lactamase gene (blaZ) by conventional PCR , and determine antibiotic sensi-tivity pattern by kirby bauer disc diffusion method. Results: S.aureus was isolated from 15/44,( 34.09%) of skin lesion of sheep breeders . A total of 6/15 ,(40%) were methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA) ,which represent ( 13.63%) from total samples .Beta lactamase gene primers was detected in all S.aureus isolates. A 6/15,(40%) of S.aureus have resistance for members of antibiotics classes, penicillins, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, macrolide which include the following : methicillin that was confirmed early by detection of me-cA gene , levofloxacin , ofloxacin , erythromycin and vancomycin. A 6/15,(40%) of S.aureus have multidrug resistant trait for Penicillins, Polypep-tides, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolide antibiotics. Non multidrug resistant S.aureus was reported for Penicillins (oxacillin,4/15, 26%) and Polypeptides antibiotics (vancomycin 8/15, 53.33%) of S.aureus . Absolute sensitivity was reported for gentamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, imipenem and chloramphenicol. Conclusion: Methicillin sensitive S.aureus was more common compared with MRSA isolated from dermal infections of sheep breeders. Blaz gene was predominantly ex-pressed by S.aureus isolates followed by Mec A gene. S.aureus have resistance for penicillins, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, macrolide which include the fol-lowing : methicillin, levofloxacin , ofloxacin , erythromycin and vancomycin . S.aureus have multidrug resistant trait for Penicillins, Polypeptides, Fluoroquin-olones, Macrolide antibiotics. S.aureus was absolutely sensitive to gentamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, imipenem and chloramphenicol.

The role of magnetic resonance imaging technique in detection dentofacial pattern among Diyala Governorate population

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is accepted as the most advanced imaging modality for diagnosis of maxillofacial soft tissue abnormalities. It is noninvasive and has the potential to yield high quality tomographic imaging in any plane with bone as well as soft tissue spatial resolution. Additionally, the patient is not exposed to ionizing radiation or any biological hazards. Objective: To determine the depth of masseter muscle in various vertical dentofacial shapes and to relate masseter muscle depth with craniofacial shapes using magnetic resonance imaging technique (MRI). Patients and Methods: Thirty youthful, healthy people overall between the ages of 16 and 40 were chosen and divided into three groups of ten, using (MRI), categorize each as a vertical, average, and horizontal grower. The concepts masseter muscles had their different anatomical dimensions sagittal, axial, and coronal directions utilizing MRI perspectives. Results: Our study found the difference is significant when comparing between the growth patterns in both direction (horizontal and vertical)(p<0.05), also the direction of muscle fibers of masseter muscle (anterior and posterior) away from first molar to the zygomatic arch was saved. In contrast to the horizontal list, when the fibers are attached anteriorly and vertically at the jaw angle, we discovered in our research that the direction of the muscle fibers is toward the posterior side more than anterior side and at a sharper angle. Conclusion: The study found that the muscle fibers in the extra posterior direction had a steeper angle than the horizontal group, with the vertical fiber orientation having an anterior connection at the angle of the mouth. Keywords: MRI, growth patterns, masseter muscle.

The effect of agricultural exploitation and physiographic location on the soil particle size distribution for soils in Diyala Governorate

The study area was chosen to include three physiographic sites on the Diyala River, as it is located in the village of Umm Al-Azam between longitudes 33.71785 east and latitudes 44.6185 north. There are four pedons in each A physiographic unit, two of which are in cultivated sites and the other two are in unexploited agricultural sites, so the total of the studied pedons is twelve. The results of laboratory analyses showed that the sand content in the physiographic units of the cultivated soils ranged between 151.19 - 583.20 g kg-1 , as it was noted that the highest content was in the soils of river basins, while in the physiographic units of the abandoned soils, the sand content ranged between 146.62 - 600.50 g kg -1 , as its highest content was in soils River basins as well. As for the silt particle, the results showed that its content in the physiographic units of the cultivated soil ranged between 170.00 - 543.11 g kg-1 , as it was noted that its highest content was in the soils of the depression unit, while in the physiographic units of the abandoned soils, the content of the silt ranged between 54.42 - 553.01 g kg-1 , as the highest content was in pedons soils the river. As for the particle clay, its content in the cultivated physiographic units ranged between 52.10 - 375.67 g kg-1 , as the highest content was in the soils of river levee, while in the soils of the abandoned physiographic units, it ranged between 54.42 - 335.57 g kg-1 , which was the highest value for it. When soils levee of rivers . Keywords: particle, distribution, physiographic location, agricultural exploitation

Agricultural exploitation and physiographic location in the availability of nutrients to the soil of Diyala Governorate

The study area was chosen to include three physiographic sites on the Diyala River, as it is located in the village of Umm Al-Azam between longitudes 33.71785 east and latitudes 44.6185 north. There are four pedons in each A physiographic unit, two of which are in cultivated sites and the other two are in unexploited agricultural sites, so the total of the studied pedons is twelve. The results of laboratory analysis showed that the lowest content of available nitrogen for the cultivated sites was in the soils of river levees and the highest content in the soils of the river basins, while in the abandoned soil sites, it was the lowest content in the soils of the river basins and the highest content in the soils of depressions, and that the variance of the available nitrogen content in the soils of the cultivated pedons sites was moderate. The results indicated that the available phosphorous content in the sites of cultivated pedons soils ranged between 17.25 – 40.24 mg kg-1 as it was the lowest content in river levee and the highest in the depressions soils, while the available phosphorous content in the soils of the abandoned pedons sites ranged between 19.19 - 43.00 mg kg-1 as it was the lowest content in river basins and the highest content in depressions soils, while the variance of phosphorus in the cultivated soils pedons was of slight variation available. The available potassium content in the soils of the planted pedons sites ranged between 175.60 - 255.17 mg kg-1 , as it was the lowest content in the river levee and the highest in the soils of the river basins. The available potassium content in the soils of the abandoned pedons sites ranged between 170.64 - 257.45 mg kg-1 , where the lowest content of the available potassium was in the river levee soils, and the highest was in the depressions soils. Also, the variance of the available potassium in the pedons' soils was very little. As for the effect of the interaction between agricultural exploitation and physiographic sites and horizons in the characteristics of the study area, the results of the statistical analysis indicated that all study indicators represented by sites, type of use, horizons and their interactions did not have a significant effect of increasing nitrogen in the soil of the study area, as well as phosphorous and potassium. Keywords: N, P, K, nutrients, physiographic location, agricultural exploitation.

Estimation of technical efficiency levels using the Data Envelope method (DEA) for wheat crop cultivars farms in Diyala Governorate for the production season (2020-2021)

The research aims to estimate the technical and specialized efficiency and the economic efficiency of wheat crop varieties according to the data envelope analysis method (DEA) and according to the varieties in the research sample, which are (Bura, Adana, Iba 99), and the data was obtained by designing a questionnaire using the random sampling method for farms in the field. It determined the size of the samples for the studied items according to their percentage in the community for (150) farms by (50 for each item in the research sample. The results of the efficiency analysis were obtained according to the data envelope for production functions and costs with stability and change in capacity returns. The results of the analysis showed, depending on the variables of the production function, The results showed that the farms that achieved full efficiency (100%) were (11) farms, which were divided into (3) farms for the (Bura) variety, (6) farms for the (Adena) variety, and (2) farms for the (Ibaa 99) variety. These farms can be counted. References to the sample farms that did not reach full efficiency and the number of farms that achieved 100% efficiency in light of the change in yield were (18) farms, divided (6) farms for the (Bura) variety, (8) farms for the (Adena) and (4) farms for the variety (Ibaa 99), respectively, while the number of farms that did not reach 100% efficiency in light of the change in the field Lead (44, 42, 46) farms for varieties (Bura, Adana, Ibaa 99), respectively. Depending on the variables of the cost function, it turns out that the total of the farms that achieved 100% allocative efficiency (6) farms with one farm for the Pura variety (4) farms for the variety below and one farm for the Ibaa 99 variety. In this case, these farms do not have any surplus inputs because they consume all inputs. The optimum size to reach the optimum production and the results of estimating the economic efficiency of the wheat crop and the studied varieties were also shown, as the average economic efficiency was (0.51, 0.44, 0.41) for varieties (Bura, Aden, Iba 99), respectively. This level is low, which is the result of the product of each From technical efficiency and allocative efficiency, which shows that these farms can reduce costs by (49%, 56%, and 59%) and achieve the same production level or that these farms can get the current production using (51%, 44%, 41%) of resources to become economically efficient. In light of the results that have been reached, the research recommended encouraging farmers to use the seeds of modern varieties with high production to make the best Bionatura http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/CSS/2023.08.04.67 2 use of agricultural areas in order to give the best production in addition to benefiting from the efficiency indicators obtained through the data envelope model, and the need to activate the role of the agricultural extension system in alerting farmers to the use of modern agricultural methods in line with the technical progress in this field, especially in the countries of the world. Keyword: Wheat; Cultivars; Data Envelope.