Division Of Intellectual Labor Research Articles

The ‘Economic’ in Indian Sociology: Genealogies, Disjunctions and Agenda

A cursory glance at the century-old history of Indian sociology reveals its relative under-engagement with economic phenomena and processes. Although the ‘economic’ did get studied under the influence of agrarian and village studies, and certain apparently economic themes such as industry and labour did attract scholarly attention from some sociologists, we notice the absence of a sustained and robust academic tradition of sociological studies of the economy in India. There appears to have been an intellectual division of labour, where the study of economic issues was ceded to economists whereas sociologists remained jubilant with their studies of primordial institutions. This study attempts to locate this persistent disjunction between the social and the economic from the perspective of the disciplinary history. Of necessity, this calls for an examination of the relationship between sociology and economics, and the way it unfolded in post-independence India. To this end, this study discusses the role of the developmental state, the prevailing notions of expertise, and the differential treatment accorded to different social sciences’ disciplines. The paper concludes with the outlining of a disciplinary agenda for the sociological study of the ‘economic’.

«Завершение или начало?» Историческая философия Г. Шпета как фундамент Института философии

One of the most interesting pages in the creative biography of G.G. Shpet is his leadership in the Institute of Scientific Philosophy (1921–1923) – the topic which is only indicated, but not yet sufficiently researched today. The article at­tempts to characterize the intellectual and organizational efforts of G.G. Shpet as director of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy and demonstrate the importance of his activities for preserving the tradition of Russian philosophical culture in the early years of Soviet power. The relevance of his historical experience lies in the fact that he skillfully combined managerial duties and scientific leader­ship. The analysis of this experience allows us today to ponder about the effec­tiveness of modern management strategies, which often separate management from the content of scientific activity in various intellectual and cultural institu­tions, guided by the productivity of the idea of “division of intellectual labor”. Meanwhile, leadership functions have significantly influence on the develop­ment of thematic priorities in science, as evidenced by the experience of Shpet’s directorship. His activities as director of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy are considered in the context of the socio-cultural situation of that time, as well as taking into account the intellectual and existential heritage of the philosopher: his reflections on the very essence of philosophical knowledge, on the historical fate of domestic intellectual culture; in particular, in the context of the draft of the summary of the report “What is philosophy” published below, which he read at a meeting of the institution headed by him on October 20, 1922.

On the institutional and intellectual division of labor in epigenetics research: A scientometric analysis

While numerous qualitative social scientific analyses of (environmental) epigenetics have been published, we still lack a macro-level, quantitative assessment of the field of epigenetics as a whole. This article is aimed at filling this gap. Mobilizing an extended version of the Web of Science, we constituted a corpus of 199,484 documents (articles, reviews, editorial material, etc.) published between 1991 and 2017 and performed several scientometric analyses to map out the development and structure of the epigenetics field. Three main results were drawn from these investigations. First, contradicting the hope expressed by some social scientists that their disciplines will find solace in epigenetics’ social biology, it is striking that the scientists, journals and institutions that drive most of the research in the field are overall little concerned with social and environmental dimensions of gene expression. Second, and confirming existing qualitative analyses, we find that epigenetics is constituted by diverse networks of scholars, institutions and research specialties that enjoy relative autonomy from each other and approach epigenetics through different thematic interests, from cognitive functions to cancer, to DNA methylation in plants and molecular biology. Third, findings obtained from the bibliographic coupling showed that these different networks became more and more autonomous over the last decade, which suggests that we are currently witnessing the constitution of a scientific archipelago akin to that of behavior genetics (Panofsky, 2014: 33) rather than to a discipline per se. At the same time, this differentiation was less pronounced conceptually speaking, as we also observed a clear standardization of the keywords used in epigenetics articles between 1991 and 2017, with DNA methylation and RNAs serving as rallying signs for different communities of researchers.

Defining the Dialogue between Sciences: A View on Transdisciplinary Perspective in the Human Sciences

Aim/Purpose: The authors argue that interdisciplinarity, together with the more recent concept of transdisciplinarity, can be seen as a coherent attempt not so much to reassemble the fragmented structure into a whole, as to create a fruitful collaboration and integration among different disciplines that takes into account their specificity. Background: At the threshold of the Modern Age, a series of paradigm shifts in Western thought caused its fragmentation into a variety of academic subdisciplines. Such diversification can be considered the result of epistemological shifts and changes in the division of intellectual labor. Contribution: Which semantic horizons can this new approach open, and on which theoretical foundations could a dialogue between disciplines be produced? The growing importance of this problem is evidenced by the emergence, during the last decades, of philosophical reflections on the interactions among different research fields. The paper aims to contribute to the contemporary discussion of the need to overcome boundaries between disciplines. Consequently, it has both a methodological and theoretical impact, since all branches of knowledge aspiring to go beyond their traditional theoretical boundaries would benefit from a coherent theoretical perspective which tries to reconceptualize the transfer of knowledge from one field to another. Findings: The possibility of transdisciplinarity in modern science finds its theoretical premise in M. Foucault’s seminal work on the organization of knowledge, The Order of Things, which hinted at the existence of gaps in the grid of knowledge, leading, as a result, to the possibility of creating transdisciplinary connections. Future Research: The authors’ critical discussion of transdisciplinarity aims to revive the French epistemological tradition that in the last decades has often been rejected by researchers as not being rigorous nor analytical. This choice is motivated by the belief that, despite such evident defects, at its bottom lies a genuine theoretical intention that does not take for granted the possibility of transcending the usual division of intellectual work. In addition, the authors offer a brief account of the Russian conception of transdisciplinarity, relatively little studied in the West, which is presumed to integrate and solve the difficulties of other similar models.

Legal Theory for Legal Empiricists

There is a widespread view that one does either theory or empirical work, and that theory and empiricism represent distant concerns, opposing worldviews, and perhaps distinct mentalities or personalities. This prevalent view has deep roots and is also the result of pragmatic and understandable tendencies toward division of intellectual labor. Against this view, this essay suggests that the relations between theory and empirical study ought to be understood as more intimate and that making legal theory an explicit focus can improve empirical scholarship. We pursue this claim by articulating a basis for legal theory and by showing how that basis illuminates both the application and design of empirical research on law. Legal theory, we argue, follows jurisprudence in interrogating the law as a set of coercive normative institutions. The upshot of this approach is a recognition that an interdisciplinary analysis of law must rely on both a theory (explicit or implicit) of the way law's power and its normativity align and an account of the way in which this discursive cohabitation manifests itself institutionally. We thus argue that legal theory is necessary in order to draw fruitfully on empirical research and further claim that legal theory provides guidance both for setting up an empirical research agenda on law and for designing research into specific topics.

Dis/unity of Knowledge: Models for the Study of Modern Esotericism and Science

Research on relations between esotericism and science exhibits a fundamental asymmetry. While historians of science have been eager to uncover esoteric contexts for early modern sciences, scholars of modern esoteric movements look almost solely at esotericism in the context of scientific progress. This asymmetry is largely due to a division of intellectual labor following lines of specialization in the humanities. The early modern period has been of supreme interest for historians of science, who have applied their expertise to uncovering important connections. In contrast, late modern esoteric thought has almost exclusively fallen under the purview of religious studies scholars, who lack the tools (and often the interest) to dissect the workings of the sciences. The result has been that, for relations of science and esotericism in the late modern period, the prevailing picture has been one of a unidirectional influence from “proper” science to a culturally parasitic esoteric discourse.The present article aims to remedy this asymmetry. A systematization and evaluation of existing approaches to esotericism/science leads to an argument that new methodology and conceptual tools are needed for a sufficient analysis of esotericism/science relations in the modern world to develop. These tools are found in the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies.

Legal Theory for Legal Empiricists

There is a widespread view that one does either theory or empirical work, and that theory and empiricism represent distant concerns, opposing world-views, perhaps distinct mentalities or personalities. This prevalent view has deep roots, and is also the result of pragmatic and understandable tendencies toward division of intellectual labor. As against this view, this Essay suggests that the relations between theory and empirical study ought to be understood as more intimate and that making legal theory an explicit focus can improve empirical scholarship.We pursue this claim by articulating a basis for legal theory and by showing how that basis illuminates both the application and design of empirical research on law. Legal theory, we argue, follows jurisprudence in interrogating the law as a set of coercive normative institutions. The upshot of this approach is a recognition that an interdisciplinary analysis of law must rely on both a theory (explicit or implicit) of the way law’s power and its normativity align, and an account of the way in which this discursive cohabitation manifests itself institutionally. We thus argue that legal theory is necessary in order to draw fruitfully on empirical research, and further claim that legal theory provides guidance both for setting up an empirical research agenda on law and for designing research into specific topics.

Bait and switch philosophy

Many philosophers employ an intellectual division of labour. Philosophy tells us what the truth conditions of various philosophically interesting sentences are. For example, atomic sentences containing numerals are sentences containing singular terms putatively referring to numbers; sentences about what could be are sentences quantifying over possible worlds and so on. Some discipline outside of philosophy (such as mathematics or common sense) tells us that certain of these sentences are true. The purported result is that such philosophically controversial entities as numbers and possible worlds have been shown to exist. I criticize this ‘twin-track strategy’ and try to show that the two components conflict rather than complement each other

Gender and Education: a view from Latin America

Gender and Education publishes articles that are considered as key references in the field, but at present the journal has limited connection with Gender Studies in Latin America. To understand this, all the titles and abstracts of the issues published between 2011 and 2013 were read. In this period, Gender and Education published 141 original articles, and among them only four were about Latin America. Altering this situation demands specific actions, including those that the Editorial Board is already planning. However, such reading brought to light many other questions that might be analysed in the context of the North/South division of intellectual labour. This essay discusses only one of them: the fact that articles about countries in the global South often identify their location in their titles, while this is rare among papers about metropolitan countries. An apparently simple change is suggested: that the authors question themselves about how far their ideas are understandable to readers from other parts of the world.

Putting “Human Crowds” in the Loop of Bibliography Evaluation: A Collaborative Working Environment for CSCW Publications

The current impact of financial crisis on societal and scientific frameworks has raised the need to harvest and evaluate vast volumes of data in a socially-mediated interaction context to reduce knowledge gaps and accelerate innovation at a global scale. Existing mechanisms are inefficient for a single human to classify and transform data into knowledge patterns from a large number of publications. This time-consuming and computationally difficult activity requires a substantial cognitive effort grounded on scientific metrics and theoretical foundations to produce quality metadata through different knowledge representations. This paper reports on a work in progress community self-organizing bibliographic information system for semantic analytics focused on what scientific research data mean, and how they can be best interpreted through a division of intellectual labor among social, computer, and citizen scientists. Such a crowd labor ecosystem should be not restricted to traditional bibliometric approaches, attempting to uncover patterns and trends in publication data sets whilst intellectual connections can be examined to demonstrate how a scientific field is conceptually, intellectually, and socially structured.

Social criticism at home and abroad

This article develops a methodology of social criticism with both a national and international focus. The basis for this methodology begins with the precepts of locally oriented, domestic social criticism or what is referred to in this article as ‘internal’ or ‘connected’ social criticism. After outlining the general framework of this model, the author extrapolates from Michael Walzer's idea of “reiterative” universalism to develop what might be understood as a framework for international social criticism. It is argued that an intellectual division of labour should be central to the self-understanding of critics dedicated to the latter form of intellectual engagement. While engaging in international politics may be appropriate for the promotion of democracy and greater equality, the protection of basic human rights may be better sought through interpretive work leading towards a worldwide consensus among cultures and civilisations. Résumé Cet article développe une méthodologie de critique sociale avec une perspective nationale et internationale. Elle se base sur la critique sociale « locale » ou ce que cet article appelle la critique sociale « interne » ou « connectée ». Après une explication du cadre théorique, l'article se relie sur l'idée de l'universalisme « réitératif » de Michael Walzer pour développer sa propre notion de la critique sociale internationale. Elle argumente qu'une division intellectuelle du travail est central pour les critiques intéressés à cette division intellectuelle. Bien que l'engagement des critiques dans la politique internationale semble un moyen approprié de promouvoir la démocratie et l'égalité, ce travail constate que les droits humains peuvent être mieux protégés à travers une interprétation intellectuelle menant à un consensus au milieu des cultures et civilisations mondiales.

THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY

The recent financial crisis has shattered lives and spread misery far and wide. The magnitude of damage has produced the desire for the economic equivalent of a truth and reconciliation commission. Yet the efforts to get the story right have pointed as much to a crisis of narrative, of theory, even of facticity among the standard-bearers of monied matters, public punditry and policy self-justification. If the underlying parables by which the larger trinity of economics, politics, and culture remains undisturbed by cataclysmic events, we should wonder whether systemic shock is sufficient to re-order habits of mind. We could also worry that what is presented as an exceptional circumstance of suffering for some is the business-as-usual experience for so many who are forced to live by the market's vagaries through what are considered to be by its chief beneficiaries, both good times and bad. If there is an opportunity for cultural studies in all of this, it may lie most of all in a refusal of the neat partitions, the intellectual division of labor by which both normal times and aberrant patches are understood. Cultural studies may benefit from a supple rapprochement with the critique of political economy that yields a different account of valuation and exchange. What follows is an effort to think the condition of cultural studies in the aftermath of financial attention beyond parabolic convention.

Introduction: Doctrines, Disciplines, Discourses, Departments

Next article No AccessThe Fate of DisciplinesIntroduction: Doctrines, Disciplines, Discourses, DepartmentsJames ChandlerJames Chandler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Inquiry Volume 35, Number 4Summer 2009The Fate of Disciplines Edited by James Chandler and Arnold I. Davidson Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/599585 Views: 367Total views on this site Citations: 31Citations are reported from Crossref © 2009 by The University of Chicago. 0093‐1896/09/3504‐0007$10.00. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sophia Gräfe, Cora Stuhrmann Histories of Ethology: Methods, Sites, and Dynamics of an Unbound Discipline, Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 45, no.1-21-2 (Jun 2022): 10–29.https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.202200026Cora Stuhrmann “It Felt More like a Revolution.” How Behavioral Ecology Succeeded Ethology, 1970–1990, Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 1 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.202200002Tamara T. 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Queer Marxism in Taiwan

This paper refutes the dominant assumption that Taiwan, unlike Mainland China, has developed a greater degree of tolerance for non‐normative sexual expressions as a result of its democratization. Recent legal and cultural changes indicate that Taiwan’s democratization consists of tendencies and repressive countertendencies. At the same time, this contradictory development has uniquely enabled a body of indigenous Marxist writings that mobilizes different senses of ‘queerness’ to demonstrate that the official celebration of diversity and human rights has actually further alienated and disempowered sex workers, promiscuous homosexuals, gay drug‐users, and other social subjects that are considered to be a threat to the liberal‐democratic order. I offer a reading of the critical writings of Josephine Ho, Yin‐bin Ning, Ding Naifei, and Wang Ping since the 1990s to explain why Queer Marxism in Taiwan is founded on a strong a‐statist discourse. I argue that a Queer Marxist intellectual practice emerged in Taiwan because liberal pluralism, institutionalized in what these critics call ‘state feminism,’ has failed to redress effects of social exclusion that (1) persist not despite of, but precisely because of, post‐martial law liberal reforms, and that (2) diverge in significant ways from individual experiences as members of officially defined minority groups (women, aborigines, migrant workers, or homosexuals). If social structuration is not always synchronic or isomorphic with state‐engineered legal changes, this difference also provides the occasion for Queer Marxists to interrogate the intellectual division of labor between feminism, assumed to be the analysis of gender as a non‐pluralizable category, and queer theory, assumed to be the analysis of sexuality as a non‐singular but personifiable category. Only by distinguishing between social relations and social identity can we comprehend how the rise of the Taiwanese Independence Movement played a key role in the naturalization of homosexuality as a fictive ethnicity, to which Queer Marxism developed as a historical response. As a geopolitically specific analysis of the aporia of substantive personhood, the Queer Marxism in Taiwan I re‐historicize is also a significant contribution to Marxist critique of liberal formalism that is of use to readers across the globe.

The Difficult Reception of Rigorous Descriptive Social Science in the Law

Mutual disdain is an effective border patrol at the demarcation lines between disciplines. Social scientists tend to react with disdain when they observe how their findings are routinely stripped of all the caveats, assumptions and careful limitations once they travel into law. Likewise, lawyers tend to react with disdain when they read all the laborious proofs and checks for what looks to them like a minuscule detail in a much larger picture. But mutual disdain comes at a high price. All cross-border intellectual trade is stifled. This paper explores the social science/law border from the legal side. The natural barriers turn out to be significant, but not insurmountable. Specifically the paper looks at the challenges of integrating rigorous descriptive social science into the application of the law in force by courts and administrative authorities. This is where the gap is most difficult to bridge. The main impediments are implicit value judgments inherent in models, conceptual languages and strictly controlled ways of generating empirical evidence; the difference between explanation, hypothesis testing and prediction, on the one hand, and decision-making, on the other; the ensuing difference between theoretical and practical reasoning, and the judicial tradition of engaging in holistic thinking; last but not least, the strife of the legal system for autonomy, in order to maintain its viability. If a legal academic assumes the position of an outside observer, she may entirely ignore all these concerns and simply follow the methodological standards of descriptive social science. This is, for instance, what most of law and economics does. The legal academic may, instead, choose to contribute to the making of new law. She will then find it advisable to partly ignore the strictures of rigorous methodology in order to be open to more aspects of the regulatory issue. But it is not difficult, at least, to follow the standards of the social sciences for analysing the core problem. The integration is most difficult if an academic does doctrinal work. But it is precisely here where the division of intellectual labour between legal practice and legal academia is most important. Academics who themselves are versatile in the respective social science translate the decisive insights into suggestions for a better reading of statutory provisions or case law.

Conflict, collaboration, fuzzy jurisdictions and partial settlements. Accountants, lawyers and insolvency practice during the late 19th century

Inter-professional conflict over insolvency work in Victorian England and Wales is often considered a formative instance of jurisdictional competition between accountants and lawyers. The paper explores this episode in the context of Abbott's theory of The System of Professions. It is shown that the Bankruptcy Act, 1869 disturbed inter-professional relations and unleashed competition between accountants and lawyers for insolvency work. However, the resultant hostility was substantially conducted through the professional media and did not engage unified occupational communities. In everyday practice accountants and lawyers maintained relations of mutual dependency rather than conflict. Some elements of a jurisdictional settlement between accountants and lawyers over bankruptcy work was achieved during the 1870s and 1880s through an intellectual division of labour, judicial decision making and organisational change. However, these forms of settlement seldom proved conclusive and statutory changes effectively perpetuated inter-professional competition for insolvency work into the 20th century.

LOCAL/GLOBAL LATIN AMERICANISMS

The discussion of certain themes central to contemporary Latin Americanism in the light of the postcolonial debate finds a pre-text in the work of the important organic intellectual of the Cuban Revolution, Roberto Fernández Retamar. As this essay recontextualizes his discussion within the local history of current post-dictatorships in the Southern Cone, it further engages in dialogue with postcolonialism, postmodernism, postoccidentalism and postorientalism – the four critical projects that aim at overcoming modernity (Mignolo 1998). Two questions open the debate. With reference to the international division of intellectual labour, how does the growing Anglo-Saxonization of reflection about Latin America correlate with the local epistemologies? How do local histories, as producers of knowledge and of a ‘rhetoric of the colony’, impact global epistemologies and the ‘rhetoric of empire’? The further heuristic introduction of Latin American ‘theoretical babbling’, understood as a non-hegemonic descriptive tool, adds other layers to the debate. Is it productive to advance such a descriptive tool for postcolonial discourses developed in Latin America as instances of a non-European, non-North American or non-Commonwealth theorization? If shorn of the negativities associated with difference, is ‘theoretical babbling’ an appropriate category of analysis? Can it be seen as a form of resistance? Or does it weave a less than strategic connection with the colonizing category of barbarism, thus paving the way for the disqualification of discourses that do not follow the rules of production established by the hegemonic sites of knowledge?

Sociology and Social Problem Research

1. For more than one and half centuries,, sociology has been discipline which constantly deals with the social problems as sociological issues. This is also true in China where sociology is much younger. But from the early beginnings of the establishment of sociology in China in the 1920's, sociology was considered as a branch of (natural) science of/for society specifically created to deal with the social problems that ordinary everyday people have to face. Now is not the time for me to list such social problems which we all have known very well, nor is it the time for me to introduce the work that my colleagues in China have been doing. For instance during the last 15 years my Institute and some other colleges in China collectively have done research on the social problems and sociological analysis and, as result, we have published annual reports on the social issues since 1992. 2. However, at this time, the time we all have encountered the challenges from globalization, we need to acknowledge that, ironically, along with the development of sociology as an academic discipline, social problems actually increase in almost all parts of the world, and also they extend to regional, transnational or global levels. Sociologists in China, like those colleagues all over the world, today seem intellectually less influential, and practically less useful, than before. This is so partly because our interpretations of the quickly run-away global world are left far behind the actual pace of the change; and sometimes, because of this, are so different from and even contradictory to, the common sense of ordinary people; partly because we have been so professionalized that ordinary people cannot really follow what we are talking about, even they wanted to, and even if we want to talk to them, usually because we are using some very specific categories, too professionalized in many cases, to describe an d to explain the social world where ordinary people organize and comprehend their activities and interactions. 3. In other words, we enjoy too much talking to/among ourselves in order to make distinction from others, not only from the ordinary people, but also from those in other disciplines. What is more, even amongst sociologists, we do not really talk to others often, once again, because of the high professionalization of the discipline. Professionalization is necessary, of course, for the development of sociology as specific academic discipline, which no doubt needs further intellectual division of labor amongst ourselves. 4. As consequence, however, when others increasingly feel difficult, and thus are not able/do not want, to listen to us, we gradually isolate ourselves from others. Being increasingly professionalized we believe we have developed some very systematic and analytical frameworks for interpretations of the ongoing social change and social problems. On most occasions, however, not only our interpretations seem too specific, but also we do not like to provide any practical solutions to people either in policy making or in the actual life world. Each time when we simply try to show ordinary people, and to the business elite and policy makers, how complicated the possible reasons are behind any visible social problems, their typical response is: interesting, but so what? 5. This very difference between sociologists and other professionals, especially economists and, in many cases political scientists, tells us why we are so marginal and they are increasingly so central. 6. I have always encouraged my colleagues in China by pointing out the very fact that it is sociologists since the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, if not earlier, who have shaped the very basic ways of thinking about, and presenting of, modern societies. As result, people in modem times, almost all became sociologists to certain extent, even without awareness of being so. …

Compromise, Conflation and Contextualism in English Music(ology)

For much of this century within English (and, by often dubious extension, British) academe, musicologists of whatever cultural bent have tended to ply their trades according to oddly discrete, non-overlapping strategies of study and discourse. This curiously extreme form of epistemological apartheid, while by no means unique to the native tradition, has persisted long after many other subject fields within both the humanities and the sciences have embraced interdisciplinary interpretation with open minds. Indeed, Nattiez's widelydisseminated semiological tripartition notwithstanding, the division of intellectual labour still most typically operative is that represented by the current mainstays of home-based musicological publishing, namely, the 'Lifeand-Works' monograph and the 'Handbook'. Throughout its venerable existence, the former genre has been envisaged as a portmanteau attempt to engage in biographical, historical and (to a lesser extent) technical exploration of the elements that comprise the semiotic package represented by the phrase, 'the great composer' of which there are so many famous examples that it is invidious to single out a handful for inclusion here.l Studies of this kind have a distinguished English-language history that stretches back at least to Edward Dent's pioneering text on Busoni (1933), and have often been aimed at a readership of both enthusiastic amateurs and professional scholars. By comparison, the handbook has come to epitomise a more or less opposing kind of credo. Like the monograph, it is catholic in ethos, but tends rather more to focus on the technical detail exemplified by a specific work or group of works by one composer.2 As a consequence, the handbook's more rigorously textual and, by implication, esoteric approach, indicates that it is targeted primarily at the academic community, rather than the general public. Despite the imaginative possibilities inherent within both types, there have, to date, been few genuine syntheses, a fact which may explain a third, more recent tendency in British musicological publishing that of the 'Book of Studies'. As their titles would indicate, these symposia aim to bridge the philosophical gap between monographs and handbooks by illustrating a range of approaches germane to a particular composer (and perhaps with an element of the non-English tradition of the Festschrift thrown in). Consequently life,

Laying the Groundwork for a New Generation of Policy Research: Commentary on “Knowledge Utilization in Educational Policy and Politics”

A division of intellectual labor exists between those who are directly involved in policy intervention and those who conceptualize the nature of societal problems. In this commentary, it is argued that the two roles can be complementary. From this synthesized perspective, it is observed that the field of educational policy is faced with interrelated sets of challenges, producing high-quality conceptual work and ensuring that paradigmatic ideas are useful for operational purposes.