Divided Attention Task Research Articles

Analysing lower limb motion and muscle activation in athletes with ankle instability during dual-task drop-jump

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of chronic ankle instability (CAI) on athletes’ lower extremity mechanics during bounce drop-jump landings with divided attention. Thirty Division I physical education voluntarily participated in the study. They performed two sets of bounce drop jumps: one set with a divided attention task and the other without. The obtained data were analysed using a paired t-test to compare the outcomes between the divided attention (DA) and non-divided attention (NDA) tasks. Athletes with CAI, during the DA task, displayed higher vertical landing forces, increased ankle inversion velocity, and greater range of motion of the ankle, knee, and hip in the frontal and transverse planes. They also exhibited insufficient neuromuscular preparation of the rectus femoris muscle. Notably, distinct kinematic alterations were observed in the ankle, knee, and hip joints regarding frontal and transverse lower-extremity kinematics. The findings suggest that athletes with CAI experience decreased activation of the rectus femoris muscle, which may impact their dynamic postural stability from pre-landing to ascending phases. Furthermore, the results indicate that individuals with CAI closely replicate the injury mechanisms encountered during a drop-jump landing task with divided attention. These insights offer valuable information about the real-time challenges faced by athletes with CAI.

Effects of divided attention on movement-related cortical potential in community-dwelling elderly adults: A preliminary study

Dual-tasking is defined as performing two or more tasks concurrently. This study aimed to investigate the effect of divided attention on movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) during dual-task performance in 11 community-dwelling elderly individuals while the load of the secondary task was altered. MRCP was recorded during a single task (ST), simple dual task (S-DT), and complex dual task (C-DT) as no-, low-, and high-load divided attention tasks, respectively. The ST involved self-paced tapping with an extended right index finger. In the S-DT and C-DT, the subjects simultaneously performed the ST and a visual number counting task with different levels of load. The coefficient of variation of movement frequency was significantly more variable in the C-DT than in the ST. The MRCP amplitude from electroencephalography electrode C3, contralateral to the moving hand, was significantly higher in the C-DT than in the ST. Higher attention diversion led to a significant reduction in MRCP amplitude in the participants. These results suggest that attention division in dual-task situations plays an important role in movement preparation and execution. We propose that MRCP can serve as a marker for screening the ability of older individuals to perform dual-tasks.

Neuropsychological functioning of pediatric patients with long COVID

Objective: To determine the neurocognitive profile for youth with long COVID presenting with cognitive concerns. Method: This study is a case series of 54 pediatric patients (65% female, M age = 13.48, SD age = 3.10, 5–19) with long COVID who were referred for neuropsychological testing from a post-COVID-19 multidisciplinary clinic. The outcomes of interest were neuropsychological test scores and parent ratings of mood, attention, and executive functioning. The percentage of patients with neuropsychological test scores below the 9th percentile (below average range) and those with at-risk or clinically significant scores (T-scores > 59) on parent-informant inventories were computed. Results: A portion of children with long COVID showed weaknesses in sustained attention (29%) and divided attention (35%). This portion of patients did not significantly differ when comparing patients with and without pre-existing attention and mood concerns. A high percentage of parents reported at-risk to clinically significant concerns for cognitive regulation (53%), depression (95%), anxiety (85%), and inattention (66%) on standardized questionnaires. Conclusions: The present case series showed that approximately a third of children with long COVID demonstrate objective weaknesses on sustained and divided attention tasks but were largely intact in other domains of neuropsychological functioning. Importantly, children with long COVID had similar difficulties in attention, regardless of pre-existing attention or mood concerns. Parents reported high rates of mood, anxiety, and executive functioning difficulties which likely impact daily functioning. Attention and emotional regulation should be closely monitored and treated as necessary in pediatric patients with long COVID to aid functional recovery.

Predicting self-reported hearing problems using suprathreshold auditory processing and cognitive measures

Measures typically included in standard audiometric test batteries often fail to correlate with self-reported auditory complaints. This is especially common for patients with normal- or near-normal-hearing sensitivity, like those who are aging or have a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This discrepancy likely stems from the use of measures that are not sensitive to auditory or cognitive processing deficits underlying patient complaints, which limits effective clinical assessment and management. Recent work has focused on making common laboratory-based measures more clinically accessible using a tablet-based app called PART. The goal of the current study was to identify PART measures that better reflect patient complaints. Data was collected from adults with (n = 37) or without (n = 36) a history of TBI that were matched in age and hearing sensitivity. Regression modeling was used to determine relationships between self-reported auditory difficulties and measures of auditory processing and cognition, including spectrotemporal modulation detection, frequency modulation detection, spatial release from masking, and the Auditory Visual Divided Attention Task (AVDAT). Items from the Concussion Symptom Subtype Inventory were used to measure self-reported auditory complaints. Results contribute to a better understanding of processing difficulties that underly auditory complaints in those with and without TBI.

Driving emotions: using virtual reality to explore the effect of low and high arousal on driver’s attention

The role played by emotions and attention is crucial for the development of advanced driver assistance systems that improve safety by flexibly adapting to the current state of the driver. In the present study, we used immersive virtual reality as a testing tool to investigate how different emotional states affect drivers’ attention in a divided attention task. Two different emotional states, diversified by valence and arousal, were induced before performing a divided attention task in a driving simulation. The experimental task developed for this study allowed us to explore if and how two different emotional states can affect the way drivers divide their attention between a central driving-related task and a peripheral visual task. Our results showed that scared drivers presented lower reaction times at the central task compared to relaxed drivers. On the contrary, the emotional state did not affect the performance at the peripheral task, which revealed instead a significant effect of the eccentricity at which the visual stimuli were presented, influencing both the accuracy of targets’ perception and participants’ reaction times.

The role of sleep disturbance in reduced accuracy on a divided attention task among patients with fibromyalgia.

Patients with fibromyalgia show impaired cognitive performance compared with healthy, pain-free controls. Sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression are highly prevalent among patients with fibromyalgia, and each is associated with impaired cognitive performance. Yet, limited work has explored whether psychosocial factors contribute to group differences in cognitive performance. This secondary data analysis investigated differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls, and whether psychosocial factors accounted for these differences. Adults with fibromyalgia (N = 24) and healthy, pain-free controls (N = 26) completed 2 cognitive tasks and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression short forms. Independent samples t tests were used to test for differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Pearson correlations were conducted to examine associations between psychosocial factors and cognitive performance. Psychosocial factors significantly related to cognitive performance were explored as potential mediators of group differences in cognitive performance. Patients with fibromyalgia demonstrated poorer accuracy for divided attention compared with healthy controls, and sleep disturbance mediated this group difference. On the attentional switching task, healthy controls showed a greater switch-cost for accuracy compared with patients with fibromyalgia, but there was no group difference in reaction time. Anxiety and depression were not related to cognitive performance. We found that patients with fibromyalgia reported greater sleep disturbance and, in turn, had poorer accuracy on the divided attention task. Sleep disturbance is modifiable with behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and may be a target for improving sleep quality and cognitive performance among patients with fibromyalgia.

Differential attentional costs of encoding specific and gist episodic memory representations.

Theories of episodic memory posit that more attentional resources are needed for encoding specific compared to gist representations. This position has been challenged by recent findings of similar divided attention (DA) at encoding costs on both specific and gist representations. However, the disrupting effects of DA on specific representations may emerge under less difficult DA conditions than those under which effects on gist representations emerge. The present study addressed this possibility by manipulating the difficulty of a concurrent DA task (low, intermediate, or high difficulty) during encoding among 176 young adult participants, who encoded face-scene pairs under either full attention or one of the three levels of DA. During retrieval, participants discriminated intact pairs from recombined pairs that varied in how similar they were to studied pairs. Results, interpreted using a multinomial-processing-tree model of specific and gist memory, showed that the disrupting effects of DA on specific representations emerged under less difficult attentional loads (intermediate-demanding condition) compared to those under which gist representations were disrupted (high-demanding condition). These findings reinforce the suggestion of differential attentional demands for specific and gist representations and also provide insights into attentional resource theories of adult age-related cognitive decline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Higher cognitive load interferes with head-hand coordination: virtual reality-based study

Daily life activities often involve decision-based reaching movements in different contexts and circumstances. These activities span a wide array of cognitive load types we face while executing motor functions. Here we use a virtual reality-based neurocognitive testing platform to assess cognitive-induced changes in motor behavior as reflected by modulations in head-hand coordination. Our paradigm is based on the Color Trails Test (CTT), which is designed to assess two types of cognitive functions: Trails A—sustained visual attention (SVA), and Trails B—divided attention (DA). The virtual reality CTT adaptation (VR-CTT) requires execution of large multi-directional hand movements and head rotations. We employed a cross-correlation analysis on hand and head kinematics data collected from 122 healthy participants (ages: 20–90 years; divided as follows: young, middle-aged, and older adults) who completed the VR-CTT. The level of spatial coherence of head-hand movements was found to be high (R ≥ 0.76) in both Trails A and B, in all age groups. However, assessing head-hand phase shifts revealed longer time lags (i.e., in which head leads hand) in Trails B versus Trails A, in all age groups. We conclude that allocating cognitive resources to DA task reduces head-hand synchrony as compared to SVA conditions.

The Effects of β-myrcene on Simulated Driving and Divided Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Pilot Study.

β-myrcene, one of the most common terpenes found in cannabis, has been associated with sedation. We propose that β-myrcene contributes to driving impairment even in the absence of cannabinoids. To conduct a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study of the effect of β- myrcene on performance on a driving simulator. A small sample (n=10) of participants attended two experimental sessions, one in which they were randomized to receive 15 mg of pure β-myrcene in a capsule versus a canola oil control. Each session, participants completed a baseline block and three follow-up blocks on a STISIM driving simulator. β-myrcene was associated with statistically significant reductions in speed control and increased errors on a divided attention task. Other measures did not approach statistical significance but fit the pattern of results consistent with the hypothesis that β-myrcene impairs simulated driving. This pilot study produced proof-of-principle evidence that the terpene β-myrcene, an agent commonly found in cannabis, can contributes to impairment of driving-related skills. Understanding how compounds other than THC affect driving risk will strengthen the field's understanding of drugged driving.

Differences in a Musician's Advantage for Speech-in-Speech Perception Based on Age and Task

This study investigates the debate that musicians have an advantage in speech-in-noise perception from years of targeted auditory training. We also consider the effect of age on any such advantage, comparing musicians and nonmusicians (age range: 18-66 years), all of whom had normal hearing. We manipulate the degree of fundamental frequency (f o) separation between the competing talkers, as well as use different tasks, to probe attentional differences that might shape a musician's advantage across ages. Participants (ranging in age from 18 to 66 years) included 29 musicians and 26 nonmusicians. They completed two tasks varying in attentional demands: (a) a selective attention task where listeners identify the target sentence presented with a one-talker interferer (Experiment 1), and (b) a divided attention task where listeners hear two vowels played simultaneously and identify both competing vowels (Experiment 2). In both paradigms, f o separation was manipulated between the two voices (Δf o = 0, 0.156, 0.306, 1, 2, 3 semitones). Results show that increasing differences in f o separation lead to higher accuracy on both tasks. Additionally, we find evidence for a musician's advantage across the two studies. In the sentence identification task, younger adult musicians show higher accuracy overall, as well as a stronger reliance on f o separation. Yet, this advantage declines with musicians' age. In the double vowel identification task, musicians of all ages show an across-the-board advantage in detecting two vowels-and use f o separation more to aid in stream separation-but show no consistent difference in double vowel identification. Overall, we find support for a hybrid auditory encoding-attention account of music-to-speech transfer. The musician's advantage includes f o, but the benefit also depends on the attentional demands in the task and listeners' age. Taken together, this study suggests a complex relationship between age, musical experience, and speech-in-speech paradigm on a musician's advantage. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21956777.

WHAT CAN DUAL-TASK WALKING AND TAPPING TELL US ABOUT SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE DECLINE? AN FNIRS STUDY

Abstract Older adults who pass standard cognitive tests but report subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be identifying early changes in cognition at a stage when intervening can prevent further declines. Changes may be subtle highlighting the need for novel approaches, such as divided attention tasks, to distinguish between those with and without SCD. This pilot study examined 15 older women (9 SCD, 6 non-SCD) completing dual-task walking and tapping. Brain (cerebral oxygenation) and behavioural (gait and tap speed, accuracy, and vocal response) measures were assessed during single and dual-tasks. Older adults with SCD were marginally less accurate during dual-task tapping (p < .06) and had greater cerebral oxygenation than the non-SCD group (p = .01). SCD did not moderate gait speed from single to dual-task while non-SCD did (p = .02). Findings suggest that challenging dual-task paradigms may help identify different behavioural and brain activity markers of SCD and intervention targets.

The Effect of Traffic Noise on Divided Attention and Perception Concerning Individual Role Differences: An Experimental Study

Background and Aim: Noise pollution is one of the urban problems that can affect the exposed individuals’ cognitive function. This study set to investigate the impact of traffic noise on drivers’ cognitive variables including perceptual capacity, speed of perception, and divided attention concerning the role of individual orientation and neuroticism. Methods: This study recruited 35 male student participants. The Eysenck personality questionnaire was used to evaluate the participants’personalities (neuroticism and extroversion). Participants were then exposed to traffic noise, and the Adaptive Tachistoscopic Traffic Perception Test (ATTPT) was performed to assess their capacity and speed of perception. The Peripheral Perception Test (PPT) was also conducted to evaluate the divided attention using the Vienna test system software. Results: Introverted and stable individuals had better performance in perceptual capacity and speed of perception tasks after exposure to traffic noise. However, these effects were not observed in extrovert and unstable individuals. This study also showed no significant alterations in variables in extroverted (introverted/extroverted) subjects with neuroticism (unstable/stable) concerning divided attention tasks after traffic noise exposure. Conclusion: This study showed that divided attention in extrovert individuals with neuroticism was not influenced by traffic noise exposure. But perceptual capacity and perception speed was influenced by traffic noise in introverts and unstable subjects. Keywords: Traffic noise; divided attention; perception; individual differences

The Assessment of Different Types of Attention in Children Using a Computerized Test Battery

We designed a computerized test battery that was used to assess sustained, selective and divided attention in children aged 8 vs. 9 years. A group of children aged 8.34 ± 0.48 years (n = 30, 14 male, 16 female) and a group of children aged 9.33 ± 0.51 years (n = 42, 21 male, 21 female) participated in the study. The test battery included one simple reaction time task, two divided attention tasks, two sustained attention tasks, and one selective attention task. The analysis of task performance revealed age-related difference in the efficiency of sustained attention: the reactions of 9-year-old children to target stimuli were significantly faster than the reactions of 8-year-old children. The computerized battery showed sensitivity to different aspects of attention and might become a useful tool for the neuropsychological assessment of attention in children with and without developmental disorders.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and cognitive dysfunction among patients with bipolar disorder and major depression.

Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been demonstrated to be associated with proinflammatory states and cognitive function deficits. We aimed to investigate the differences of cognitive function and proinflammatory cytokines between patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI), bipolar II disorder (BDII), and MDD. Thirty-seven patients with BDI, 33 with BDII, 25 with MDD, and 54 age-, sex-matched controls were enrolled. All patients had a clinical global impression-severity scale ≤2. Serum levels of proinflammatory markers, including soluble interleukin-6 receptor, C-reactive protein, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-αR1) were measured. Performance in the Word List Memory Task (WLMT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), 2-back task, Go/No-Go task, and divided attention task was assessed. Patients with BDI had higher levels of sTNF-αR1 than patients with MDD and controls (P < 0.001). Patients with BDI performed worse on WLMT, WCST, 2-back task, divided attention_visual and divided attention_auditory tasks than the other three groups (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, sTNF-αR1 levels were negatively correlated with cognitive function measured using the WLMT and divided attention_auditory (all P < 0.05). Patients with BDI had higher levels of sTNF-αR1 and cognitive function impairments than the remaining groups. Future studies are needed to explore the pathophysiology of sTNF-αR1 in the contribution of cognitive alterations.

The effects of strategic self-talk on divided attention following physical exhaustion

ABSTRACT In the sport literature, strategic self-talk has been shown to improve task performance, and these effects have been partly attributed to enhanced attention. Furthermore, research has shown that strategic instructional self-talk can help counter the adverse effects of ego depletion on attention tasks. Extending this line of research, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of strategic instructional self-talk on a divided attention task following physical exhaustion. Participants of 60 undergraduate students with a mean age of 20.23 years were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Following a short familiarisation with task procedures, participants were induced into a state of physical exhaustion through a running protocol on a treadmill. Immediately after the conclusion of the physical task, they performed the divided attention test on the Vienna Test System, during which participants of the experimental group were instructed to use strategic intructional self-talk cues. The analysis of the final assessment showed that the self-talk group had a higher percentage of correct responses and faster reaction times than the control group. The results of this study suggest that strategic instructional self-talk can help counter the potentially negative consequences of physical exhaustion on attention. The findings provide further support for an attentional interpretation of self-talk effectiveness, suggesting that improvements in attention functions can be a plausible mechanism for explaining the facilitative effects of self-talk on task performance.

IMG-03. Impact of childhood cerebellar tumor surgery on cognition: Can fMRI serve as a surrogate marker?

BACKGROUND: Childhood cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas harbour excellent overall survival rates after surgical resection, but the patients may exhibit specific cognitive and behavioural problems emphasising our current understanding of the cerebellar role in cognition. Functional MRI has catalysed the mechanistic insights into brain functional systems and has already been linked with the neuropsychological performance. We aimed to exploit the question whether functional MRI can be used as a surrogate measure for the cognitive outcome assessment of these patients. METHODS: We investigated 13 patients (median age 22.0 years, range 15.2 – 31.7) after a median interval between surgery and examination of 15.0 years (range 4.2 – 20.8) and 16 matched controls. All subjects underwent a functional 3T MRI scans in a resting state condition and a battery neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Patients showed a significantly increased functional connectivity in the precuneus compared to controls (p<0.05) and at the same time impairments in various domains of neuropsychological functioning such as a lower mean WIE IQ percentile (M = 48.62, SD = 29.14), lower scores in the TMT letter sequencing (M = 49.54, SD = 30.66), worse performance on the WIE subtest Digit Symbol Coding (M = 38.92, SD = 35.29), subtest Symbol Search (M = 40.75, SD = 35,28), and TAP divided attention task (M = 783.92, SD = 73.20). CONCLUSION: Functional MRI has the potential to serve as a surrogate measure for the cognitive outcome assessment. The precuneus brain region is heavily involved in the cerebral associative oversight of cerebellar cognitive function.

Effect of target contrast and divided attention on the useful field of view

Previous research has shown that there is a cost of dividing attention between the central and peripheral visual fields in a complex environment. However, it is not clear how stimulus factors, such as the contrast of the scene, affect the cost. The current study reports the results of two studies that address this question. In Experiment 1, temporal thresholds of the Useful Field of View (UFOV) tests were measured as a function of contrast and retinal eccentricity. The results showed that central-focused attention thresholds increased (i.e., performance decreased) as contrast decreased. Peripheral and divided attention task performance decreased as eccentricity increased. Surprisingly, peripheral and divided attention task performance were the best for medium rather than high contrast targets. The unexpected poorer performance under the high contrast condition might possibly be explained by the crowding effect. To test this possible explanation, in Experiment 2 the peripheral stimuli were simplified to minimize the potential crowding effect on peripheral target detection. The results showed that the unexpected effect of contrast on the cost of dividing attention could be accounted for by the crowding effect. When combined, the results from the two experiments suggest that the cost of dividing attention between central and peripheral targets is more pronounced for objects at greater eccentricity under lower contrast conditions, consistent with a tunnel effect. The implications of this finding are discussed in the paper.

Utilizing driving simulators for persons with multiple sclerosis: A scoping review

ObjectiveThis scoping review synopsized and mapped the evidence on the utility of driving simulators for drivers with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) including participant characteristics (e.g., demographic, clinical) suited to simulator use; and driving scenario environments, maneuvers, and outcomes reflective of driving performance. Data SourcesThe research team searched six databases for English studies on driving simulator performance in drivers with MS. Study SelectionFour reviewers independently screened 976 unique titles, 148 abstracts, and 18 full-text sources for study inclusion or exclusion. Inclusion criteria ensured that studies utilized measures of driving simulator performance in adults 18 years or older with MS. Data ExtractionReviewers independently charted, verified, and achieved consensus on 100% of the data in the extraction table. Data SynthesisThe scoping review included thirteen studies (twelve assessment, one intervention), published between 2001 and 2021. Studies included small samples (N = 11–50) of adults (M age = 36–50 years; 40–91% female), mostly with a relapsing-remitting (53–100%) diagnosis and low to moderate physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale score < 6.0). The assessment studies utilized driving scenarios to assess pre-driving (n = 1) or driving abilities (n = 2), responses to hazardous events in suburban (n = 1) or urban environments (n = 4), or the ability to maintain speed or lateral lane positioning during monotonous highway drives (n = 7), with four scenarios also including responses to secondary divided attention tasks. The intervention study utilized driving simulation as a training program to improve driving-related skills. ConclusionsThe evidence on the utility of driving simulators for adults with MS is limited to assessment of driving performance, mostly during monotonous highway drives. Further research should consider exploring how driving simulators can be utilized to assess driving performance in other environments or for intervention. Gender should be examined to support gender diverse populations.

Sex differences in acute cannabis effects revisited: Results from two randomized, controlled trials.

Some evidence suggests that males and females may differ in their responses to acute cannabis effects, including subjective drug effects and behavioural effects, and cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. This is significant given current changes to cannabis‐related policies and, in consequence, increased cannabis accessibility. The present study combines data from two randomized controlled trials to investigate possible differences among males (n = 21) and females (n = 19) in the acute effects of vaporized cannabis containing 13.75 mg Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with and without cannabidiol (CBD; 13.75 mg). To control for differences in the timing of assessments, peak (or peak change from baseline) scores were calculated for a range of measures including subjective drug effects, cognitive performance, cardiovascular effects, and plasma concentrations of THC, CBD, and their respective primary metabolites. While THC elicited robust and significant changes in all but one outcome measure relative to placebo, relatively few sex differences were observed after controlling for BMI and plasma THC concentrations. Relative to females, males performed better overall on a divided attention task (DAT) and had higher peak plasma concentrations of 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐THC (11‐COOH‐THC). Males and females did not differ with respect to plasma concentrations of any other analyte, subjective drug effects, or cardiovascular measures. These data indicate an absence of systematic sex differences in acute cannabis effects given a moderate dose of vaporized cannabis. They do not preclude the possibility that sex differences may emerge with higher THC doses or with other commonly used routes of administration (e.g., orally administered oils or edibles).

Functional Field of View Determined by Crowding, Aging, or Glaucoma Under Divided Attention.

PurposeParafoveal or peripheral vision is important for various everyday activities. This is particularly relevant to those who suffer from visual field defects. Here we quantified the effect of visual crowding, normal aging, and glaucoma on the spatial extent of the functional field of view (FFV) under divided attention.MethodsUnlike visual acuity measured by single-letter recognition or visual perimetry measured by light spot detection, we measured the FFV using a target letter presented either alone or in letter triplets appearing across the visual field. A subject's task was to report whether the target letter was the same as the letter displayed concurrently at the central fixation region (i.e., divided attention task). Over the trials, a plot of the proportion correct for letter recognition versus target location was constructed, resulting in a visual field map.ResultsThe results obtained from three subject groups—normal young adults, normal older adults, and patients with glaucoma—showed that on average the central 20° visual field was relatively robust to uncrowded target recognition under divided attention. However, the FFV shrunk down to the central 10° visual field when the target appeared in clutter, suggesting a strong crowding effect on FFV. An additional shrinkage of the FFV occurred in the presence of aging and glaucoma.ConclusionsUsing a quantitative method, we demonstrate that crowding, aging, and glaucoma independently decrease the spatial extent of FFV under divided attention and that crowding seems to be the major contributor limiting FFV.Translational RelevanceOur FFV test may complement standard clinical measurements by providing functionally relevant visual field information.