Diversity Of Tactics Research Articles

Timescales for exploratory tactical behaviour in football small-sided games

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of tactical behaviour emerging on different timescales in football small-sided games and to quantify short- and long-term exploratory behaviour according to the number of opponents. Two teams of four professional male footballers played small-sided games against two different teams with a variable number of opponents (3, 5 and 7). Data were collected using a combination of systematic observation and a non-differential global positioning system (15 Hz). The temporal diversity and structural flexibility of the players were determined by calculating the dynamic overlap order parameter q, entropy and trapping strength. Analysis of the exploratory dynamics revealed two different timescales, forming a different metastable landscape of action for each constraint. Fast dynamics lasted on average a few seconds and consisted of changes in tactical patterns. The long timescale corresponded to the shared tasks of offence and defence lasting tens of seconds. The players’ tactical diversity decreased with an increasing number of opponents, especially in defence. Manipulating numerical imbalance is likely to promote changes in the diversity, unpredictability and flexibility of tactical solutions. The fact that the temporally nested structure of constraints shaped the emergence of tactical behaviour provides a new rationale for practice task design. The manipulation of numerical imbalance on the timescale of a few tens of seconds, on which the exploratory behaviour of players saturates, may help coaches to optimise the exploratory efficiency of the small-sided games.

REVIEW: Translocation tactics: a framework to support the IUCN Guidelines for wildlife translocations and improve the quality of applied methods

Summary Translocation is a popular conservation tool, but the outcomes are variable. Many tactics can be used to improve the probability of success, but a comprehensive summary of these does not exist. This increases the risk that valuable tactics will be overlooked, and inhibits effective communication. We assess the diversity of ‘translocation tactics’ used in mammal and bird translocations, by reviewing the IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Reintroduction and other Conservation Translocations, 195 peer‐reviewed articles and 73 case studies from the IUCN/SSC Global Reintroduction Perspectives Series. We recorded descriptions of every technique used to influence the post‐release performance of translocated wildlife. We developed the Translocation Tactics Classification System (TTCS) which defines a collection of 30 tactics and organize them into an ecologically relevant framework. We also assess the occurrence of tactics within the Guidelines, the primary literature and the case studies to evaluate how tactics are communicated within these mediums. Our results indicate that the Guidelines are a valuable resource, but do not exhaustively cover tactics, and that detailed methodological accounts are rarely made publicly accessible. This highlights the need to develop context‐specific resources to support the Guidelines, and to develop and exploit mediums that facilitate recording of methodological detail, the tactical rationale behind the design and evaluations of effectiveness. Although some forms of grey literature address this issue, the general lack of information limits the ability to investigate the relationship between tactics and translocation success. Synthesis and applications. The Translocation Tactics Classification System (TTCS) provides a checklist which ensures that the full diversity of tactics is considered when developing translocation processes. Standardizing the communication of tactics, and encouraging detailed accounts of applied methodologies to be recorded, along with the tactical reasoning behind the design, will provide operational models and the data required to conduct broad‐scale meta‐analyses.

Tactical Diversity in Militant Violence

Militant groups, like all organizations, face crucial decisions about the strategies that they employ. In this article, we assess why some militant organizations successfully diversify into multiple tactics, while others limit themselves to just one or a few. This is an important puzzle because militant organizations with more diversified tactics are more likely to stretch counterterrorist defenses. Drawing on literatures from business, economics, and organizational studies, we theorize that pressure and competition incentivize groups to diversify their tactical portfolios. The results, which include tests drawn from multiple datasets, show robust support for the notion that tactical diversification is a response to organizational stress stemming from state repression and organizational rivalry. The policy implication is that while countries cannot anticipate the character of future tactical innovations, they may be able to anticipate which groups will most readily adopt them.

Integrated pest management and weed management in the United States and Canada.

There is interest in more diverse weed management tactics because of evolved herbicide resistance in important weeds in many US and Canadian crop systems. While herbicide resistance in weeds is not new, the issue has become critical because of the adoption of simple, convenient and inexpensive crop systems based on genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crop cultivars. Importantly, genetic engineering has not been a factor in rice and wheat, two globally important food crops. There are many tactics that help to mitigate herbicide resistance in weeds and should be widely adopted. Evolved herbicide resistance in key weeds has influenced a limited number of growers to include a more diverse suite of tactics to supplement existing herbicidal tactics. Most growers still emphasize herbicides, often to the exclusion of alternative tactics. Application of integrated pest management for weeds is better characterized as integrated weed management, and more typically integrated herbicide management. However, adoption of diverse weed management tactics is limited. Modifying herbicide use will not solve herbicide resistance in weeds, and the relief provided by different herbicide use practices is generally short-lived at best. More diversity of tactics for weed management must be incorporated in crop systems.

The Egyptian revolution in and out of the juridical space: an inquiry into labour law and the workers' movement in Egypt

AbstractSince the spark of the Egyptian revolution in January 2011, issues of political party law reform, constitutional declarations, and the institution of free and fair elections have taken the lead in mainstream politics, and at times, relegated the role of organised labour to mere economistic agitation and disruption of an already ‘disrupted’ life, in the eyes of the Egyptian public. In contrast to mainstream depiction of the labour movement as a ‘single issue’ movement, this paper shows the decisive political role of labour struggles that took place both inside and outside the judicial and legal systems, in the years leading up to the events of 25 January. This paper identifies the diversity of tactics used by the labour movement, and its unique approach to legality – a defensive legality approach, where legality and illegality are both taken seriously as legitimate tactics of resistance. The defensive legality approach recognises the violence and coerciveness of the legal form, as well as the tactical potential of recourse to the legal system to defend the labour movement. The experience of Egyptian workers in the wake of the 25 January revolution reveals the politics and the limits of law, as well as the significance of tactically and defensively using the law.

Book Review: Mark Bray, Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street

Book Review: Mark Bray, Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2013. ISBN: 9781782791263 (Paperback). 342 Pages. $18.75.[Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www. transformativestudies, ors O2014 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]In Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street, Mark Bray accomplishes a few important tasks for critical students of social movements-including participants and scholars. The (arguably) largest and most important task he performs is his investigation and central focus on the anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. This is important for a couple of reasons.First, as Bray carefully outlines, [t]he mainstream consensus was that Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a liberal response to Obama's failure to do more to soften the blows of the economic crisis (2). This same analysis-rooted in a liberal ideological hope for an ideologically liberal alternative to the conservative Democratic Party in the U.S.-can also be found in many scholarly portrayals of OWS. But, according to Bray, this was and is wishful thinking. Rather, [a]t its core, Occupy Wall Street was an anti-capitalist, anti-authoritarian movement run by predominantly anarchist and anarchistic politics (2-3). And he should know-Bray was a core org. (In fact, I saw him doing an interview CNN during the May Day march in New York City in 2012 on a television that I passed in a restaurant while I marched through the streets in support.) He did interviews for OWS with every local and national affiliate of all major TV networks, all the CNNs, NBC cable stations, Fox News, BBC, RT, Al Jazeera all the TV, LA Times, Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, etc. Also local and national radio, Radio Free Europe, BBC radio. While liberal scholars of social movements write out their wishful thoughts about OWS, Bray provides an insider's account by someone who actually left his desk and office. Astonishing, I know.Secondly, to be frank, it's about time. While I don't expect scholars of social movements to pay much attention (to anything not taking place in a journal somewhere that hardly anyone reads), there is a certain validation reading this book. Anarchists have provided the backbone of some of the most vibrant movements all over the globe since the Battle of Seattle, where anarchist property destruction and the ensuing (and sometimes exasperating) debates about violence (against windows?) took center stage for a while and was eventually somewhat resolved into what is now typically a taken-for-granted assumption: a respect for a diversity of tactics. And where anarchism hasn't been center-stage, often it has been anarchist-inspired organizational forms and that have embedded themselves in contemporary movements. This is likely more a result of the demise of the various Leninist experiments in revolutionary socialism than any great effort of anarchists, but if one thinks we need to rid ourselves of capitalism and that doing so will likely require confrontations and conflict, the Leninist models have proven globally a failure. What's left is various forms of anti-state Marxism (such as council communism, autonomism, or the other forms of Marxism that Lenin denounced as infantile disorders when he was alive, excoriating them for their anarcho-syndicalist ideas); some ideas that have emerged from feminist, queer, anti-racist struggles, indigenous and post-colonial movements; and, of course, anarchism. In Occupy, all of these ideas had some influence, but as Bray carefully and painstakingly outlines, anarchism tended to be a primary inspiration.Thirdly, Bray carefully navigates the return of the question of violence in social movements that were a pre-occupation in the WTO years and returned a vengeance during Occupy, despite the adoption of the diversity of tactics approach post-Seattle '99 by most social antagonists (sorry - the terminology is a bit slippery here, but for reasons outlined elsewhere, using terms like activists or organizers doesn't always quite fit anymore). …

Grassroots autonomous media practices: a diversity of tactics

A participatory action research study of anti-authoritarian activist media practices in Quebec, Canada was carried out by the Collectif de Recherche sur l'Autonomie Collective. Analysing interviews from 117 participants in nine activist groups and networks, we have found that grassroots anti-authoritarian and anarchist activists engage in a diversity of media tactics, choosing tools consistent with their desired goals and audiences. These goals can be grouped into four categories: developing affinity, creating social movement spaces, mass mobilizations and global solidarity. These communicative tactics in the activist ‘repertoire of communication’ are informed by several important commitments to alternative content and processes, including collective self-representation, prefigurative politics and accessibility. We conclude that grassroots autonomous activists sometimes limit the reach of their media to create safer spaces, or to deepen and extend their political analysis, and they sometimes produce media for wider audiences, for local mass mobilizations or to develop global relationships of solidarity. This deepens our understanding of the specific diversity of tactics developed by grassroots autonomous media activists in their repertories of communicative action, challenging received notions that anarchist or anti-authoritarian media only ever reach a limited audience.

“FICTIONAL VISIONS”: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REFLECTIONS ON RE-READING THE ALCHEMY OF RACE AND RIGHTS

Reflection Piece

Whatever can go wrong will: situational complexity and public order policing

Police response to public protest in the USA has been seen as stemming from both threats to the interests of political and financial elite as well as threats to the maintenance of public order. Indeed, many of the same features of protest events are used as indicators of both types of threat, leading to substantial uncertainty regarding the interpretation of threat at public gatherings. In this study, we draw on over 16,000 protest events identified from daily issues of the New York Times (NYT) from 1960 to 1995 to develop a more complete picture of public order policing. In doing so, we identify several dimensions of protest events that lead to more complicated and complex interactions between protestors and police. These features, including a diverse tactical repertoire, diverse protesting groups and event size, create crowd management difficulties that contribute to an overall more aggressive police response. Tactical diversity is an especially strong predictor of police action, while protest event size is found to interact with threatening protestor behaviours that largely necessitate a police response. We conclude by placing these findings firmly within a public order management approach to protest policing, thereby clearing up some of the ambiguities in existing protest policing research.

Recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type I interferon

SummaryThe type I interferon (IFN) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. Consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent IFN responses. Evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the Toll‐like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptors. An alternative approach is to preclude IFN production by disarming or degrading the transcription factors involved in the expression of IFN, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), or ATF‐2/c‐jun, or by inducing a general block on host cell transcription. Viruses also oppose IFN signalling, both by disturbing the type I IFN receptor and by impeding JAK/STAT signal transduction upon IFN receptor engagement. In addition, the global expression of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) can be obstructed via interference with epigenetic signalling, and specific ISGs can also be selectively targeted for inhibition. Finally, some viruses disrupt IFN responses by co‐opting negative regulatory systems, whereas others use antiviral mechanisms to their own advantage. Here, we review recent developments in this field.

Global Activist Network involving Asia: global continuation and evolution in Japan

Since Seattle 1999, plenty of summit protests around WTO, G8/20, IMF, WB, COP, and so on happened in each of the different summit sites in the last decade. Such incidents were amazingly accepted because of their mass actions and widespread networks of activists sustaining a series of mass actions. As some researchers argue, those of generating networks are based on horizontality and autonomy, and they have already prefigured a powerful model for (re)organizing society. However, on the other hand, some researchers also argue the major shortcomings. In theory, the ‘Global Activist Network’ has been constructed since Seattle, although in practice there has still been a serious spatial gap between the Western part of the world and the other side of the world. Actually, the global activist network has excluded Asia. However, in 2008, the G8 summit was held in Japan. This paper, thus, aims to show that the global activist network since Seattle, which was limited to Europe and North America, has expanded to involve Asia through the 2008 G8 summit in Japan. The 2000 G8 in Japan was right after the Seattle in 1999, yet, due to its single-issue and national character of the movements, globally expanding networks didn't reach Japan. However, movements around the 2003 anti-Iraq war brought in the autonomous character of the alter-globalization movement and referred to the legacy of autonomous activisms. During the 2008 G8, some autonomous activists in Japan took over the diversity of tactics and networks of activists inherited since PGA, DAN and ‘Dissent!’.

Framväxten av sociala rörelsers globala politik

The emergence of social movements’ global politicsGlobalization not only transforms capital, media and technology, but also creates conditions for global politics, beyond ”international politics”. New transnational public arenas emerge, where a broad range of actors articulate demands and interests.A globalized political infrastructure arise from the combination of the (1) internal transnational mobilization within two opposing global networks: movements’ World Social Forum and political economy elites’ World Economic Forum; and a global connection with (2) regular dramatic street protests during multilateral regime summits; and (3) a permanent and virtual network of information communication technology that enables new forms of action, organization and mobilization.Together these arenas make participatory and global politics possible for social movements. Regime confrontations are formed by the new global media of ICT in a way that transforms the struggle into a political drama, where activists’ diversity of tactics – The Majority Drama, The Carnival, and The David-Goliath Drama – creates both competition and collaboration.These arenas are only emerging and this new form of global political structure creates both possibilities and problems. Still, a unique potential to democratize politics is created.

For success in biotechnology, look beyond biotechnology

The fates of biotechnology companies can be fairly described as volatile. Clinical trial progress, patent grants and invalidations, and funding announcements can yield great swings in stock price. Building any company is a challenging endeavor, and these dramatic responses only compound the problem and complicate the management of biotechnology companies. Companies have employed a diversity of tactics to buffer the impact of individual setbacks – having multiple products in development, using a hybrid product/service strategy, and in-licensing externally partially developed leads are just a few.One consequence of these buffering strategies is reduced investor interest. The duration of biotechnology product development, combined with the long gap between funding and (potential) revenues, and the uncertainty of profitability encourage investors to favor either late-stage companies or those likely to ‘fail fast’. Late-stage companies often present more measurable investments than early-stage companies – and a shorter timeline to returns – and companies that can fail fast allow investors to conserve time and financial resources. The problem with these investment preferences is that for a company to mature to late-stage, it must find early- and mid-stage funding somewhere, and an excessive focus on failing fast is at odds with the long-term patient support needed for many projects.Therefore, how can biotechnology executives bridge the gap between biotechnology funding preferences, chaotic development progress and the sustained support needed for research projects? One answer is to seek opportunities in compatible industries. Seeking funding and revenue opportunities outside the biotechnology industry can effectively dissociate biotechnology companies from the negative constraints of the biotechnology industry, enabling them to mature in more supportive environments while still keeping a long-term focus on lucrative opportunities in biotechnology.Consider the example of Mission Motors. The company, which recently produced the world's fastest motorcycle, is not a motorcycle company; they used the motorcycle (which they are selling for nearly US$70 000 each) to help attract interest in their primary interest, which is software.1 BBK Technologies is an example from the biotechnology industry. BBK has applied fragment-matching algorithms from DNA sequence analysis to matching video sequences.2 With applications in stemming piracy and enabling image or video-based search, the technology clearly has robust applications beyond biotechnology. The extra biotechnology applications also serve as robust evidence of the utility of BBK's technology.What is not to like about these indirect paths? They can be slower than maintaining a strict focus on biotechnology-related goals. An oft-heard plea in biotechnology is the need for speed in development. Although it is true that patients may be suffering while treatments are in development, and that delays in development may result in a shorter duration of patent protection, a balance must still be maintained between speed of development and corporate sustainability. After all, an excess focus on near-term positive outcomes may lead to corporate collapse, likewise depriving patients of treatments. Leveraging opportunities outside of biotechnology to establish proof of principle or to build revenue streams can increase resilience, and can thereby provide a stronger foundation for corporate sustainability.References Dumaine, B. (2010) A motorcycle on a mission. Fortune, 14 June, p. 30.The physics arXiv blog. (2010) Sequencing the video genome. 31 March, http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.5320.

The Black Blocs Ten Years after Seattle: Anarchism, Direct Action, and Deliberative Practices

The Black Blocs made a spectacular entrance into the Movement for Global Justice on 30 November 1999 at the "Battle of Seattle," when they smashed the windows of McDonald's, Nike, Gap, and a few banks. In April 2009, almost ten years later, a Black Bloc is involved in skirmishes with police at Strasbourg during the NATO Summit. The aim of this article, which is largely based on interviews with militants, analyses of their discourses, and first-hand observations of demonstrations, is to identify how the Black Bloc tactic originated and spread, and to understand the political factors that led activists to adopt it. Three intrinsically political questions are addressed: (1) Who should determine the plan of action within a group of militants? (2) Who should determine the plan of action during a demonstration? (3) Who should determine the criteria to assess the effectiveness of the actions taken by a social movement and speak on its behalf? To answer these questions, the notion of "respect for a diversity of tactics" and the links between the Black Blocs and other militant organizations (both radical and reformist) as well as other blocs (the "Tute Bianche" or White Overalls and the Pink Blocs) are discussed.

Organizational Diversity, Vitality and Outcomes in the Civil Rights Movement

Sociologists often assert, but rarely test, the claim that organizational diversity benefits social movements by invigorating movement vitality and facilitating success. Our analysis of black civil rights organizations shows that goal and tactical diversity of a social movement is largely a function of organizational density, level of resources available to the movement, and the number of protests initiated by the movement. Goal diversity increases the rate of protest, whereas tactical diversity increases the likelihood of achieving a desired policy outcome. These findings advance our understanding of social movements and organizations by illuminating how organizational dynamics of a social movement might change over time, and in turn how this change might affect the vitality and desired outcomes of social movements.

Violence Performed and Imagined

The Battle of Genoa has become an iconic sign of wanton destruction, evoking images of tear gas, burning cars, and black clad protestors hurling stones and Molotov cocktails at advancing lines of heavily militarized riot police. In this article, I explore the complex relationship between performative violence and mass-mediated constructions of violence during the anti-G8 protests in Genoa. Performative violence is a specific mode of communication through which activists seek to produce social transformation by staging symbolic rituals of confrontation. Young militants enact performative violence in order to generate radical identities, while producing concrete messages challenging global capitalism and the state. At the same time, dominant media frames reinterpret the resulting images as random acts of senseless violence, undermining activists more generally. I further argue that the prevailing ‘diversity of tactics’ ethic reflects the broader networking logics associated with anti-corporate globalization movements themselves.

Civil Resistance and the Diversity of Tactics in the Anti-Globalization Movement: Problems of Violence, Silence, and Solidarity in Activist Politics

Civil Resistance and the Diversity of Tactics in the Anti-Globalization Movement: Problems of Violence, Silence, and Solidarity in Activist Politics

Molecular aspects of stress-gene regulation during spaceflight.

Spaceflight-associated stress has been the topic of investigation since the first terrestrial organisms were exposed to this unique environment. Organisms that evolved under the selection pressures of earth-normal environments can perceive spaceflight as a stress, either directly because gravity influences an intrinsic biological process, or indirectly because of secondary effects imparted by spaceflight upon environmental conditions. Different organisms and even different organs within an organism adapt to a spaceflight environment with a diversity of tactics. Plants are keenly sensitive to gravity for directed development, and are also sensitive to other stresses associated with closed-system spaceflight environments. Within the past decade, the tools of molecular biology have begun to provide a sophisticated evaluation of spaceflight-associated stress and the genetic responses that accompany metabolic adaptation to spaceflight.

Repertoires of Contention and Tactical Diversity in the UK Psychiatric Survivors Movement: The question of appropriation

This paper seeks to advance our understanding of the processes whereby particular techniques of protest are selected from societal 'repertoires of contention'. Empirically, it focuses upon data which have been gathered on activists within mental health movements in the UK. Theoretically, it seeks to make a case for use of the work of Pierre Bourdieu, specifically his concepts of 'habitus', 'capital' and 'field'. The paper is exploratory, and acknowledged to be such. It is argued, however, that the evidence from the mental health movements is sufficiently persuasive to merit further investigation of the usefulness of Bourdieu's approach for analysing processes of repertoire selection.

Advances in protein sequencing.

Although this review cannot possibly cover the myriad of new ideas reported in the analyses of 1100 proteins, it does attempt to highlight procedures and strategies of interest, admittedly with a bias toward examples most familiar to us. It is clear that the scope, efficiency, and sensitivity of the analyses have increased and will continue to do so. Literally any protein sequence can now be solved. The diversity of tactics and strategies adds to the thrill of the chase. If the next few years continue to show the growing interplay between sequence chemists, X-ray crystallographers, and nucleic acid sequencing groups, we may truly begin to understand the meaning underlying the 20-letter hieroglyphics of protein chemistry.