Diversity Of Collembola Research Articles

Using Trait-Based Approaches to Assess the Response of Epedaphic Collembola to Organic Matter Management Practices: A Case Study in a Rubber Plantation in South-Eastern Côte d'Ivoire.

Simple SummaryWhile studies based on the taxonomic facet of biodiversity have already proven their value in understanding soil functioning, studies focusing on the functional facet based on the traits of organisms are scarce in the Ivorian context. Among soil organisms, springtails play an important role in soil functioning and are a useful bioindicator for assessing the impact of land use change and agricultural practices on soil biodiversity. However, their taxonomy is very poorly known in Côte d’Ivoire. The functional trait approach is therefore a relevant alternative for assessing the response of springtails communities to organic matter management in tree plantations. The aim of this study was to determine how different input of organic matter in the form of logging residues and legumes influence the body size and functional diversity of springtails. Our results showed a high functional richness and body size of springtails in the practice with trunks and large branches (R2L1). Functional traits are useful to assess the effects of agricultural practices on springtails communities.We used trait-based approaches to reveal the functional responses of springtails communities to organic matter inputs in a rubber plantation in Côte d’Ivoire. Pitfall traps were used to sample springtails in each practice. The results showed that the total abundance of springtails increased significantly with the amount of organic matter (R0L0 < R2L1). Larger springtails (body length, furca and antennae) were observed in plots with high organic matter. Practices with logging residues and legume recorded the highest functional richness. The principal coordinate analysis showed different functional composition patterns between practices with logging residues (R1L1 and R2L1) and those without inputs (R0L0 and R0L1). This difference in functional composition (PERMANOVA analysis) was related to the effect of practices. These results highlight the pertinence of the functional trait approach in the characterization of springtail communities, a bioindicator of soil health, for organic matter management practice.

Urbanization and greenspace type as determinants of species and functional composition of collembolan communities

Urban regions are rapidly expanding worldwide resulting in biotic homogenization and loss of ecological functions in urban ecosystems due to management practices targeting at satisfying aesthetic and health demands of urban residents. These practices also modify living conditions and food recourses of soil invertebrates thereby affecting the structure and functional diversity of soil animal communities including collembolans. Here, we assessed the response of the community composition and functional diversity of collembolans as a major component of soil food webs to urbanization (suburban vs urban region) and greenspace types (including forest and four park-associated greenspaces: lawn, lawn with shrubs, lawn with trees, and lawn with shrubs and trees). Our results highlight that both urbanization and greenspace type significantly affect soil properties and community structure of collembolans. The negative effect of urbanization and park-associated greenspaces on species and functional composition of collembolan communities were likely due to both changes in soil abiotic conditions and bacterial community composition, whereas the reduction of collembolan functional traits likely resulted from changes in soil abiotic conditions and fungal community composition. In park-associated greenspaces richness and diversity of bacterial communities were highest in lawns with trees and lowest in forests. By contrast, species richness and diversity of fungal communities were highest in lawns with shrubs, but, similar to bacteria, lowest in forests. Community composition and functional traits of collembolans were more homogeneous in urban than suburban greenspaces pointing to reduced functioning of collembolan assemblages in urban areas. Overall, our results suggest that changes in soil properties and bacterial communities caused by urbanization and greenspace type are important factors contributing to taxonomic homogenization of collembolan communities, while the loss of functional traits of collembolan communities in urban greenspaces is likely caused by changes in soil properties and fungal community composition.

Conservation of complementary habitat types and small-scale spatial heterogeneity enhance soil arthropod diversity.

Humanity relies on soil fauna for important ecosystem services, as such our soils need sustainable management to ensure long-term biotic viability. However, environmental factors influencing the distribution and diversity of soil fauna are poorly understood, which limits effective conservation management. To address this issue, we assessed the influence of variables at different spatial scales (site, soil, and landscape) in different biotopes (natural forest patches and grasslands) in two contrasting geographical regions (inland Midlands and coastal Zululand, South Africa) on ant and springtail diversity in large-scale conservation corridors among commercial plantations. Midlands sites, with complex topography and nutrient-rich and deep soils, had higher soil arthropod diversity than sandy, shallow Zululand soils. Indigenous forest and grassland supported complementary arthropod assemblages. The responses of arthropod diversity and assemblage composition to local environmental variables varied greatly among biotopes, taxa, and regions, but responses were more pronounced in the Midlands than in Zululand, and arthropods were more responsive to site- and soil-related variables than to landscape variables. Lower soil biodiversity in Zululand compared to the Midlands emphasizes that management efforts to limit further homogenization from inappropriate management is particularly important in this sandy region. Lack of common drivers of soil arthropod diversity suggests that conservation strategies need to be tailored to different locations. Nonetheless, the conservation of both indigenous forest and grassland, together with promotion of small-scale spatial heterogeneity, will maximally benefit the widest range of soil-inhabiting organisms.

Climate change did not alter the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola in northeast China

Bt maize is being increasingly cultivated worldwide as the effects of climate change are increasing globally. Bt maize IE09S034 and its near-isogenic non-Bt maize Zong 31 were used to investigate whether climate change alters the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola. Warming and drought conditions were simulated using open-top chambers (OTC), and their effects on soil Collembola were evaluated. We found that the maize type had no significant effect on Collembola; however, the abundance and diversity of Collembola were significantly higher in the OTC than outside at the seedling stage; they were significantly lower in the OTC at the heading and mature stages. The interactions of the maize type with the OTC had no effect on these parameters. Therefore, Bt maize had no significant effect on soil Collembola, and the effects of climate warming and drought on soil Collembola depended on the ambient climatic conditions. When the temperature was low, collembolan abundance and diversity were promoted by warming; however, when the temperature was high and the humidity was low, collembolan abundance and diversity were inhibited by warming and drought. The climate changes simulated by the OTC did not alter the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola.

Diversity Loss of Epigeic Collembola after Grassland Conversion into Eucalyptus Forestry in Brazilian Pampa Domain

The Brazilian Pampa is a rich domain mainly represented by grasslands. Conversion of native vegetation into Eucalyptus plantation leads to soil degradation and losses on local fauna and flora. The objectives of this study were to compare the taxonomic structure and abundance of epigeic springtails (Collembola) in two different types of land-use in the Brazilian Pampa, native grassland and Eucalyptus plantation, as well as to understand the processes that may cause species loss after grassland afforestation. Specimens were sampled in 10 paired plots of grasslands and Eucalyptus in southern Brazil. After sampling, all specimens were sorted, counted and identified. We evaluated the taxonomic composition, alpha and beta diversity, and used Random Forest Analysis to understand the influence of environmental factors on the structure and composition of Collembola communities. We sampled 1249 specimens in 26 morphospecies, and our data support there are significant losses in native Collembola communities after the conversion of grasslands into Eucalyptus plantations regarding abundance, species composition, richness, and alpha diversity. Species turnover better explained the beta diversity, and plant richness and dominance were the main environmental factors driving the Collembola diversity. These results deepen the knowledge of the impacts of native grassland conversion on soil fauna.

Genetic diversity of Springtails (Collembola Subclass) Based on Cytochrome oxidase Subunit I (COI) Genes in Malang

The springtails belongs to the Collembola subclass of the insect class. Springtails is a mesofauna insect that acts as a detritivore and bio-indicator in ecosystem. Genetic diversity is influenced by the total amount of genetic variation present in the genes coding for a species or organism. COI gene is a gene that is useful as a genetic marker for mitochondrial DNA. The genetic diversity of springtails based on mtDNA COI gene sequences is not widely known in Indonesia. Based on this, this study aims to reveal the genetic diversity of springtails in Malang. This research was conducted by 3 locations in Malang (Cangar, Bedengan and Tambakasri). Measurements of the microclimate (humidity and air temperature) and altitude measurements were carried out at springtails sampling site, then carried out the DNA isolation process from the springtails samples obtained, the COI amplification process and sequencing were carried out. After obtaining the sequence data, genetic diversity analysis and polymorphism analysis were carried out. The results of this study were the target genes amplified from all samples of spring tails with DNA fragments along 677-683 bp. The sample of springtails had a genetic identity match with Homidia socia Denis and Homidia cingula Börner based on the BLAST analysis, results of genetic diversity analysis showed that the samples tested had high genetic diversity, composition of nucleotide bases A/T was 60,8%, genetic variation in the form of transition substitution (87 sites) and transversion (55 sites), and the results of polymorphism analysis showed the value of 0,18201 nucleotide diversity, number of segregation was 162 sites and sequences conservation was 0,744.

Biodiversity of collembola on green roofs: A case study of three cities in Belgium

Green roofs are often promoted as a mean to counter the negative environmental effects of urbanization on nature and to increase the amount of green space in cities. Green roofs often enhance aboveground biodiversity, especially herbivores and pollinators. However, if and in what way they support belowground biodiversity, and more specifically soil fauna, is rarely studied. Therefore, we evaluated the diversity of a dominant group of soil fauna, Collembola (springtails), on twelve extensive green roofs in three cities in Belgium (Antwerp, Ghent and Hasselt), over a one year period. The roofs differed in height above the ground, surface area, vegetation type, and age, i.e. time since construction. We analysed if these roof characteristics influenced species richness, abundance or diversity of Collembola. In total we found ten species of Collembola. Species richness was not higher on roofs that were larger (habitat area) or closer to the ground (isolation to surrounding soil), indicating that island-biogeographic theory is not applicable to species richness in our study system. However, significant differences in the mean number of individuals (abundance) were found between different months. Collembola taxonomical composition also varied between the roofs, but this variation could not be related to any of the measured roof variables. Roof communities were characterised by hemiedaphic life forms, preferring neutral to semi-moist conditions. Apart from the age of the roof that showed a positive significant impact on the abundance of Collembola present, our results suggested that the collembolan fauna showed no significant differences in abundance, species richness or diversity between roofs with different characteristics. However, we suggest that future studies are needed to investigate whether our findings are applicable to other groups of soil-living arthropods.

Drivers of Collembola assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in northeast China.

Altitudinal changes in the diversity of plants and animals have been well documented; however, soil animals received little attention in this context and it is unclear whether their diversity follows general altitudinal distribution patterns. Changbai Mountain is one of few well‐conserved mountain regions comprising natural ecosystems on the Eurasian continent. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the diversity and community composition of Collembola along ten altitudinal sites representing five vegetation types from forest to alpine tundra. Among 7834 Collembola individuals, 84 morphospecies were identified. Species richness varied marginally significant with altitude and generally followed a unimodal relationship with altitude. By contrast, the density of Collembola did not change in a consistent way with altitude. Collembola communities changed gradually with altitude, with local habitat‐related factors (soil and litter carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio, litter carbon content, and soil pH) and climatic variables (precipitation seasonality) identified as major drivers of changes in Collembola community composition. Notably, local habitat‐related factors explained more variation in Collembola assemblages than climatic variables. The results suggest that local habitat‐related factors including precipitation and temperature are the main drivers of changes in Collembola communities with altitude. Specifically, soil and litter carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio correlated positively with Collembola communities at high altitudes, whereas soil pH correlated positively at low altitudes. This documents that altitudinal gradients provide unique opportunities for identifying factors driving the community composition of not only above‐ but also belowground invertebrates.

A multiscale approach to evaluate the structure of diversity of Collembola in boreo-nemoral forests of the Russian Plain

Collembola is a group of numerous ubiquitous small soil-dwelling arthropods decomposing the plant residues. The study analyses the diversity structure of this group in mesic conditions of coniferous, mixed, and broad-leaved forests. Sample plots were located in three Protected Areas in the Moscow Region (Losiny Ostrov National Park and the Valuyevsky Forest Park) and Smolensk Region (Smolenskoe Poozerye National Park). In total, 70 species of Collembola were registered in the forest litter. Two Collembola species were of Asian origin, namely Appendisotoma stebayevae (noted in Europe for the first time) and Vertagopus asiaticus (the second record of this species in the study area). The number of species was close to the number of genera, indicating the allochthonous character of the forest fauna of Collembola of the central Russian Plain. A multiscale approach was applied for sampling design. This allowed us to assess the diversity of Collembola at various spatial scales: from 1 m to hundreds of kilometres. The study scheme included two regions, four localities, 12 sample sites, and 36 plots; the latter was 1 m2 (the smallest area unit). The data analysis was based on the concept of alpha-beta diversity accompanied by the additive partitioning method. The region (the largest area unit) was the most important factor in forming the species diversity. The type of forest litter (coniferous vs. broad-leaved) was less significant; the habitat heterogeneity factor made even a less contribution. On average, 1 m2 of forest litter comprised about a quarter of the entire list of Collembola species in the studied forests. The species richness of Collembola in the broad-leaved forests was more variable in space and in time compared to coniferous forests and mixed forests; a transitional pattern was observed. The species composition of Collembola varied between the seasons of the year by about a quarter when considering the same sites of coniferous and mixed forests. In broad-leaved forests of various areas, seasonal changes in species composition varied highly, from very pronounced to insignificant. The new concept of plant litter traits is discussed as a factor for affecting the patterns of the structure and dynamics of the Collembola species diversity.

长白山森林生态系统凋落物层和土壤层跳虫物种多样性和功能多样性对海拔梯度的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山森林生态系统凋落物层和土壤层跳虫物种多样性和功能多样性对海拔梯度的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202104221060 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31861133006,41571052,U20A2083);科技部基础资源调查专项(2018FY100300) Taxonomic and functional diversity of Collembola in litter and soil along an altitudinal gradient at Changbai Mountain,China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:山脉是生物多样性研究的热点地区,以往关于山脉的研究多集中于地上植物和脊椎动物,无脊椎动物相关的研究明显滞后。跳虫(Collembola)是土壤无脊椎动物的主要类群之一,在分解有机质、疏松和活化土壤过程中发挥着重要的作用。以跳虫为研究对象,采用梯度格局法,在长白山北坡自海拔800 m至1700 m,每隔150 m进行凋落物层和土壤层样品的采集,对比分析了土壤层和凋落物层的群落组成与群落结构,采用4个物种多样性指数(丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数)和4个功能多样性指数(功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、二次熵Rao's Q指数和功能离散FEiv指数),探讨了多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。共获得跳虫5542头,隶属于12科42属83种,其中等节跳科为绝对优势类群(相对密度>50%)。非度量多维尺度分析结果表明,凋落物层和土壤层的跳虫群落结构差异显著,长角跳科、鳞跳科和疣跳科物种多分布于凋落物层,而棘跳科物种多分布于土壤层。线性或二次回归模型结果表明,在凋落物层跳虫的丰富度指数,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈增加格局;但在土壤层跳虫物种多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化无明显趋势。在凋落物层,跳虫的功能丰富度指数和功能离散度Rao's Q指数随海拔梯度的变化呈现单峰分布格局;在土壤层,跳虫的功能丰富度指数随海拔梯度的变化也呈现单峰分布格局,但其他功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化无明显趋势。研究表明凋落物层和土壤层跳虫的群落组成,群落结构及多样性存在显著差异,跳虫的物种多样性指数和功能多样性指数对海拔梯度变化的响应不同,未来在探讨土壤动物沿海拔梯度的分布格局及其物种共存机制时,应综合考量垂直分层(凋落物层和土壤层)和多个度量维度(物种多样性和功能多样性)。 Abstract:Mountains are hotspots for biodiversity research because they harbor high number of species and cover a wide range of abiotic factors along altitudes. Compared with above-ground plants and animals, soil animal communities along altitudinal gradients have been little studied. Collembola are among the most abundant soil invertebrates contributing to essential ecosystem functions such as decomposition processes. We used Collembola as model soil animals and analyzed changes in their community structure in litter and soil of forests along a gradient ranging from 800 to 1700 m at the Changbai Mountain. Further, changes in four taxonomic diversity indexes (richness index, evenness index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson diversity index) and four functional diversity indexes (functional richness index, functional evenness index, Rao's quadratic index, and functional divergence index) were studied. A total of 5,542 Collembola individuals, belonging to 12 families, 42 genera, and 83 species were sampled, with Isotomidae being most dominant (>50% of total individuals). Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that Collembola community composition varied in both litter and soil. Species of Entomobryidae, Tomoceridae, and Neanuridae mostly colonized the litter layer, whereas Onychiuridae mostly colonized the soil. We used linear and quadratic regression models to explore altitudinal patterns in Collembola diversity. In litter, the richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index significantly positively correlated with altitude. By contrast, in soil, the taxonomic diversity indexes did not change significantly with altitude. For functional diversity, in litter functional richness index and Rao's quadratic index followed a hump-shaped pattern along the altitudinal gradient. In soil the functional richness index also showed the same trend, but other functional diversity indexes did not change in a consistent way with altitude. Overall, the results highlight that it is crucial to consider the vertical distribution of soil animals in litter and soil, and use multiple dimensions including taxonomic and functional diversity measures for understanding changes in diversity patterns of soil fauna along altitudinal gradients. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Investigating the role of soil mesofauna abundance and biodiversity for organic matter breakdown in arable fields.

Intact soil food webs are pivotal to maintaining essential soil functions, such as carbon recycling, sequestering, and biomass production. Although the functional role of micro‐ (e.g., bacteria and fungi) and macrofauna (e.g., earthworms) is comparatively well established, the importance of the mesofauna community (e.g., abundance and diversity of Acari and Collembola) in maintaining soil functionality is less clear. We investigated this question in a six‐month field experiment in arable soil by actively manipulating mesofauna abundance and biodiversity through the application of two legacy insecticides (lindane and methamidophos) at sufficiently high doses to reduce mesofauna abundance (well above previously registered application rates; 2.5 and 7.5 kg a.s./ha for lindane, and 0.6 and 3 kg a.s./ha for methamidophos) and measure the impact on organic matter degradation. Our results demonstrate that both insecticides had reduced Collembola and Acari abundances by up to 80% over the study's six‐month duration. In addition, we observed less pronounced and more complex changes in mesofauna biodiversity over time. These included insecticide‐dependent temporal fluctuations (both reduction and increase) for different estimates (indices) of local (alpha)‐diversity over time and no lasting impact for most estimates after six months. Even at these exceptionally high field rates, Collembola and Acari diversity was observed to generally recover by six months. In contrast, considering organic matter breakdown, we found no evidence of a treatment‐related effect. These results suggest that organic matter breakdown in arable soils is likely driven by other trophic levels (e.g., microorganisms or earthworms) with only a limited influence of the mesofauna community. We discuss these findings with regard to their implications for our current understanding of soil food web function and future European soil risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1423–1433. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

One green roof type, one Technosol, one ecological community

Green infrastructures play a key role in the functionality and resilience of urban ecosystems. The physical, including thickness, chemical and biological properties of the Technosols of green infrastructures on rooftops are highly variable, leading to more or less favourable conditions for soil biodiversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance and diversity of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, collembola and plants communities in relation with abiotic parameters of Technosols on 12 productive and extensive green roofs of the Paris region (France).Results showed that green roofs harboured a high level of abundance and diversity from microorganisms to micro and mesofauna. Microbial biomass ranged between 16.3 and 419.8 μg DNA g−1, with a predominance of bacteria, nematodes represented 820–60,700 individuals per kg of soil and between 1000 and 60,700 collembolan were present per m2 of soil. A total of 13,986 bacterial OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit), 33,559 fungal OTU, 47 Collembola species, 28 nematodes families, 16 cultivated plant species and 48 spontaneous plant species was identified on all the green roofs studied. Microbial, animals and plants communities were significantly different between the two types of green roofs. Productive and extensive rooftops represent contrasted habitats, which can strongly influence the soil biota. Any voluntary action to enhance soil biodiversity in cities would need to take-into-account both soil properties and the landscape around.

The extremely high diversity of Collembola in relict forests of Primorskii Krai of Russia.

BackgroundThe diversity of soil animals of relict forest ecosystems in East Asia continues to be insufficiently studied and almost not represented in international databases, including GBIF. This article is based on 7550 records of 175 species which were collected in Ussuriiskii, Sikhote-Alinskii and Kedrovaya Pad’ natural reserves of Russian Far East in 2016–2017. A multi-scale sampling design allowed us to estimate population densities and local species richness of Collembola at areas of different sizes. The work continues the digitization of the collections of the Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPSU) and their publication through GBIF.org, which began in 2019. This article is based on original data including 2377 specimens of springtails from eight forests and 648 soil cores.New informationWithin the framework of modern taxonomy, this work represents the first publication of lists of Collembola species of forests of Primorsky Krai. The work focused on the relict protected cedar-deciduous forests. Nine species new to science were described and data on the fauna of the region were significantly revised. Considerable contribution was made to the biogeography of Collembola of East Asia. The design of the sampling allowed us to draw conclusions about the species saturation of springtails at various spatial scales within the habitat: from a few square cm to 100 sq. m. Number of species reached record high values reflecting the benchmark state of Collembola communities of undisturbed old temperate forest ecosystems.

Diversity of Soil Dwelling Collembola in a Forest, Vegetable and Tea Ecosystems of Assam, India

Land use change has a great impact in determining the diversity patterns of soil fauna. Adoption of any land use pattern significantly affects the soil structure and its physico-chemical characteristics, which often leads to the loss of biodiversity. Considering the collembolans as the key organism in the indicator shopping basket of soil environment, the response of Collembola communities under three different land uses represented by forest, vegetable and tea ecosystems was studied. Collembolans were sampled at monthly intervals using Tullgren funnel and identified by standard taxonomic keys. Diversity analysis and soil chemo-edaphic factors were studied to establish the impact of different land uses on Collembola communities. Five genera of Collembola viz., Cyphoderus, Entomobrya, Isotoma, Folsomia and Hypogastrura were recorded from the forest ecosystem whereas Folsomia was completely absent in vegetable ecosystem and the tea ecosystem soil was devoid of both Folsomia and Hypogastrura. Seasonal diversity and density of Collembola were recorded to be higher in the forest ecosystem indicating the presence of relatively stable habitats as compared to vegetable and tea ecosystems showing relatively disturbed habitats. Correlation studies between different chemo-edaphic factors and collembolan population revealed that the moisture and organic carbon content of soil had significant positive correlation during all the four seasons in all the ecosystems studied. Higher adoption of mechanical and chemo-centric agriculture depletes the available resources of the soil and makes it less habitable and conducive for the growth and sustenance of collembolans in vegetable and tea ecosystem as compared to forest. Appropriate landscape planning, land management strategies and developing proper methods of land use practices may pave the way for the improvement of collembolan diversity at landscape level.

A comparison of collecting methods in relation to the diversity of Collembola in scree habitats

We compared the species composition, relative abundances and life form structure of subterranean Collembola (Hexapoda) captured by two different methods along a depth gradient of five forested scree sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia: (1) high-gradient extraction of soil samples, and (2) collection using subterranean traps. Our results showed that the soil samples were more efficient in covering species richness at the majority of the sites. The body size of the captured animals depended remarkably on the sampling method. Extraction was more effective in collecting smaller, less active hemi- and euedaphic forms of Collembola, while collection by subterranean traps favoured both motile ground-dwelling as well as relatively large, active euedaphobionts. Additionally, different trends in the vertical stratification of Collembola life forms and their relative abundances were detected by the two methods. Atmobionts and epigeonts, forming the greater part of the communities in traps compared to soil samples, were distributed along the entire scree profiles, but their relative abundance and species numbers had a strongly decreasing trend with depth. Moreover, motile, large hemi- and euedaphic forms had high relative abundances in traps in the middle and deeper scree levels at three sites. In contrast, in soil samples the hemi- and euedaphobionts with small body size were abundant on the surface of the MSS sites. Thus, soil sampling applied before installation of subterranean traps may serve as an appropriate complementary technique to obtain a more complete pattern of Collembola diversity in forested scree habitats.

Functional and Taxonomic Diversity of Collembola as Complementary Tools to Assess Land Use Effects on Soils Biodiversity

Collembola have been proposed for several decades as a good model organisms to survey soil biodiversity; but most of the studies focused on taxonomic endpoints. The main objectives of this study are to compare the effects of the different land uses, including urban and industrial land uses, while using both collembolan functional and taxonomic biodiversity approaches. We collected data on 3,056 samples of Collembola communities across 758 sites in various land uses throughout France. The types of land use considered included all types of human activity from forestry to urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas, agricultural grassland, arable land, vineyards and urban vegetable gardens. In order to study functional and taxonomic biodiversity, we used community-weighted means, functional indices, species richness and density. When looking at collembolan functional diversity, urban and industrial soils appear clearly less diversified than when considering the taxonomic diversity. We suspect here a functional homogenization effect commonly reported in the literature for various organisms in urban ecosystems. Our study provides range of values for different taxonomic and functional indices of Collembola communities in a wide land use classification across France.

Conversion of rainforest into oil palm and rubber plantations affects the functional composition of litter and soil Collembola.

Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions are associated with changes in animal communities and biodiversity decline. In soil, Collembola are one of the most numerous invertebrate groups that affect the functioning of microbial communities and support arthropod predators. Despite that, information on the impact of changes in land use in the tropics on species and trait composition of Collembola communities is very limited. We investigated the response of Collembola to the conversion of rainforest into rubber agroforestry (“jungle rubber”), rubber, and oil palm plantations in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region which experienced one of the strongest recent deforestation globally. Collembola were sampled in 2013 and 2016 from the litter and soil layer using heat extraction, and environmental factors were measured (litter C/N ratio, pH, water content, composition of microbial community and predator abundance). In the litter layer, density and species richness in plantation systems were 25%–38% and 30%–40% lower, respectively, than in rainforest. However, in the soil layer, density, species richness, and trait diversity of Collembola were only slightly affected by land‐use change, contrasting the response of many other animal groups. Species and trait composition of Collembola communities in litter and soil differed between each of the land‐use systems. Water content and pH were identified as main factors related to the differences in species and trait composition in both litter and soil, followed by the density of micro‐ and macropredators. Dominant species of Collembola in rainforest and jungle rubber were characterized by small body size, absence of furca, and absence of intense pigmentation, while in plantations, larger species with long furca and diffuse or patterned pigmentation were more abundant. Overall, land‐use change negatively affected Collembola communities in the litter layer, but its impact was lower in the soil layer. Several pantropical genera of Collembola (i.e., Isotomiella, Pseudosinella, and Folsomides) dominated across land‐use systems, reflecting their high environmental adaptability and/or efficient dispersal, calling for studies on their ecology and genetic diversity. The decline in species richness and density of litter‐dwelling Collembola with the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems calls for management practices mitigating negative effects of the deterioration of the litter layer in rubber plantations, but even more in oil palm plantations.

Pengaruh Konversi Lahan Terhadap Komunitas Collembola di Area Tailling dan Perkebunan

The forests of Papua are large enough to support a diverse range of flora and fauna and other natural resources such as mining materials. PT-Freeport Indonesia, one of the world's largest mining companies, has an ex-mining area (tailing) managed as a reclamation area. Regular biotic and abiotic factor interactions will aid in the success of reclamation efforts. Soil organisms, which act as decomposers, are biotic factors that contribute to soil fertility and bioindicator. Collembola is a soil microorganism that is very important in marginal soils and can help soil fertility naturally. This study aims to assess the differences between the Collembola communities in the tailings and plantation areas. The method employs a literature review, which refers to a literature review, and it uses secondary data from the PT-Freeport Indonesia Biodiversity and Reclamation Sub Division. Collembola population and diversity are classified as low in the tailings area, presumably due to limiting factors for the sub-alpine and alpine ecosystem types, making it longer. Unlike in the tailing area, the Collembola population and diversity are classified as moderate to high in the plantation area because of litter availability as a source of nutrients for Collembola activities.

Mesofauna at the Soil-Scree Interface in a Deep Karst Environment

The community patterns of Collembola (Hexapoda) were studied at two sites along a microclimatically inversed scree slope in a deep karst valley in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia, in warm and cold periods of the year, respectively. Significantly lower average temperatures in the scree profile were noted at the gorge bottom in both periods, meaning that the site in the lower part of the scree, near the bank of creek, was considerably colder and wetter compared to the warmer and drier site at upper part of the scree slope. Relatively high diversity of Collembola was observed at two fieldwork scree sites, where cold-adapted species, considered climatic relicts, showed considerable abundance. The gorge bottom, with a cold and wet microclimate and high carbon content even in the deeper MSS horizons, provided suitable environmental conditions for numerous psychrophilic and subterranean species. Ecological groups such as trogloxenes and subtroglophiles showed decreasing trends of abundance with depth, in contrast to eutroglophiles and a troglobiont showing an opposite distributional pattern at scree sites in both periods. Our study documented that in terms of soil and subterranean mesofauna, colluvial screes of deep karst gorges represent (1) a transition zone between the surface and the deep subterranean environment, and (2) important climate change refugia.

COLLEMBOLA DIVERSITY IN FORMER TRADITIONAL GOLD MINING IN SAMPOINIET DISTRICT, ACEH JAYA REGENCY

Collembola functions as a bio-indicator of soil fertility, while maintaining the stability of nutrients and oxygen which are very beneficial for plants. However, the Collembola diversity in its habitat could be affected by mercury waste. This study aims to determine the diversity of Collembola species in the former mercury waste storage area of traditional gold mining in Ligan Village, Sampoiniet District, Aceh Jaya Regency. This research was conducted in June-July 2019 in 6 (six) locations in the former mercury waste storage area in Ligan Village, Sampoiniet District, Aceh Jaya Regency. The sampling was done by purposive sampling method using pitfall trap. Data were collected by comparing the morphological characteristics of Collembola by referring to Boror's (1996) identification book and analyzed with Diversity Index of Shannon Winner. There are 5 Collembola species found in the research location with Diversity Indek H '= 1.485323798 in the medium category. Mercury average levels found in the study site have exceeded the crisis concentration threshold with the value of 0.5111 mg/kg, which is assumed affecting the diversity of Collembola species in its habitat.