Diverse Social Groups Research Articles

Behavioral community psychology in the Amazon rainforest: Suggestions for when behavior analysts meet alterity.

The present paper aimed to discuss and interpret methodological issues and contributions arising mainly from professional field work conducted by a behavior analyst working as a behavioral community psychologist in the Amazon rainforest, in northern Brazil. We looked at such a professional’s day-to-day circumstances and challenges within a semi-isolated Indigenous community, and systematized impressions and implications for practice with diverse verbal communities and social groups. We believe that looking at experience with those specific social contexts enables us to critically examine behavior analysis community practice more generally. We provided examples of said practices and examined their explicit and more subtle consequences. In light of that, we discussed features of a collaborative methodological stance while working in the field that we wish to foster and encourage. We conclude by pointing out advantages of more in-depth and intensive relational methods for behavior analysts in community practice.

MEWUJUDKAN MULTIKULTURALISME DI INDONESIA MELALUI TOLERANSI

Indonesia is a nation with diverse etnics, cultures and social groups. Instead of being seen as an obstacle in advancing the nation, the social diversity that has existed since the birth of this country should be seen as an advantage that must be realized and maintained with the spirit of multiculturalism for the sake of our nation development. Based on this view, this paper tries to discuss multiculturalism and steps that can be taken by the Indonesian people to make it happen. Efforts to realize the hopes of multiculturalism in Indonesia can be realized, one of which is by promoting toleration between ethnic groups, cultures, and existing social groups. Based on Forst's concept of toleration, multiculturalism in Indonesia is expected to happen through toleration that occurs in two of Forst’s four conceptions of toleration, namely: respect conception and esteem conception.

Public transit cuts during COVID-19 compound social vulnerability in 22 US cities.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted public transit services through plummeting ridership during the lockdown and subsequent budget cuts. This study investigates the equity impacts of reductions in accessibility due to transit service cuts during COVID-19 and their association with urban sprawl. We evaluated transit access to food and health care services across 22 US cities in three phases during 2020. We found stark socio-spatial disparities in access to basic services and employment in food and health care. Transit service cuts worsened accessibility for communities with multiple social vulnerabilities, such as neighborhoods with high rates of poverty, low-income workers, and zero-vehicle households, as well as poor neighborhoods with high concentrations of black residents. Moreover, sprawled cities experienced greater access loss during COVID-19 than compact cities. Our results point to policies and interventions to maintain social equity and sustainable urban development while benefiting diverse social groups during disruptions.

German immigrants in central Poland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

The aim of this article is to provide a holistic presentation of the genesis, intensity, and directions of movement, as well as the spatial and temporal distribution of the German national group which settled in Central Poland from the end of the 18th century to the 1820–1830 period. This paper analyses the determinants of the inflow of German immigrants, and their geographical origin, as well as the social and occupational structure. The settlers from German lands were a very diverse social group. In the case of first and second-generation immigrants who came to Central Poland, the social integration process was still quite slow. The colonists and settlers living in the diaspora developed a certain pattern of existence that focused on their immediate environment separating them from the outside world, while the retention of their mother tongue and religious tradition was more an expression of traditionalist consciousness than national identity.

Forbidden Cravings: Exploring socio-cultural ramifications of food practices in Aamis

Food choices represent conscious affirmation and expression of personal, group, ethnic or national identity. Due to its multidimensional role, food that we rely on sustenance is often politicised and used as a tool to create conflict amongst and within diverse social groups. Assamese cuisine includes a rich platter of authentic food varieties, often limited to the north-eastern region. Although food consumption is a subjective experience, cultural taboos within a community might be acceptable practices in another culture, creating conflicting notions of food practices. The balance between the twin axis of culture and politics regarding food is disrupted when heterogeneous cultural patterns and opposing political notions are in discord. Similarly, the solidarity within a cultural group becomes hostile when the authority of the individual concerning food choices is not aligned with the authority of the social structure. This discord from a political and cultural standpoint is evident in the Assamese socio-cultural scenario. Taking Bhaskar Hazarika’s Ravening/Aamis (2019) as a case study, this paper proposes to analyse the representational troupe of food, through a structuralist anthropological lens, with respect to food politics to understand socio-cultural ramifications of Assamese food patterns.

Examining stereotypes in a dynamic social order: the stereotype content model in India

ABSTRACT Stereotypes are tools of social perception that attribute a superficial uniformity to individuals within a social group, providing an instrument to assess individuals and groups. The stereotype content model (SCM) provides a framework for understanding these dynamics. SCM explores how groups are stereotyped on competence and warmth. This research utilizes the SCM to study India, a heterogenous society with diverse social groups. The purpose of this paper is to study caste stereotypes using SCM within India while also comparing two distinct regions of the country – the north and the south. This study is unique because (a) earlier studies have not explored stereotyping while recognizing the regional variations “within” India and (b) it applies SCM to caste. We also include how caste perceptions are further defined for groups that fall under the affirmative action program. Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, we recruited subjects who responded to questions that assessed stereotypes of different social groups. The results indicate the presence of more ambivalent stereotypes and higher belief in karmic ideology in the four southern states compared to the northern states. Possible explanations discussed.

Urban residential space differentiation and the influence of accessibility in Hangzhou, China

Residential spatial differentiation is a common phenomenon during the urbanization process of large cities. This paper studies residential differentiation in Hangzhou, China, by combining subdistrict-level (Jie Dao) data from a resident travel survey. After creating 29 demographic and accessibility variables for 74 sub-districts of Hangzhou, a mixed method approach is used to analyze the spatial differentiation of diverse social groups. This approach integrates factor analysis, cluster analysis, and spatial expression. The results show that people of different incomes and occupations show a differentiated choice of living space. High-income groups, middle-income professionals and technicians, and other members of the urban elite prefer to live in the central city. The tendency of suburbanization is not apparent, and new-built gentrification appears in certain emerging urban areas. In addition to accessibility of the central business district and employment concentration, accessibility of neighboring communities and accessibility of quality education resources have also become more prominent impacts on social-spatial differentiation.

A Social-Ecological Approach to Understanding Activity Engagement Patterns Among Older Chinese Immigrants.

Few studies have focused on activity engagement among older immigrants. We aim to map the patterns of activity engagement and examine the associations with social-ecological factors in a sample of older Chinese immigrants. Participants were from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE). Four patterns of activity engagement were identified through latent class analysis: restricted, diverse, informal social, and community-based social. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, cultural, and environmental factors distinguished latent classes of activity engagement. In particular, acculturation and family-oriented immigration differentiated the restricted from the diverse class membership. Positive attributes of social environment such as social network size, positive social support, and neighborhood cohesion were associated with the likelihood of categorization in the diverse, informal social, and community-based social groups relative to the restricted group. Findings point to the importance of positive attributes of social environment in enhancing engagement with life among older Chinese immigrants.

US-Mexico Transborder Collaboration: COVID-19 Vaccines in Arms Across Borders

The U.S.-Mexico Transborder Region presents advanced anthropological theorizing of culture in an important regional setting. Not a static entity, the transborder region is peopled by ever-changing groups who face the challenges of social inequality: political enforcement of privilege, economic subordination of indigenous communities, and organized resistance to domination. The book, influenced by the work of Eric Wolf and senior editor Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez, centers on the greater Mexican North/U.S. Southwest, although the geographic range extends farther. This tradition, like other transborder approaches, attends to complex and fluid cultural and linguistic processes, going beyond the classical modern anthropological vision of one people, one culture, one language. With respect to recent approaches, however, it is more deeply social, focusing on vertical relations of power and horizontal bonds of mutuality. Vélez-Ibáñez and Heyman envision this region as involving diverse and unequal social groups in dynamic motion over thousands of years. Thus the historical interaction of the U.S.-Mexico border, however massively unequal and powerful, is only the most recent manifestation of this longer history and common ecology. Contributors emphasize the dynamic "transborder" quality—conflicts, resistance, slanting, displacements, and persistence—in order to combine a critical perspective on unequal power relations with a questioning perspective on claims to bounded simplicity and perfection. The book is notable for its high degree of connection across the various chapters, strengthened by internal syntheses from notable border scholars, including Robert R. Alvarez and Alejandro Lugo. In the final section, Judith Freidenberg draws general lessons from particular case studies, summarizing that "access to valued scarce resources prompts the erection of human differences that get solidified into borders," dividing and limiting, engendering vulnerabilities and marginalizing some people. At a time when understanding the U.S.-Mexico border is more important than ever, this volume offers a critical anthropological and historical approach to working in transborder regions. Contributors: Amado Alarcón Robert R. Álvarez Miguel Díaz-Barriga Margaret E. Dorsey Judith Freidenberg Ruth Gomberg-Muñoz James Greenberg Josiah Heyman Jane H. Hill Sarah Horton Alejandro Lugo Luminiţa-Anda Mandache Corina Marrufo Guillermina Gina Núñez-Mchiri Anna Ochoa O'Leary Luis F. B. Plascencia Lucero Radonic Diana Riviera Thomas E. Sheridan Kathleen Staudt Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez

By Canoe and Speedboat: The Recent Expansion of the Ìlàjẹ Fishing Trade

Competition has remained a significant feature of trade, particularly in regions with diverse social groups like the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This article examines the expansion of trade among the Ìlàjẹ communities of Ondo State in the coastal area of Yorùbáland, which to the best of our knowledge has not been documented. Historical method of data collection and analysis were employed in the study. These include primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are mainly comprised of interviews of key informants and participants’ observations. The secondary sources consist of journal articles and texts. The results were analyzed qualitatively. The growth in coastal trade in the Ìlàjẹ area from 2010 onwards was largely due to the construction of new roads along the coast, which linked Ìlàjẹ to the wider road network. Between 2009 and 2013, new trading routes emerged along the road from Igbokoda to Araromi via Atijere on the western side to Ògun and Lagos state, passing through towns like Ipárè, Oko-Ńlá, Obinehin, Etíkàn, Erékè, and Àbòtó. Another route linked Igbokoda with Òde-Ùgbò and Ùgbò-Ńlá coastal market in the east. As traders and goods came into Ìlàjẹ from various parts of Nigeria, new markets sprang up to facilitate the exchange of upland goods for fish products. The construction of new roads also encouraged social and economic development by bringing into the area goods and commodities hitherto not transportable on water, such as ‘modern’ building materials. However, far from reducing water-based activity, the overall increase in trade has also contributed to an increase of water-based traffic, especially for fishing.

What do we measure when we measure perceptions of everyday discrimination?

RationaleThe Everyday Discrimination Scale forms the backbone of hundreds of studies documenting the health effects of perceived discrimination. Researchers regularly use the scale to examine specific types of discrimination (e.g., racial, ethnic, gender- and age-based) as well as discrimination more generally among the “general population.” To date, no study has analyzed the frameworks respondents use to interpret and answer the questions that comprise the scale. As such, what exactly researchers are measuring when they ask about “everyday discrimination” – and how this may vary within and across social groups – remains unknown. ObjectiveThis study analyzes data from cognitive interviews to assess patterns of interpretation and response to the EDS to assess whether the meaning of the resulting data may vary across diverse social groups. MethodsResearchers conducted structured cognitive interviews with a diverse sample of thirty-eight adults in the Southeastern United States (US). Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed using MAXQDA, in a process of reiterative coding. ResultsResults show that respondents interpret the survey questions in markedly different ways, with some interpreting the scale as asking about negative interactions; others viewing it through a lens of social inequalities; and still others through a lens specifically of racism. Racial/ethnic and gender statuses may structure question interpretation. ConclusionsPronounced and patterned variation in respondents’ interpretation raises questions about its validity. Findings underscore the importance of schemas for assessing the meaning of data generated by the EDS and for measuring the health effects of perceived discrimination and mistreatment.

Siblings matter: Family heterogeneity improves associative learning later in life

AbstractDespite the strong interest in connecting social complexity and cognitive ability, there remains considerable debate about how to best quantify both cognitive performance and social complexity. Measuring group and brain size are clearly not sufficient and recent attention has been placed on the use of rigorous, increasingly challenging cognitive tasks and studying the quality, not merely the number of social interactions. Here we used two cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika, one cooperative breeder and one biparental species, in a cross‐fostering experiment, to investigate the links between social complexity and cognition. While controlling for parental cues, individual fish grew up either in a socially homogenous group with only conspecifics or in a mixed and diverse social group with hetero‐ as well as conspecifics and then were tested for learning abilities as subadults. To quantify differences in learning, we first employed a discrimination learning task followed by a reversal learning task that requires behavioral flexibility, as previous associations are forgotten and new associations forged. We found that individuals growing up in a more diverse social environment learned faster and made fewer mistakes in the discrimination learning task, but this ability did not transfer to the reversal learning task. Irrespective of the early social experiences, the cooperatively breeding, and thus the more social of the two cichlid species, learnt the color discrimination more quickly and made significantly fewer errors. These results provide a first demonstration of a possible association between cognitive performance and social complexity in cichlid fishes.

‘Whether you like it or not, this is the future!’: everyday negotiations of the community’s boundary in urban space

ABSTRACT How are the boundary and ground of community produced and negotiated in mundane practices of interaction and language use in urban space? The article explores how claims of belonging and legitimate presence are formulated, communicated, and contested and what kind of daily collisions emerge between people in multilingual and multicultural urban contexts. By so doing, it contributes to critical scholarship that discusses connections between community-making and everyday citizenship. Empirically, we draw on data collected in the suburb of Hervanta in Tampere, Finland, where various and internally diverse social groups engage every day in dialogues and negotiate the community’s boundary. We suggest that, ultimately, these negotiations regard the norms, habits, and values upon which the idea of community is founded. The article uses Rancièrian notions of consensus and dissensus to understand tensional community dynamics in diversifying environments and to pave the way for an emergent understanding of community.

Protecting Victims or Protecting the Brand? Secondary Victimization and Cruise Ship Crime.

It is now widely recognized that victims of crime in general, and victims of sexual offences in particular, commonly experience secondary victimization resulting from dismissive, poor, and sometimes retraumatizing treatment when they encounter the formal criminal justice system. However, little is known about victims' experiences when initially reporting crime outside of the formal justice system, for example crime that occurs during cruise ship holidays. The cruise industry is the fastest growing tourism sector. The total number of passengers onboard cruise ships internationally was expected to reach 30 million in 2019. There is limited reliable data about how many people experience crime onboard cruise ships, though crime victimization does occur. While victimization onboard cruise ships has received some attention, there is a dearth of evidence about when and how victims report crime, how victims are treated when they report their experience of crime to cruise ship companies, or the justice outcomes. Nor does the available data address whether victims of crime from diverse social groups are treated differently by cruise companies. Drawing on qualitative accounts produced by primary and secondary victims of crime onboard cruise ships, it is argued that as well as the known challenges that victims face, the addition of brand protection can compound cruise ship victims' experiences of secondary victimization. Secondary victimization refers to additional, or compounded harms experienced because of social or systemic responses to their experience of crime. There are three key implications of these findings: greater understanding of crime victims' experiences should be developed via refined, mandatory reporting of crime onboard cruise ships, and robust qualitative research; cruise ship staff need improved specialized training in responding to victims of crime, and legislation should be considered mandating an independent authority onboard cruise ships to receive, investigate and monitor victimization reports and responses.

Predictors of Undiagnosed Diabetes among Middle-Aged and Seniors in China: Application of Andersen's Behavioral Model.

Undiagnosed diabetes is a threat to public health. This study aims to identify potential variables related to undiagnosed diabetes using Andersen’s behavioral model. Baseline data including blood test data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were adopted. First, we constructed health service related variables based on Andersen model. Second, univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the relations of variables to undiagnosed diabetes. The strength of relationships was presented by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Finally, the prediction of multiple logistic regression model was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). According to diagnosis standards, 1234 respondents had diabetes, among which 560 were undiagnosed and 674 were previously diagnosed. Further analysis showed that the following variables were significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes: age as the predisposing factor; medical insurance, residential places and geographical regions as enabling factors; having other chronic diseases and self-perceived health status as need factors. Moreover, the prediction of regression model was assessed well in the form of ROC and AUC. Andersen model provided a theoretical framework for detecting variables of health service utilization, which may not only explain the undiagnosed reasons but also provide clues for policy-makers to balance health services among diverse social groups in China.

European public space projects with social cohesion in mind: symbolic, programmatic and minimalist approaches

ABSTRACT The last two decades have witnessed a growing commitment to European public space projects seeking to promote social cohesion. These projects are built on the premise that social cohesion is under threat from the increasing cultural and economic differences in contemporary cities, and that it should be promoted through public spaces. This paper examines the key commonalities and differences among these new public space projects, in terms of their social, economic and planning policy contexts, social goals, design aims, processes and outcomes, and their diverse representational and use needs. The paper characterizes three distinct open space design approaches – Symbolic, Programmatic and Minimalist – that governments and designers that have put forward as best practices to enhance social cohesion, which have all been applied in similar socio-cultural and urban contexts: multicultural, low-income neighbourhoods that are experiencing gentrification. By combining theories and methods from urban design and social sciences, this paper offers an assessment and comparison of the three case studies and their relative merits and limitations in terms of how they used public space design to support the divergent functional and representational needs of diverse social groups, and the common aim of enhancing cohesion among these groups.

From Stationary to Remote: Employee Risks at Pandemic Migration of Workplaces

The first lockdown due to COVID-19 in the year 2020 created a particular scenario that forced a change to telework among diverse professions and social groups. This article presents the results of research carried out among samples of Polish, Lithuanian and Spanish remote workers concerning working conditions in organizations and at home, and the potential impact of some professional hazards from home-based telework. On the contrary to earlier published papers on pandemic-induced telework that focused on how the limitations at home of first-time remote workers impacted on their well-being and work–family balance, our research contributes to a more recent endeavor that focuses the analysis on the work design perspective. The results of the survey indicate that employees felt more stressed and in conflict at their remote workstations when they had to telework during the lockdown, and that this negative output was significantly related to the deterioration of some working dimensions like space, quality and design but not to the perception of professional hazards from home-based telework. According to our research, the forced situation seemed not to be a favorable factor for implementing changes in light of the insufficient technical and organizational preparation of employers as well as the employees’ mental preparation. It should be necessary to update sequentially the results of the epidemic-induced telework and conduct research for various stages of the pandemic and the subsequent economic recovery. This could help popularize remote work as one of the tools of the labor market in the future and as a tool for treating labor resources as an element of sustainable development.

The idea of commonality and Western philosophical-legal concepts: history and modernity

This article discusses the idea of commonality within the system of philosophical-legal concepts through the prism of history and modernity. This problem is important for understanding the systemic nature of philosophical-legal concepts, considering that the philosophy of law throughout its conceptualization was often either replaced by the philosophy of politics or social philosophy, or veered off, virtually losing commonality with the “unified philosophy”. The research employs the components of comparative law, socio-philosophical, historical-logical, and political science analysis. The works of the foreign authors of the XIX – XX centuries served as the foundation for this research. The scientific novelty lies in the following: 1) the author establishes that the legal concept of commonality offers a means of reconsideration of the attitude of law towards the diversity of social groups and associations that characterize modern life; 2) an important trend is determined in studying the legal concept of commonality, developed for indicating the need for normative reflection of social relations based on trust; it recognizes the diversity of such relations and forms of their expression. This selected topic is relevant in modern world, as well as socio-humanistic knowledge, thus the author's approach allowed achieving the novelty of the formulated conclusions.

Considering Generalizability: A Lesson from Auditory Enrichment Research on Zoo Animals

Environmental enrichment, particularly auditory enrichment, has recently gained attention as a potential method for reducing stress, and encouraging a more diverse behavior repertoire in captive animals. However, the effects of auditory enrichment on behavior are inconclusive between different studies, and interpretation of behavior has proven difficult. In this commentary, we discuss different factors, such as small sample sizes and diversity of social groups, which might contribute to contradicting results. We then discuss the value of replication studies in animal behavior research and provide a framework and practical guidelines for developing independent replications prior to publication.

شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تحقق الگوی برنامهریزی شهری تنوعگرا در شهر رشت با استفاده از روش نظریۀ زمینهای نظاممند

Society today is made up of diverse individuals of varying ages, sexes, ethno-racial backgrounds, physical abilities, and faiths. Planning theory and practice has become more conscious in recent times of the need to cater for a diverse range of needs and preferences. Planning for diversity is an approach which takes into account the needs of different groups of people. A few studies around the world have addressed to introduce the approach of planning for diversity and difference and identify the factors affecting its application and realization. In our country, we are facing a vacuum of academic studies in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to introduce this approach and identify the factors affecting its realization in Rasht based on the views of the planning experts of this city.According to the type of research problem and its statistical population, the grounded theory method has been used. To collect data, first a semi-structured questionnaire based on literature review was developed and then in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 planning experts of this city using targeted sampling method. In this study, the systematic approach of grounded theory method has been used. The systematic approach emphasizes the use of data analysis steps including open, axial, and selective coding and the development of a logical model or a visual description of the generated theory. After conducting interviews and collecting textual data, analysis and coding begin along with sampling. The textual data from the interviews were analyzed using the coding process and line-by-line analysis method in MAXQDA software. In the grounded theory, the researcher by performing multiple coding steps will extract the sub-categories, main categories and core category from the data and will continue the analysis.Finally, the factors affecting the realization of the diversity-oriented urban planning approach including 17 main categories and 59 sub-categories and the relationships between them were identified. These factors include the thinking governing the urban planning mechanism, macro-urban planning policies, changing the approach of preparing urban development plans, modifying the content of urban development plans, public demand, type of urban planning system, national laws protecting the rights of various social groups, law enforcement, cultural and social characteristics of citizens, financial strength of municipalities, structure and organization of implementing plans, inter-organizational coordination, teaching urban planning students, knowledge and experience of providers of urban development plans, City Council approvals, needs assessment, improving urban environment quality/ diversity-oriented urban environment. In this step, we select the category of using and realizing the diversity-oriented approach from the open coding stage and place it in the center of the process we are studying, as the central phenomenon and then relate the other categories to it. These other categories include causal conditions, strategies, contextual and intervening conditions, and consequences. This step involves drawing a diagram called a coding pattern. The coding pattern illustrates the relationships between causal conditions, strategies, contextual and intervening conditions, and consequences. In this stage of coding, we write a theory of the relationships between the categories in the axial coding pattern. This theory provides an abstract description of the process studied in this study, namely the application and realization of the diversity-oriented urban planning approach. The results show that a wide range of intellectual, policy, instrumental, organizational, legal, financial, educational and socio-cultural infrastructures are effective in realizing this approach. Identifying and explaining these factors is a guide for future decisions and practices of our country's urban planning authorities to recognize diverse social groups, respond to their different needs in the city and combat discrimination in urban planning practices.