Diversity Of Microfungi Research Articles

Diversity of Microfungi on Wood of the Coastal Zone of Heiss Island (Franz Joseph Land Archipelago)

The material for the study was wood samples that were collected in the summer of 2021 on the coast of Heiss Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, in the Arctic Ocean. Heiss Island is located in the central area of the archipelago. The wood was 1) brought by the sea (“drift wood”) and was located on the shore at minor distances from the water line or 2) anthropogenic origin and was an external part of abandoned structures. As a result of investigations, we revealed complexes of microfungi on coniferous and deciduous wood, which include 30 species of microfungi, mainly from the Ascomycota division. Species of the genus Cadophora were found in the greatest number of examined samples. Indicators of species diversity and occurrence of representatives of the Basidio-mycota department were low. The yeast component (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) accounted for 23% of the identified species. A total of 25 species were found in wood samples of anthropogenic origin and 12 species in drift wood samples. Studies of the enzymatic activity of microfungi showed that ligninolytic activity was noted in 50% of the strains studied, amylazolytic in 62%, and cellulolytic in 85% of the strains studied. A group of psychrotrophic species with high ligninolytic activity, together with cellulolytic and amylase activity, and well adapted to decomposition of wood substrate in the extreme conditions of the Arctic was identified. Activity profiles of different isolates of the same species do not always coincide and expression of individual enzymatic activity factors in many cases has a strain character.

Genome Sequence Resource of Bacillus velezensis Strain HC-8, a Native Bacterial Endophyte with Biocontrol Potential Against the Honeysuckle Powdery Mildew Causative Pathogen Erysiphe lonicerae var. lonicerae.

Genome Sequence Resource of Bacillus velezensis Strain HC-8, a Native Bacterial Endophyte with Biocontrol Potential Against the Honeysuckle Powdery Mildew Causative Pathogen Erysiphe lonicerae var. lonicerae.

The insights into the evolutionary history of Translucidithyrium: based on a newly-discovered species.

During the field studies, a Translucidithyrium-like taxon was collected in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, during an investigation into the diversity of microfungi in the southwest of China. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequences revealed that the new taxon is a member of the genus Translucidithyrium and it is distinct from other species. Therefore, Translucidithyriumchinensesp. nov. is introduced here. The Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree from LSU rDNA of Translucidithyrium and related species indicated the divergence time of existing and new species of Translucidithyrium was crown age at 16 (4–33) Mya. Combining the estimated divergence time, paleoecology and plate tectonic movements with the corresponding geological time scale, we proposed a hypothesis that the speciation (estimated divergence time) of T.chinense was earlier than T.thailandicum. Our findings provided new insights into the species of Translucidithyrium about ecological adaptation and speciation in two separate areas.

The insights into the evolutionary history of Translucidithyrium: based on a newly-discovered species

During the field studies, a Translucidithyrium-like taxon was collected in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, during an investigation into the diversity of microfungi in the southwest of China. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequences revealed that the new taxon is a member of the genus Translucidithyrium and it is distinct from other species. Therefore, Translucidithyrium chinensesp. nov. is introduced here. The Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree from LSU rDNA of Translucidithyrium and related species indicated the divergence time of existing and new species of Translucidithyrium was crown age at 16 (4–33) Mya. Combining the estimated divergence time, paleoecology and plate tectonic movements with the corresponding geological time scale, we proposed a hypothesis that the speciation (estimated divergence time) of T. chinense was earlier than T. thailandicum. Our findings provided new insights into the species of Translucidithyrium about ecological adaptation and speciation in two separate areas.

Foot Print of Macro Fungi in The Coastal Forest of Bama, Baluran National Park, East Java

Baluran National Park, West Java, as one of the conservation sites in Indonesia, has the attraction of the varied types of ecosystems, including fungi. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of fungi in Bama Coastal Forest, Baluran National Park. The method was explorative with plot purposive sampling technique. Parameters in this study include abundance, dominance, and diversity of fungi enriched with physical parameters of humidity and temperature. The fungi were documented and macroscopically observed. Data were analyzed using the abundance index, dominance index, and diversity index. This research identified 18 types of macrofungi in Bama Coastal forest, Baluran National Park East Java including Ganoderma, sp, Hexagonia tenuis, Trametes hirsute, Phellinus sp.1 and sp.2, Ganoderma applanatum, Phellinus igniarius, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Daedalea quercina, Tyromyces chioneus, Microporus xanthopus, Calvatia sp., Irpex lacteus, Trichaptum sp., Lentinus sp. Poria corticola, Tyromyces sp., and Lichemomphalia sp. One fungi species (Ganoderma sp.) has the highest abundance index (27.62). The Medium abundance index was found in three species (Hexagonia tenuis, Tyromyces chioneus, Tyromyces sp.) while the rest fungi were in low abundance index. Dominance index of all fungi species identified in Bama was in low category (D<0.5) with medium diversity (2.30). It can be concluded that the diversity of microfungi in the coastal forest of Bama, Baluran National park was a distribution medium of individual of each species and medium community stability. Environmental conditions in the Bama Coast Forest with 93% humidity and an average air temperature of 26-27oC could support for the fungi to grow quite well.

Inventarisasi Mikrofungi Akuatik Pada Perairan Madong, Kota Tanjungpinang, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau

Inventarisasi keanekargaman mikrofungi akuatik perlu dilakukan untuk dapat menambah informasi mengenai jenis-jenis baru maupun spesifik yang terdapat di perairan tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman mikrofungi akuatik yang berada di perairan Madong, Kota Tanjungpinang, Kepulauan Riau. Penelitian keanekaragaman mikrofungi dilakukan melalui metode survei pada tiga stasiun (daerah mangrove, pemukiman nelayan dan Keramba Jaring Apung, serta pesisir kampung Madong). Sampel dikumpulkan dengan menggambil sampel serasah yang berada di perairan (akar, daun, ranting mangrove, serta rumput laut). Isolasi dan kultur mikrofungi akuatik dilakukan di laboratorium. Isolat mikrofungi yang tumbuh dan berhasil diidentikasi yaitu: Aspergillus sp., Epicoccum sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., dan Stemphylium sp.
 

Seasonal Diversity of Microfungi in Rhizosphere of Dalbergia sissoo in New Forest, Campus, Dehradun (India)

Rhizosphere microfungi were isolated by using serial dilution plate method. The highest fungal population was recorded in rainy season as compared to other seasons. Thirty-six fungal species belonging to fifteen genera were recovered throughout the seasons with the highest population and relative abundance of Cuninghamella burtholletiae (8.4%) followed by Mucor varians (7.5%) and Penicillium frequentens (7.2%) and lowest by Cladosporium cladosporioides and sterile mycelia I (0.5% each). The members of ascomycetes (66.67%) were dominant in the study site followed by that of Phycomycetes (20%), Basidiomycetes (6.67%) and sterile mycelia (6.67%). The highest fungal diversity index was found in summer (3.33), followed by rainy (3.17) and winter (2.98) seasons. The greatest similarity index in soil fungi occurred between summer and rainy (88.52) seasons followed by winter and rainy (76.92) and winter and summer (72.72). Significant positive correlations were observed between moisture and available nitrogen with fungal population in winter season, while soil temperature, moisture, organic matter, organic carbon, available nitrogen and available potassium showed positive correlations with fungal population in summer and winter. Isolated saprophytic fungi were also found dominant over the pathogenic isolates of the specie due to their antagonistic behavior against the pathogens.

Abundance, richness, and succession of microfungi in relation to chemical changes in Antarctic moss profiles

Little is known in continental Antarctic about patterns of abundance, diversity, and succession of microfungi within moss profiles consisting of live, senescent, and dead tissues in different stages of decomposition. In the present study, vertical patterns of the abundance and diversity of microfungi and their relationship with chemical compositions were examined within moss colonies collected from coastal outcrops in the Lutzow–Holm Bay area (Queen Maud Land), East continental Antarctica. Total and darkly pigmented hyphal length, the richness of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) of microfungi, and the occurrence of Phoma herbarum and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum increased with the depth of moss profiles. The content of organic chemical components and nitrogen in moss tissues decreased, whereas ash content increased with the depth of moss profiles. Relative amount of recalcitrant compounds and total carbohydrates did not significantly differ among the vertical layers. The downward increase of the microfungal richness and occurrence in the Antarctic moss profiles without MOTU replacement was consistent with the directional-nonreplacement model of succession, indicative of the high environmental resistance, which represents the sum of the adverse factors hindering the success of species establishment. This contrasted with the fungal succession in arctic moss profiles, which accorded with the directional-replacement model, in which species replacement took place due to modification of habitat and competition. More hostile environmental conditions than those in the Arctic characterized the fungal succession and limited the fungal decomposition of moss in continental Antarctica.

The diversity of microfungi in peatlands originated from the White Sea

The diversity of culturable filamentous microfungi in peat and sediments of four peatlands at the coastal zone of Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (Murmansk region, Russia) was studied by culture methods on standard and selective media. Annually 100 samples were collected from the bogs 2007–2010. Based on morphological, molecular markers and cultural features, 211 taxa were identified. Fungal communities observed at the peatlands were influenced mostly by their sea origin. We discovered a large difference between fungal communities from the peat and the sediments of the peatlands. In contrast to the sediments, the fungal community of the peat was found to be consistent throughout sampling sites. Fungi with specific ecophysiology, such as Sphagnum-decomposing species (Oidiodendron griseum, O. tenuissimum. Penicillium spinulosum, P. thomii, Talaromyces funiculosus), psychrotolerant and associated with insects species (Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, Tolypocladium spp.), typical marine species (Acremonium spp.) were found. In addition, different types of sterile mycelia were characteristic for the researched peatlands.

English

Soil is an oligotrophic medium for fungal growth. F ungi are important component in soil microbiota. Depending on soil depth and nutrient co nditions, the fungal biomass exceeds that of bacteria in almost every soil except rhizosphere so il which is dominated by bacteria. Filamentous fungi in soil degrade organic matter and help in so il aggregation. Some produce substances similar to humic substances and some are capable of forming ectotrophic associations on the root system of forest trees and help in mobilisation of soil phosp horus and nitrogen into plants. Many fungi are biological control agents for plant pathogens and i nsect pests. In Uttarakhand especially in Dehradun District very scanty information is availa ble regarding soil inhabiting microfungi of Agricultural fields. Therefore some agricultural la nds growing Brassica crop were selected to study the composition, dominance and diversity of microfu ngi and physico-chemical properties of the soil inhabited by these fungi. Five agricultural lands viz. Rajawala (RAJ), Bahada rpur(BAH), Bhauwala (BHAU), Telpura (TLP) and Sudhowala (SUDH) were selected. Each land was s urveyed repeatedly to collect soil samples. Soil samples were collected from different depths v0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm. and 2025 cm and composite samples were made for each agri cultural land. For all soil samples examined, pH varied from 6.42± 1.24 to 7.84±1.56; moisture content varied from8.42±1.68 to 10.84±2.16; organic contents varie d from 1.55 to 3.00 and texture varied from sandy to sandy loam. Micronutrients were very high in all the soil samples. A total of 383 colonies of microfungi belonging to 11 genera and 26 species we re isolated. Anamorphic fungi (Deuteromycota) were dominant and represented by 9 genera and 22 sp ecies followed by Zygomycota represented by 2 genera and 4 species. Fungal populations were alw ays highest in surface soil and decreased along with soil-depth. Maximum fungal species were isolat ed from BAH at the depth of 0-10 cm followed by RAZ, whereas the minimum fungal species were iso lated from BHAU, TPR and SUDH at the depth of 15-20 cm. Of the total 26 species recorded , 8 species were of common occurrence, 9 species of frequent, 8 species of moderate and 1 species of rare occurrence respectively. Shanon- Wiever index of species diversity was highe st (2.734) in BAH followed by RAZ (2.686), TLP (2.583) and SUDH (2.553) while it was lowest for BH AU (2.540). Simpson index of diversity also showed identical trends. Highest similarity (84.2%) was observed between RAJ and BAH and lowest (55.6%) between RAJ and TLP. The present investigation will be helpful in docume ntation and conservation as well as in controlling soil borne pathogens. Further, it certainly opens u p a new horizon for the researchers in this interesting and challenging field of soil microfung al biodiversity.

Microfungi Rhizo-Pyllosphere, Endomycorrhizae of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) in Karangwangi Countryside, South Cianjur, West Java Indonesia

Fermented banana “sale pisang” are hold potential home industry in Karangwangi countryside, in South Cianjur. However, recently sale pisang’s production is affected significantly by the pathogenic fungi. Research about microfungi rhizo-phyllosphere and endomycorrhizae of banana plant (Musa paradisiaca L.) in West Java aims to identify this reason. Preliminary survey to research locations using explorative method, sampling soils around roots, and leaves. Microfungi culture and counting were conducted by dilution technique and Total Plate Count (TPC) methods. Fungi identification was performed with Moist Chamber Technique based on morphology. While plant determination surround of banana plant, infection rate and colouring of endomycorrhizae were conducted according to the standard protocol described elsewhere. In this study, 11 species of microfungi were identified, namely Acremonium sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Monilia sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp1., Penicillium sp2., Phytophthora sp. and Trichoderma sp. Eventually Endomycorrhizae species were Gigaspora sp. and Acaulospora sp. Infection rate of plants surrounding banana plant were varied for Mimosa pudica, Cyperus rotundus, Stachytarpheya jamaicinensis, Cyperus kyllingia, Melinis minutiflora, Erechtites hieracifolia, Arachis hypogaea, Momordica charantia, Euphorbia hyrta, Amaranthus gracilis, Manihot utillissima, Ageratum conyzoides, Emilia sonchifolia, Widelia triloba, Amaranthus spynosus and Solanum nigrum as much as 20, 20, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 20, 60, 40, 100, 40, 40, 40, 40 and 20%, respectively. This species-specific rate of infection is discussed in order to obtain insight how the diversity of microfungi may affect mycorrhizal infection in banana plants.

Diversity of microfungi associated with phyllosphere of endemic Serbian plant Nepeta rtanjensis Diklić & Milojević

Nepeta rtanjensis (Lamiaceae) is an endemic and critically endangered plant species that grows only on Rtanj Mountain in the southeastern Serbia. Due to its endemic character and distribution separated from the other Nepeta species in Mediterranean Basin, N. rtanjensis has been considered as a relict. It has been noticed that number of individual plants in natural habitat rapidly decreases. Hence, the project of reintroduction of this plant was successfully conducted. However, many aspects of its biology still remain unknown and necessary to investigate. In that sense, epiphytic and endophytic Nepeta rtanjensis phyllosphere fungi were studied at three sites in Serbia: Javor—Locus classicus, with autochthonous population and with reintroduced plants, and Belgrade with micropropagated specimens in experimental field. The sites in Javor are located in the area of the Mountain Rtanj. From both, the surface and the interior of leaves, a total of 49 taxa of microfungi were identified, belonging to 35 genera. Alternaria spp. was reported on all studied sites with the highest isolation frequency (>75 %). Similarity between epiphytic and endophytic fungal assemblage was moderate. The highest fungal diversity was detected on site with the autochthonous Nepeta rtanjensis population. Phyllosphere mycobiota show the presence of a large number of viable propagules, with a low frequency of occurrence of symptoms, due to the specific anatomy of the leaf and a well-developed indumentum.

Leaf-litter microfungal community on poor fen plant debris in Torfy Lake area (Central Poland)

The purpose of this study was to initially evaluate the species diversity of microfungi growing on litter of 15 plant species occurring on the poor fen and neighbouring area of the Torfy Lake, Masovian voivodeship, Poland. The lake is located near the planned road investment (construction of the Warsaw southern express ring road S2). The place is biologically valuable as there are rare plant communities from <em>Rhynchosporion albae </em>alliance protected under the Habitats Directive adopted by the European Union. On the examined plant debris 73 taxa of fungi were recorded (3 basidiomycetes, 13 ascomycetes, 2 zygomycetes, 43 anamorphic ascomycetes, 12 unidentified). Two of them, <em>Dicranidion </em>sp. and <em>Wentiomyces </em>sp. are presented here as new to Poland. Among the plant species examined, the litter of <em>Rhododendron tomentosum </em>harbored the highest number of fungal taxa (16). The highest percents of substrate-specific microfungi (i.e. recorded only on one plant species) was noted on <em>R. tomentosum </em>(81.3 %), and <em>Pteridium aquilinum </em>(75%). It is emphasized that the lake area should be protected not only because of rare plant community but also because of the uniqueness and diversity of mycobiota.

Diversity of microfungi on branches of Castanea sativa in Slovakia

Abstract Localities in Castanea sativa Mill. plantations were visited in a study aimed at identifying the mycoflora of C. sativa in Slovakia [excluding Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.), Barr for which much data is available]. Samples from chestnut tree branches and stems were examined visually and microscopically. Seven species of microfungi were recorded, three with their anamorphs. Coryneum modonium (Sacc.) Griffon & Maubl. and Phomopsis castaneae Woron. were the most common. Libertella quercina Tul. & C. Tul. was identified in both states (anamorph and teleomorph) at two new localities. The records of Gloniopsis praelonga (Schwein.) Underw. & Earle and Dothidotthia celtidis (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr are the first for Slovakia. These species were rare, found only in one locality. Two microscopic fungi were detected: Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fr. [Cytospora ambiens (Nitschke) Sacc.] and Diplodina castaneae Prill. & Delacr.

Diversity of microfungi in ornithogenic soils from Beaufort Island, continental Antarctic

This paper presents the results of a biodiversity study of microfungi in ornithogenic soils from Beaufort Island (Ross Sea, continental Antarctic). During the 2004/05 austral sum-mer, we sampled a wide range of soil habitats from an abandoned penguin rookeries to examine the biodiversity of soil microfungi. Beaufort Island is predominantly ice and snow covered, isolated, difficult to access and known to have been visited only infre-quently. Warcup's soil plating method was used for fungal cultivation. A total of ten fungal taxa were isolated, consisting of seven ascomycetes, two anamorphic fungi and one yeast. In terms of their thermal classes, a total of four psychrophilic, five psychro-tolerant and 1 mesophilic fungi were isolated. Thelebolus microsporus, Geomyces sp. and Thelebolus sp. were the most common isolated fungi. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18S rDNA sequences were obtained from 17 fungal isolates, confirming their identification as Thelebolus microsporus, Thelebolus sp., Phoma herbarum and Geo-myces sp.

Two new species of Acremonium from Spanish soils

In a survey on the diversity of microfungi in Spanish soils, two new species of Acremonium were found. Both species were characterized as having more or less erect, mostly branched conidiophores bearing whorls of acicular phialides. In addition, one of these species, Acremonium asperulatum, produced abundant chlamydospores and globose rough-walled conidia. The other species, Acremonium variecolor, produced a brownish diffusible pigment and smooth-walled, subglobose conidia with apiculate base; sessile conidia inserted directly on vegetative hyphae also were present. The analysis of the sequences of the ITS region, the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rRNA gene and a fragment of the actin gene revealed relationships of both species with members of the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales). Genetic differences were observed with morphologically similar species.

High spots for diversity of soil and litter microfungi in Italy

Soil fungal diversity plays a fundamental role in delivering key ecosystem goods and services. This article assesses diversity of saprobic soil and litter microfungi, as taxonomical and functional components which affect above- and below-ground relationships within Alpine and Mediterranean regions of Italy. We highlighted biodiversity high spots focusing on four research topics that have been developed over time and are currently in progress in Italy. Preliminary quantitative data concerning soil microfungi in the Raethian Alps showed a strong reduction of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)s with altitude. Keratinophilic microfungi in natural and anthropogenic environments were widespread among filamentous fungi and 121 species have been isolated in Italy since 1960. Heat stimulated microfungi in Mediterranean region soils showed high values both in abundance and species density even two years after the experimental fire, with Neosartorya spp. playing a pivotal role. The diversity of microfungi of Quercus ilex (150 species), in the Mediterranean region, higher than that in leaf litter of other species, was explained mainly by different forms of growth and the phytoclimatic characters of the areas under study.

An unusual microfungus in a fungal spore from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert

Abstract: A new fossil microfungus, Kryphiomyces catenulatus gen. et sp. nov., occurs as an endobiotic mycelial thallus in a large spore of a glomeromycotan fungus from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert. The thallus consists of branched (?pseudo-)septate hyphae with numerous catenulate swellings. Some hyphal tips produce spherical reproductive structures or propagules. Hyphal morphology in K. catenulatus is reminiscent of that in certain extant Hyphochytridiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and even Ascomycota, but specific diagnostic features that allow assignment of the fossil to modern groups are absent. The discovery of this interfungal association broadens our knowledge about the diversity of microfungi and their intricate associations in early continental ecosystems.

A microfungal assemblage in Lepidodendron from the Upper Visean (Carboniferous) of central France

A diverse assemblage of microfungi and fungi-like microorganisms, composed of several types of hyphae, putative reproductive structures (sporangia), and a variety of spores, occurs in permineralized Lepidodendron xylem and periderm from the Upper Visean of central France. Some of the remains can be attributed to the Chytridiomycota and Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota) with some degree of confidence. We suggest that this assemblage represents a community of saprotrophic organisms that colonized the tissues post mortem and participated in the decay process. The permineralized Lepidodendron tissues from France offer a rare direct insight into the diversity of microfungi and fungi-like organisms in a Carboniferous terrestrial paleoecosystem.

Diversity of microfungi in the phylloplane of plants growing in a Mediterranean ecosystem.

Mediterranean ecosystems have not been investigated as natural habitats for microorganisms in general, and microfungi in particular. Plants harvested in "Serra da Arrábida" (38 degrees 27' N, 9 degrees 02' W), a Mediterranean ecosystem in Portugal, were analyzed for the filamentous microfungi inhabiting their surface. Two field locations with distinct climatic characteristics were studied: 'Fonte do Veado' (38 degrees 28'50" N, 9 degrees 0'17" W; 300 m elevation) located on the northern slope, and 'Mata do Solitário' (38 degrees 27'55" N, 8 degrees 59'35" W; 50 m elevation), on the southern slope. From Veado zone, leaf samples yielded a total of 3,049 isolates, ranging from 317 to 1,328/sample (mean = 762). The number of species/sample ranged from 12 to 24. From Solitario zone, leaf samples yielded a total of 1,337 isolates, ranging from 189 to 528/sample (mean = 334). The number of species/sample, in this case, ranged from 10 to 17. Veado zone showed a wider range of species. The fungal species more frequently isolated from both zones (Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) De Vries, C. sphaerospermum Penzig and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler) were found in all plant samples and represents 80% (Veado) and 85% (Solitario) of the total isolates.