Mangrove Diversity Research Articles

Analysis of Mangrove Community in The Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem Area, West Lombok

: Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem is one of mangrove ecosystem in the Sekotong Bay. In some part of the area has also been used as a pond for mariculture activity so, it can influence the composition and diversity of mangroves in that area. This research was conducted to determine the species composition, importance value index, and diversity of mangrove species. Data of mangrove vegetation were collected in a method combination of line transects and quadrats. Total of 11 transects and 33 quadrats were layed out in the area of the Bagek Kembar mangrove ecosystem. The results of this research showed that there were seven mangrove species as member of 4 genera and 4 families. The highest species dominant index and density was Avicennia marina. The mangrove species diversity index for tree and sapling was 1,000 and 1,003, respectively (both in medium categories) and the diversity index for seedling was in low category (0,676).

Species Diversity and Carbon Stock of Mangrove in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines

Mangrove forests sequester substantial amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, store carbon in their biomass, and have the highest carbon pool of any forest. The Philippines is one of the mangrove-rich countries, with almost 1.9% of the global mangroves. No current published works on mangroves exist in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines. This study utilized a non-destructive technique through quadrat sampling to identify and measure mangroves’ biodiversity and carbon stock. The allometric equation was applied to quantify the carbon stock and Shannon-Wiener diversity index to determine the biodiversity. Twelve species were identified from the 36 sampling plot with 10 × 10 meter. Results showed the mean species evenness of 0.28 and the Shannon-Wiener diversity value of 0.92, indicating very low diversity. The overall aboveground, belowground, total carbon stock, and CO2 sequestration of 209 t/ha, 76 t/ha, 157 t/ha, and 575 CO2 t/ha, respectively. The test revealed that comparing the six barangays regarding species diversity and carbon stocks gives no statistically significant difference of 0.032 and 0.046, respectively. Considering the estimated carbon stock and CO2 equivalent accounted from the tree biomass, the mangrove stands in Guiuan have the potential to store and sequester a large amount of carbon dioxide.

Mangrove diversity and its relationships with environmental conditions in Kuala Bubon Village, West Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract. Wintah, Kiswanto, Hilmi E, Sastranegara MH. 2023. Mangrove diversity and its relationships with environmental conditions in Kuala Bubon Village, West Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4599-4605. Mangrove ecosystem plays various ecological and socio-economic roles. Indonesia has the largest extent of mangrove forest one of which is located in West Aceh Regency, Aceh Province. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity and structure of mangrove forest in Kuala Bubon Village, West Aceh, and to analyze the relationships between the existence of mangrove species and the environmental conditions. Field survey was conducted from May to August 2022 using plot sampling method on three stations representing various habitat characteristics. Vegetation sampling using a 10 x 10 m2 plot as well as measurement on physical parameters (pH, salinity, and temperature) and chemical parameters (sediment texture and organic carbon content) were conducted. The relationship between the presence of mangrove species and the environmental parameters was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result of vegetation sampling recorded 6 mangrove species, i.e., Rhizophora stylosa Griff, Sonneratia alba Sm, Avicennia marina (Blume), c, and Sonneratia caseolaris (L) Engl. This study revealed that the presence of Rhizophora stylosa Griff was related to the conditions of the clay substrate, pH and temperature values. Meanwhile, the existence of Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lamk, Sonneratia alba Sm, Sonneratia caseolaris (L) Engl, and Avicennia marina (Blume) was related to the conditions of the silt substrate, diameter and salinity. Based on the results of relationship analysis, silt substrate and salinity have a correlation to maintain the mangrove ecosystem.

Macrofauna Diversity of Molluscs (Gastropoda and Polecypoda) Associated with Mangrove in the Coastal Area of South Cemara Sheet Beach, West Lombok

Cedar Beach is a tourist attraction with a unique mangrove forest, opened in 2015 by the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service together with the South Sheet Village. Macro fauna is a group of large animals that live in the soil or water and have an important role in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the surrounding environment. Research on the diversity of molluscs (Gastropoda and Polecypoda) was conducted to determine the type, diversity, and relationship between Molluscs (Gastropoda and Polecypoda) and Mangrove. The number of individual Gastropods and Polecypods found in the mangrove area of the Cypress Beach is 9 species of Gastropods and 4 species of Polecypods. Diversity of Gastropods found in the mangrove area of Pantai Cemara was 1,009 in the moderate category, 0,405 in the diversity of Polecypoda was found in the low category, and mangrove diversity was categorized as moderate. The correlation between the diversity of Gastropods, Polecypoda and mangrove diversity is not significant because the environmental parameter value is salinity at the study site above 35 ppm which has a negative impact on mangroves due to negative osmotic pressure.

CARBON STORAGE POTENTIAL OF DOMINANT MANGROVES IN WESTERN INDIAN SUNDARBANS

The Indian Sundarbans are noted for luxuriant mangrove diversity that is known to scrub carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Precise estimation of the biomass of these species is necessary for evaluating the carbon storage pattern in the mangroves of the lower Gangetic belt. The plant biomass estimation was carried out for an average of 25 trees in 15 (10 m × 10 m) plots from the intertidal mudflats of Chemaguri (southeast portion of Sagar Island) in low tide conditions from 10th to 15th September 2022. The estimated biomass was of the order Sonneratia apetala > Avicennia alba > Avicennia marina > Excoecaria agallocha > Avicennia officinalis. The stem, branch, and leaf biomass of each species were converted into carbon by multiplying with a factor of 0.45 as per the standard procedure. The deviations observed in the results obtained from both studies call for the standardization of the process.

Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia

As an ecosystem, the mangrove ecosystem serves various purposes. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the community structure of the important value index; and (2) evaluate the importance of the mangrove species diversity index in Pulias Bay in Ogodeide District, Tolitoli Regency. The study was conducted in 2021 using a quantitative descriptive methodology and survey method. The number of discovered species will be used to establish the species composition. The structure of the mangrove communities is being evaluated by calculating the relative density (RD) and frequency (FR). The data is tabulated to calculate the Important Value Index (IVI) value according to the Shannon-Wiener formula. There were 18 different species of mangroves discovered, including Rhizophora apiculata, Rh. mucronata, Rh. stylosa, Bruguiera parviflora, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris, S. ovata, Avicennia lanata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Acrostichum aureum, Nypa fruticans, and Pemphis acidula. The Rhizophoraceae family predominated at each observation station, according to the findings of the vegetation analysis. Meanwhile the most rarely found species of mangrove were Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia casiolaris, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, each with two specimens. The community structure reveals that X. moluccensis has the lowest IVI value of 12.7%, while Rhizophora mucronata has an IVI value of 101.3%. The mangrove Diversity Index (H') has a value of 2.48 and meets the standards for moderate diversity. Physical and chemical parameter measurements often indicate that the four stations or sites where the data was collected have similar conditions. Interestingly, we also found Avicennia lanata, a mangrove species that falls under the Vulnerable category. The collected information can be used to manage the mangrove forest in Pulias Bay in the Ogodeide Sub-District of the Tolitoli Regency and serve as a database for efforts to conserve mangroves and mitigate the effects of global warming.

The mangrove ecosystem in a harbor-impacted city in Dumai, Indonesia: A conservation status

The city of Dumai has mangrove resources in various conditions due to the presence of industry in the area. This study aims to analyze the conservation status of the vegetation structure and to study the spatial variability and the interaction of mangrove vegetation environmental parameters on the coast of the city of Dumai. The study was conducted at ten observation stations, with the study area divided into three parts. Data were obtained by measuring line transects and establishing 10 m × 10 m sample plots, while environmental parameters were measured in situ and ex situ. The mangrove vegetation and structure were examined based on their ecological indices. The comparison between diversity indices was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mangrove species that were differentiated between sections were analyzed using similarity of percentage (SIMPER), and environmental factors affecting vegetation and mangrove structure were analyzed based on principal component analysis (PCA). The species identification results revealed 13 species, including Avicennia lanata, that are classified as vulnerable globally. Based on the importance value index (IVI), Rhizophora apiculata, Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia alba and Avicennia alba were identified as the most important species. The ecological index showed that the mangrove diversity is low (01.06–01.90) with an even distribution (00.41–01.00). The mangrove density varied from 00.79 to 570.87 individuals/ha, and the basal area ranged from 00.00–08.99 m2/ha. The maturity index showed that station VIII had a high maturity level (80.56), followed by Stations X, IX and IV (77.08, 72.22 and 53.70, respectively). Between the north and south and between the south and center, S. alba was the distinguishing species (25.19% and 15.45% dissimilarity), while in the north and central areas, R. apiculata was found to be a differentiating species (22.70% dissimilarity). The environmental condition parameters showed a strong relationship to the density and basal level of the mangrove areas.

Species Diversity and Assemblage of Mangroves at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia

Mangroves in wetland ecosystems are diverse and play significant role in the adjacent communities on which they are dependent for their livelihoods. It is also important for fishery resources and nutrient inputs in marine and brackish water ecosystems. However, little is known about the tropical wetland lagoon ecosystems, particularly mangrove diversity and assemblages. Therefore, this present study was initiated to observe the mangrove species diversity and assemblages together with the conservation status in an important tropical wetland ecosystem in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia. In a variety of landward and small fringe island areas, three zones of square plots were selected (zones 1, 2 and 3) to address the objectives of this study. As a result, a total of 20 true mangrove species belonging to 11 genera from nine families were documented, of which, Avicennia rumphiana was listed as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. Twelve species of mangrove associates from 11 genera and nine families were also found in the investigated zones at Setiu. One of the mangrove associates, Intsia bijuga, was designated as vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN. The Shannon diversity index (H') of mangroves was found to be 1.08 at Setiu Wetland. Rhizophora mucronata was found to be well-expanded (H' = 1.05) followed by A. rumphiana, A. officinalis, Heritiera littoralis, A. corniculatum. Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, and A. ebracteatus (H' = 0.0) as the lowest. The findings of the present study revealed that mangroves in the Setiu Wetland are diverse and healthy compared to other mangrove ecosystems in the region. To maintain the health and function of the mangrove ecosystem in Setiu Wetland, proper monitoring is required.

Point of (no) return? Vegetation structure and diversity of restored mangroves in Sulawesi, Indonesia, 14–16 years on

Mangrove forests, benefitting millions of people, experience significant degradation. Global recognition of the urgency of halting and reversing this trend have initiated numerous restoration activities. Restoration success is typically evaluated by estimating mangrove survival and area restored, while diversity and structure of vegetation, as proxies for functional forests, are rarely considered. Here we assess mangrove species richness along sea‐landward transects and evaluate restoration outcomes by comparing number of mangrove species, relative species abundance, biomass, diameter, and canopy cover in “Monoculture Reforestation”, “Mixed Species Regeneration” and adjacent “Reference” forest stands, 14 (Tiwoho site) and 16 years (Likupang site) after restoration activities took place. In the “Monoculture Reforestation” plots, mangrove diversity and structure still closely reflected the original restoration actions, with only one and two “new” species having established among the originally densely planted “foundation” species. In contrast, the “Mixed Species Regeneration” plots were more similar to the “Reference” plots in terms of tree diameter and canopy coverage, but species number, abundance and biomass were still lower. The trajectory of the “Mixed Species Regeneration” plots suggests their similarity with the “Reference” stands will increase over time, whereas such “smooth” transition is unlikely to happen in the planted “Monoculture Reforestation” stands, in the foreseeable future. Implementing frequent small‐scale disturbances in restored forest management would increase stand structure and diversity, accelerating the establishment of a more natural, and likely more functional and resilient forest.

Spatio-temporal variation of water salinity in mangroves revealed by continuous monitoring and its relationship to floristic diversity

Salinity is among the most critical factors limiting the growth and species distribution of coastal plants. Water salinity in estuarine ecosystems varies temporally and spatially, but the variation patterns across different time scales and salinity fluctuation have rarely been quantified. The effects of salinity on floristic diversity in mangroves are not fully understood due to the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of salinity. In this study, we monitored water salinity at an interval of 10-min over one year in three mangrove catchment areas representing the outer part, middle part, and inner part respectively of Dongzhai Bay, Hainan, China. The number of mangrove community types and dominant mangrove species of the three catchment areas were also investigated. We found that the diurnal variation and dry-season intra-month variation in water salinity were driven by tidal cycles. The seasonal variation in water salinity was mainly driven by rainfall with higher salinity occurring in the dry season and lower salinity occurring in the wet season. Spatially, water salinity was highest at the outer part, intermediate at the middle part, and lowest at the inner part of the bay. The intra-month and annual fluctuations of water salinity were highest at the middle part and lowest at the outer part of the bay. The number of mangrove community types and dominant species were lowest at the outer part, intermediate at the middle part, and highest at the inner part of the bay. These results suggest that the temporal variation of water salinity in mangroves is driven by different factors at different time scales and therefore it is necessary to measure water salinity at different time scales to get a complete picture of the saline environment that mangroves experience. Spatially, lower salinity levels benefit mangrove species richness within a bay landscape, however, further research is needed to distinguish the effects of salinity fluctuation and salinity level in affecting mangrove species richness.

Pengembangan Buku Ilmiah Populer Keanekaragaman Mangrove Berbasis Pembelajaran Kontekstual Pada Materi Keanekaragaman Hayati di SMA

The school and the surrounding environment are learning resources for students, including the mangrove ecosystem. The innovation of utilizing contextual-based learning resources regarding mangroves has the potential to be used as material for making learning media such as popular science books. This study uses the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The test subjects consisted of two biology teachers, eight class X students of SMAN 1 Kuala Tungkal, and two teachers of biology at SMAN 1 Jambi City. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire. The data obtained is in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The validation results by material experts obtained 78.7% (good category), and the validation results by media experts obtained 91% (very good category). Trials by teachers obtained 84.58% (very good category), and small group trials received a percentage of 81.76% (very good category). Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the learning media for popular scientific books on mangrove diversity is suitable for use in the learning process both at school and in independent learning. This media can be used as an alternative learning media on biodiversity material.

Pendampingan Program Pengembangan Edu-Ekowisata Mangrove Desa Tanjung Tiram Kabupaten Konawe Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara

The service activity aims to provide an understanding to the youth organization regarding the potential of mangrove ecosystems to be developed as Edu-Ecotourism in Tanjung Tiram Village, North Moramo District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method of implementing this service was carried out education, practice, and mentoring. A questionnaire and data analysis were carried out descriptively to evaluate the increase in understanding of youth organization. The results of this community service activity showed that the understanding of youth organizations in Tanjung Tiram village increased regarding the conservation of the mangrove ecosystem and its potential to be developed as an edu-ecotourism village and in practice-assistance activities, 11 types of mangrove ecosystem constituents were identified in Tanjung Tiram Village. With a good understanding of the community and the high diversity of mangroves, Tanjung Tiram Village could be developed into a mangrove Edu-Ecotourism Village.

Floristic composition and carbon stock estimation under restored mangrove area in Bagan Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Harefa MS, Nasution Z, Tuhono E, Susilowati A. 2023. Floristic composition and carbon stock estimation under restored mangrove area in Bagan Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 2037-2044. Mangrove forests play an important role in the surrounding ecosystem, providing various complex ecosystem services such as coastal protection, food and medicine provision, water quality improvement, and habitat for various terrestrial and aquatic biota. However, forest degradation and conversion have destroyed the majority of mangrove habitats. Monoculture restoration of mangroves with local species has been carried out in various areas, including Bagan Serdang village in North Sumatra, to restore the degraded area. However, fewer studies have been conducted to assess the floristic diversity of monoculture restoration areas and their carbon stock storage estimation, especially in North Sumatra. This research aims to analyze vegetation diversity and estimate carbon stocks in a restoration area dominated by Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. species in Bagan Serdang village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was employed to identify species and measure tree diameter at breast height by creating plot lines that filled the observation area with 10 x 10 plots. Therefore, the Shannon Wiener diversity index (H') and allometric equations were used to determine mangrove diversity and biomass. The study's findings revealed that A. marina had the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) at all growth stages, including seedlings, saplings, and trees, with values of 89.12, 190.91, and 263.14%, respectively. The seedling stages had the highest diversity, with a value of 1.241. The total amount of CO2 absorbed is 200.67 tons/ha, and the total amount of carbon stored is 54.67MgC H-1.

Characteristics and Diversity of Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans) Pneumatophores in a Deforested and Sand-Filled Forest at Eagle Island, Niger Delta Nigeria

Pneumatophores are a major channel of oxygen circulation in mangrove forest. It is hypothesized that soil condition, canopy cover and stagnant pool of water can influence pneumatophore growth rate. Pneumatophore characteristics i.e., abundance, diversity in root types, microbial and chemical composition in sand-filled mangrove forest was studied. Six plots were established within a rectangular area measuring 4152.24 m2 in a rand@om block design to investigate the effect of soil conditions on pneumatophore growth. A total of 9,586 pneumatophores were physically counted and differentiated into four types namely 1-branch, 2-branch, 3-branch, and 4-branch pneumatophores. Soil samples were also collected, and the physico-chemistry determined in the laboratory. The ANOVA results shows that there is significant difference in the abundance of pneumatophore types (F3, 20 = 7.61, p<.001). The most abundant pneumatophore type is the one branch pneumatophore (n=4747) while the least is the four branched pneumatophores. The stagnant pool site with silty and muddy soil has the most abundant pneumatophore growth whereas plots in the seashore site with sandy soil has the least abundant pneumatophores. In contrast, the seashore site has the highest diversity (H=1.367), which means more root types (i.e., 2-, 3- and 4-branch) while the stagnant pool has the lowest diversity (H=0.956), which means more of the 1-branch type. Metal concentration was higher in the stagnant pool site while microbial count is higher in the seashore site. The study shows that soil condition, canopy cover, stagnant pool plus tidal action influenced pneumatophore growth, which means that deforestation of mangrove trees leads to poor soil formation (i.e., sandy soil) and affect root formation in mangrove soil. Therefore, the destruction of mangrove trees should be discouraged to prevent soil degradation.

Oceanographic connectivity explains the intra-specific diversity of mangrove forests at global scales

The distribution of mangrove intra-specific biodiversity can be structured by historical demographic processes that enhance or limit effective population sizes. Oceanographic connectivity (OC) may further structure intra-specific biodiversity by preserving or diluting the genetic signatures of historical changes. Despite its relevance for biogeography and evolution, the role of oceanographic connectivity in structuring the distribution of mangrove's genetic diversity has not been addressed at global scale. Here we ask whether connectivity mediated by ocean currents explains the intra-specific diversity of mangroves. A comprehensive dataset of population genetic differentiation was compiled from the literature. Multigenerational connectivity and population centrality indices were estimated with biophysical modeling coupled with network analyses. The variability explained in genetic differentiation was tested with competitive regression models built upon classical isolation-by-distance (IBD) models considering geographic distance. We show that oceanographic connectivity can explain the genetic differentiation of mangrove populations regardless of the species, region, and genetic marker (significant regression models in 95% of cases, with an average R-square of 0.44 ± 0.23 and Person's correlation of 0.65 ± 0.17), systematically improving IBD models. Centrality indices, providing information on important stepping-stone sites between biogeographic regions, were also important in explaining differentiation (R-square improvement of 0.06 ± 0.07, up to 0.42). Wefurther show that ocean currents produce skewed dispersal kernels for mangroves, highlighting the role of rare long-distance dispersal events responsible for historical settlements. Overall, we demonstrate the role of oceanographic connectivity in structuring mangrove intra-specific diversity. Our findings are critical for mangroves' biogeography and evolution, but also for management strategies considering climate change and genetic biodiversity conservation.

The impact of mangroves in small-holder shrimp ponds in south-west Bangladesh on productivity and economic and environmental resilience

Aquaculture production in extensive shrimp ponds along mangrove coasts may be influenced by many factors such as pond size, pond management, species diversity of mangroves and aquaculture species used, as well as the position and abundance of mangroves in the ponds. A growing number of studies indicate the potential positive effects of mangrove presence on pond productivity. In this study we aimed to assess the influence of mangrove presence on pond production characteristics as observed in the south-western coastal region of Bangladesh where mangroves grow largely naturally in aquaculture ponds. Using structured interviews we quantified a large number of pond production parameters from mangrove-associated shrimp aquaculture in ponds with a wide range of mangrove coverage (0% - >50%) including total costs, revenues and net profits. The 435 ponds for which data were collected were distributed among 61 villages in four regional clusters. The regions differed significantly in terms of the species present, the total coverage of mangroves, and their position in and around the ponds. Mangrove presence in the ponds correlated strongly with pond productivity and farm profits. Mangrove presence was significantly associated with smaller ponds which had higher input costs and revenue per unit pond area than larger ponds but lower net profitability. Notwithstanding our large sample size, and contrary to our expectations, this study was not able to identify clear profit benefits of the association of mangroves with shrimp ponds. Among various possible explanations, we suggest that, as currently observed in Bangladesh, the presence of mangroves in aquaculture ponds yields little or at most sub-optimal financial benefits. Hence, our results seem to indicate that there is great scope for improving of mangrove-use in shrimp aquaculture. In that, one can expect the largest potential benefit of associating mangroves with shrimp culture in large ponds (“scale benefit”) in which mangroves are presently not being used. The great potential for mangroves to help boost pond productivity and bolster farm economic and environmental resilience clearly remains largely untapped. Our results suggest that further work is needed to help farmers better select appropriate mangrove species, the most suitable locations for planting mangroves and the best percentage of mangrove pond coverage to boost shrimp production. As our cross-sectional study only provides a baseline of mangrove association with shrimp ponds additional, properly controlled experiments following the “Before-after-control-impact (BACI)” design are also needed in order to be able to discern the true causal effects of mangroves on aquaculture production.

Crustaceans functional diversity in mangroves and adjacent mudflats of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

The effects of mangrove vegetation on functional features of crustacean assemblages were investigated using the Biological Traits Analysis (BTA). The study was carried out at four major sites in the arid mangrove ecosystem of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Samples of Crustacea and associated environmental variables were taken seasonally (February 2018 and June 2019) from two habitats: a vegetated area with both mangrove trees and pneumatophores, and an adjacent mudflat. In each site, functional traits for the species were assigned using seven categories based on bioturbation, adult mobility, feeding habits and life-strategy traits. The results showed that the crabs (i.e., Opusia indica, Nasima dotilliformis and Ilyoplax frater) were widely distributed across all sites and habitats. The vegetated habitats supported higher taxonomic diversity than the mudflats, which highlights the importance of mangrove structural complexity for crustacean assemblages. Species inhabiting vegetated habitats were characterized by stronger presence of conveyor building species, detritivore, predator, grazer, lecithotrophic larval development, body size of 50–100 mm, and swimmer trait modalities. While, mudflat habitat enhanced the occurrences of surface deposit feeder, planktotrophic larval development, body size of <5 mm, and life span of 2–5 years. The results of our study showed that taxonomic diversity increased from the mudflats to the mangrove vegetated habitats. However, functional diversity did not differ between habitats. The significant differences in species and functional trait composition were observed between vegetated habitats and adjacent mudflats, stressing that different habitats may harbor different species and trait sets, likely as a result of habitat complexity. The use of taxonomic and functional attributes generate complementary information that can helps us to reach more efficient conclusions in terms of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functionality in mangrove ecosystems.

Catching the Drift of Marine Invertebrate Diversity through Digital Repositories—A Case Study of the Mangroves and Seagrasses of Maputo Bay, Mozambique

Mangroves and seagrasses present with high marine macroinvertebrate biodiversity that contributes to their structure and functioning. Macroinvertebrates possess a broad range of functional traits, making them excellent models for biodiversity and available-trait-based studies. This study aimed to characterize the biodiversity of marine macroinvertebrates as two different ecosystems situated along the coastline of Maputo Bay by compiling dispersed data from online databases. Specifically, this study addressed species richness, taxonomic and functional diversity based on two traits (habitat occupation and trophic guild), and the community structure of these traits. Mangroves presented with a higher species richness and taxonomic diversity than seagrasses. The functional diversity of mangroves was mostly explained by the trophic guild trait. In the case of seagrasses, functional diversity was mostly due to differences in habitat occupation in the 20th century, but the trophic guild accounted for this functional diversity from 2000 onwards. The comparison of community compositions between the two ecosystems showed low or no similarity. The use of digital databases revealed some limitations, mostly regarding the sampling methods and individual counts. The trends and data gaps presented in this study can be further used to inform subsequent systematic data acquisition and support the development of future research. A further step that may be taken to improve the use of digital data in future biodiversity studies is to fully incorporate functional traits, abundance and sampling methods into online databases.

Rhizophoraceae Flower and Fruit Morphology as Evidence of Resilience of Mangrove Revegetation in Lembar West Lombok

The stability of the mangrove ecosystem is influenced by climate change. One indicator of the resilience of mangrove species is the emergence of reproductive organs (flowers and fruit). The purpose of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of fruit and flowers as evidence of the resilience of mangrove revegetation in West Lombok. This research was conducted in a mangrove area on the coast of West Lombok. The samples of this study were all species of the Rhizoporaceae family from revegetation. Mangrove data which includes the names of revegetation mangrove species from the Rhizoporaceae family using the transect method. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis was conducted to describe the types of mangroves. Quantitative analysis was conducted to explain the diversity of mangrove species. Mangrove diversity can be determined using the diversity theory by Shannon-Wienner (H'). Based on the results of mangrove data which includes the names of revegetated mangrove species from the Rhizophoraceae family, three mangrove species were found, namely Rhizophora mucronate, Rhizophora stylosa, and Rhizophora apiculata which identified the morphological characteristics of the fruit and flowers. The results of this study indicate the results of the diversity index value H'1 &lt; H'&lt; 3, then the diversity index is categorized as medium. So it can be concluded that the morphological characteristics of fruit and flowers in the Rhizophoraceae family can be used as evidence of the resilience of mangrove revegetation results.

Development of Mangrove Revegetation in Increasing the Availability of Food Materials from the Existence of Association Biota in Central Lombok

Mangrove forest is an ecosystem that functions as a habitat for various animals and biota, but mangrove damage has a negative impact on the diversity of associated biota and the availability of food materials. This study aims to determine the development of mangrove revegetation in increasing the availability of food materials from the presence of associated biota in Central Lombok. Primary data collected from quadratic sampling along the line transects were further analyzed to determine mangrove diversity and dispersion indices as well as macrofauna diversity, uniformity, dominance and abundance indices. The results of the analysis of mangroves, the highest diversity index was in Dondon Beach at 1.52, Tanjung Batutiang at 1.49 and Gili Perigi at 1.42, while the highest dispersion index at Gili Perigi at 0.61, Tanjung Batutiang at 0.55 and Dondon Beach at 0.51. Furthermore, the results of macrofauna analysis showed that the highest diversity index was in Tanjung Batutiang at 2.59, Dondon Beach at 2.51 and Gili Perigi at 2.49, the highest uniformity index at Tanjung Batutiang at 0.82, Dondon Beach at 0.80 and Gili Perigi at 0.79, the highest dominance index at Tanjung Batutiang at 0.91, on Gili Perigi and Dondon Beach of 0.89, the highest abundance index on Dondon Beach of 3.05, on Gili Perigi and Dondon Beach of 2.71. The conclusion of this study is that mangrove revegetation has succeeded in increasing the availability of food material in terms of the presence of macrofauna in Central Lombok.