Bird Species Diversity Research Articles

Shelterwood harvests promote high breeding bird diversity and shrubland species for less than 10 years in hardwood forests

We compared forest structure and breeding bird communities between shelterwood harvests (SW; n = 15) and mature upland hardwood forests (M; n = 16) over 17 years (Y). Both were relatively static throughout the study period in M. In contrast, heavy canopy reduction and increased light after timber harvests in SW initiated rapid increases in small tree stem densities and shrub cover driven primarily by blackberry (Rubus spp.) - a clonal shrub that “pioneers” recently disturbed, high-light environments. This open-canopy forest structure with low, dense vegetation was short-lived; young trees reached canopy closure within 10 years, with concomitant reductions in blackberry cover and stem density. Total abundance, species richness, and diversity of breeding birds was greater in SW than M, especially the first several years post-harvest; in Y6 these metrics were more than twice as high in SW as in M. Higher abundance, richness, and diversity in SW was driven by an influx of shrubland associates (indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea), chestnut-sided warblers (Setophaga pensylvanica), Eastern towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)) and positive or neutral responses by most other species; only ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) were more abundant in M. Abundances of shrubland bird species in particular tracked temporal changes in SW forest structure but each differed slightly in their patterns of increase, peak (with 15–26 times more in SW than M), and decline. By Y10 breeding bird communities in SW resembled those in M, although total abundance, species richness, and diversity remained slightly higher in SW throughout the study period. Total abundance, species richness, diversity, and abundance of shrubland bird species were positively- and ovenbird was negatively correlated with blackberry cover, indicating that it is a suitable stand-alone predictor of post-disturbance young forest and changes in breeding bird communities as forests mature. Our results show that young hardwood forests provide habitat for shrubland bird species and promote high breeding bird diversity for <10 years.

Species Diversity and Relative Abundance of Birds of Prey in North Western Region of Nigeria

The study aimed to determine the abundance of birds of prey in in North Western Region of Nigeria, carried out between September, 2022 and January 2023, with a view to providing information in a bid to establish a baseline for conservation for this group of birds. Road transect line method was used to collect data on bird diversity, abundance and distribution and each site was surveyed twice every month during the study period. Bird observation was carried out twice daily; morning between 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. and evening between 4:00 to 6:30p.m. The species relative abundance index was used to find the relative abundance in the region, whereas Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H′) was used to determine species diversity. A total of thirty two (32) species of 3 families were recorded including species of global conservation concern during this study, indicating that the North western region of Nigeria is an important breeding, roosting, and feeding habitat for several raptor species. The findings from this study provide evidence that the areas can serve as a refuge for birds. Therefore, conservation efforts should as well be directed towards making communities view human occupied areas as a habitat for birds, and not as a lost habitat.

Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland)

Agriculturally used meadows are habitats whose biodiversity depends on anthropogenic disturbances such as fertilization or mowing. Intensified agricultural practices (too frequent mowing, use of mineral fertilizers and insecticides) lead to declines in the abundance and species diversity of the biota inhabiting them. The intensification of agricultural production in north-eastern Poland relates primarily to the increase in cattle numbers and the intensification of grassland management, but many areas were included in Natura 2000 network. Our study was aimed at indicating the impact of diverse use of meadows on the species richness and diversity of invertebrates, amphibians, and birds in the grasslands of Narew river valley, Special Bird Protection Area, where the intensification of grassland use was noted in the last decades, and part of the meadows was included in the agri-environmental program. The agri-environmental program is a very good tool for the protection of grassland biotic diversity. The highest taxonomic richness and diversity of the studied animal groups were found in meadows included in these programs with extensive use, while the lowest was in the over- and intensively used meadows fertilized with mineral fertilizers and liquid manure. Only the meadows in the agri-environment program were inhabited by the fire-bellied toad and the tree frog - amphibians from Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. The number of breeding bird species globally threatened (IUCN Red List), listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, and with negative population trend in Europe (SPEC1–3) was highest in meadows included in EU conservation programs. The main factors reducing biotic diversity in the grassland of flooded river valley were the high number of grassland mowing per season, intensive fertilization, especially with liquid manure, the great distance of meadows to the river, low soil humidity, and low share of shrubs and trees in the meadows border zone.

Diversity and abundance of avifauna in the Suba Forest area, central Ethiopia

Birds are one of the best-described taxa, but detailed knowledge about most bird species in Ethiopia remains rare, which hinders the development and evaluation of conservation strategies in the region. In this study, we estimated bird species diversity and abundance in the Suba Forest area (comprising natural forest and adjacent plantation forest and farmland) in central Ethiopia, during the dry and wet seasons in 2021. Bird data were collected using line transects or point counts in each habitat type. Two-way ANOVA was applied to evaluate the effect of habitat and season on bird species richness and abundance. A total of 132 bird species belonging to 51 families were recorded during the study. Of these, 124 are residents, 4 are endemic to Ethiopia, 11 are endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea, and 4 are near endemics (one largely confined to Ethiopia and the others with their core populations in Ethiopia and Eritrea). Habitat type and season both had significant effects on species abundance and richness. Species diversity was highest in natural forest during the wet season, and lowest in farmland during the dry season. Plantation forest and farmland shared similar avian communities, with both being human-altered habitats in close proximity to each other. Native forest supported the highest number of bird species, which confirms the Suba Forest area’s great potential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable wildlife tourism. Continuous monitoring of this area and effective implementation of conservation measures will provide beneficial outcomes for not only avifauna but other taxa.

Bird diversity in several land use types in Boyolali, Central Java

Land use changes were thought to affect the diversity and feeding guilds of bird species. This research aims to determine the effect of five land use types (rice fields, settlements, cropland, tree plantation, and secondary forest) on species diversity and feeding guilds of bird species in Boyolali Regency. Methods used were the standard point count and the MacKinnon species list. Bird data were analyzed using the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, and Sorensen community similarity. The total species recorded was 46 species from 26 families. The land use types with the lowest to the highest number of species are settlements, rice field, tree plantations, cropland, and secondary forests. The highest number of species found was in secondary forest (n = 25), along with the highest richness (DMg = 4.17), diversity (H′ = 2.689), and evenness (J′ = 0.835) indices. Although the secondary forest has the highest number of species and indices, other land uses in rural areas also serve as good bird habitats. The insectivorous, frugivorous, and granivorous guilds were found in all land use types. The carnivorous guilds were only found in secondary forests.

Exploring the relationship between bird diversity and anxiety and mood disorder hospitalisation rates

AbstractNatural environments provide a myriad of health benefits, yet the role of species diversity within these spaces remains underexplored. Bird diversity may yield mental health benefits for humans, through birdsong or feelings of connection to nature. In an initial effort to establish whether bird diversity may be linked with human health in a US context and to test the consistency in such trends from year to year, we combine widely available community (aka citizen) science data (eBird) estimating bird diversity across the state of Michigan with anxiety/mood disorder hospitalisation records (2008–18). We found a negative, significant association between bird species diversity and anxiety/mood disorder hospitalisations (β = −0.36, 95% CI = −0.69 to −0.04). The relationship between bird diversity and hospitalisations found at this scale is significant, given the potential for biodiversity to affect severe mental health outcomes. Thus, these initial findings should be further explored in studies with finer resolution of exposure to bird species and longitudinal or experimental designs that account for other demographic characteristics, risk factors and other neighbourhood features. If future studies confirm these findings, there are important implications for urban greening efforts, some of which are explicitly focused on increasing bird habitat.

Bird community to be developed for birdwatching in Buperta Cibubur Urban Forest, Jakarta

The urban forest of Buperta Cibubur as a recreational and educational site can be developed for birdwatching. This study aims to identify the bird species in four tracks (ranging from 1.9-2.9 km across the built area, open area, 2 tracks in the sparse forest, and thick forest), and provide recommendations (tracks, timing, potential species found) for birdwatching activity. Bird data was collected in March-April 2022, using the standard point count method (replicated three times), in the early morning and late afternoon, totaling 90 observation hours. There were 39 species from 25 families found in all tracks. The thick forest and the built area had the highest number of species (both 27 species). The built area also had the highest bird abundance (1098 individuals). Meanwhile, sparse forest#2 had the least species (19). Some birds were common in all tracks, including Sooty-headed Bulbul, Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker, and Small Minivet. Other attractive and rare species found in the thick forest were the Blue-eared Kingfisher and Javan Blue-flycatcher. The most effective time to conduct birdwatching is suggested at 6-7 am and 4:30-5:30 pm, especially in built areas, forests, and open area tracks. As birdwatching is relatively new in Jakarta, while Buperta has a diverse bird species in the urban area, we recommend developing a birdwatching activity in Buperta.

Features of land use and tourism and recreation activities in the territory of national nature parks

The article examines issues related to the peculiarities of the functioning of land use and the conduct of tourist and recreational activities on the territory of national natural parks. The essence of the concept of “nature protection territories” was determined and the trend of development of nature protection territories was analyzed. The main functions are justified, which are to protect the environment and contribute to the comprehensive development of territories. It was determined that the core of nature conservation areas consists of the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, which include 11 categories on the territory of Ukraine. The assessment of the formation and functioning of nature protection territories was carried out on the example of Odesa region, and the study of the peculiarities of land use and tourist and recreational activities was carried out on the example of the local territory of the Nizhny Dniester National Park, which is determined by the species diversity of birds, the Dniester delta occupies one of the first places among the most valuable natural territories in Europe . An assessment of the functional zoning of the NPP territory was carried out and the allocated zones: protected — 44.07 %; regulated recreation — 35.62 %; stationary recreation — 0.05 %; economic — 20.26 % of the total territory of the park. Grounded features of land use and the conduct of tourist, recreational and economic activities within each of the functional zones.

Ecological analysis of bird fauna in the territories of water treatment facilities at Kharkiv region

Purpose. Analysis of the avifauna on the territory of water treatment facilities to assess their importance in the support and conservation of birds at Kharkiv region. Methods. Field survey: records of birds on permanent routes. Statistical analysis. Results. Avifauna of water treatment facilities (hereinafter WTF) at Kharkiv region in 2019 - 2023 amounted to 195 species from 17 orders and 44 families. Passeriformes birds dominated (37.7%; n=159), Charadriiformes (16.6%) and Anseriformes (12.1%) subdominated. A minority of other orders (Accipitriformes (4.5%), Ciconiiformes (3.2%), Columbiformes (3.2%)) was recorded. WTF are important for nesting of 80 species (53.3%; n=195), and are also a trophic base for 44 (27.7%) wandering, 28 (17.6%) migratory and 7 (4.4%) wintering bird species. Among 11 faunal groups, limnophilic 18.5% (n=159), boreal (15.9%) and tropical (13.4%) dominated. The nesting avifauna is formed mainly by tropical (16.9%; n = 80), limnophilic (13.0%) and forest-steppe - 13.0% groups. Conclusions. The research suggests that man-made areas of water treatment facilities are important for maintaining species diversity of birds, as they are a place of concentration of both widespread and rare species during all seasons of the year. In total, 159 species of birds were found nesting or staying in different seasons on the territory of water treatment facilities at Kharkiv region, most of which are rare and endangered: listed in the Red Book of Kharkiv region (15 species) and the Red Book of Ukraine (13 species); species of concern in Europe (Bonn and Bern Conventions).

Species Diversity and Relative Abundance of Birds of Prey in North Western Region of Nigeria

The study aimed to determine the abundance of birds of prey in in North Western Region of Nigeria, carried out between September, 2022 and January 2023, with a view to providing information in a bid to establish a baseline for conservation for this group of birds. Road transect line method was used to collect data on bird diversity, abundance and distribution and each site was surveyed twice every month during the study period. Bird observation was carried out twice daily; morning between 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. and evening between 4:00 to 6:30p.m. The species relative abundance index was used to find the relative abundance in the region, whereas Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H′) was used to determine species diversity. A total of thirty two (32) species of 3 families were recorded including species of global conservation concern during this study, indicating that the North western region of Nigeria is an important breeding, roosting, and feeding habitat for several raptor species. The findings from this study provide evidence that the areas can serve as a refuge for birds. Therefore, conservation efforts should as well be directed towards making communities view human occupied areas as a habitat for birds, and not as a lost habitat.

Diversity of bird agroforestry species in Sapen Nusantara Conservation Park of Mount Arjuno, Pasuruan

The Sapen Nusantara Conservation forest park is agroforestry that has certain vegetation. The vegetation in Sapen Nusantara Protected forest park seems to support the existence of birds as wildlife that need a living habitat. The existence of bird species in Sapen Nusantara Protected forest park is very important in supporting agroforestry vegetation. However, until now the diversity of bird species there has not been identified and recorded properly. The forest is one of the buffer forests of Mount Arjuno protection forest, so the ecosystem must be maintained. This study aims to analyze the diversity of bird species in the agroforest forest area in Sapen Nusantara Conservation forest park, Ledug Village, Pasuruan. The research was conducted in July 2021 using the direct observation method (point count) on ecotourism routes by calculating and recording the trails traversed using GPS, sampling by observing walking along the path/road accompanied by predetermined observation points, identification based on MacKinnon et al., (2010) and information on the status of its protection. Data analysis used the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness index, and species richness index. The results of the study identified 18 bird species from 16 families with a total of 169 individuals. Of all the birds found, 18 species are listed in IUCN status, and 4 are listed in the protected status PP No. P.106 of 2018 and 3 species are listed in the CITES category Appendix II. It is known that the Shannon diversity index (H'=2,547) is in the medium diversity category. species evenness index (E=0.9) with a high evenness category and stable community. Then the specific wealth index (R=3.31) with the category of species richness is classified as medium. The presence of birds in the Sapen Nusantara conservation park forest indicates that the ecosystem in the forest is still maintained and this cannot be separated from the role of the community, especially the Ledug Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan (LMDH), which manages and maintains the forest.

Heterothermic Migration Strategies in Flying Vertebrates.

Migration is a widespread and highly variable trait among animals. Population-level patterns arise from individual-level decisions, including physiological and energetic constraints. Many aspects of migration are influenced by behaviors and strategies employed during periods of stopover, where migrants may encounter variable or unpredictable conditions. Thermoregulation can be a major cost for homeotherms which largely encounter ambient temperatures below the lower critical temperature during migration, especially during the rest phase of the daily cycle. In this review we describe the empirical evidence, theoretical models, and potential implications of bats and birds that use heterothermy to reduce thermoregulatory costs during migration. Torpor-assisted migration is a strategy described for migrating temperate insectivorous bats, whereby torpor can be used during periods of inactivity to drastically reduce thermoregulatory costs and increase net refueling rate, leading to shorter stopover duration, reduced fuel load requirement, and potential consequences for broad-scale movement patterns and survival. Hummingbirds can adopt a similar strategy, but most birds are not capable of torpor. However, there is an increasing recognition of the use of more shallow heterothermic strategies by diverse bird species during migration, with similarly important implications for migration energetics. A growing body of published literature and preliminary data from ongoing research indicate that heterothermic migration strategies in birds may be more common than traditionally appreciated. We further take a broad evolutionary perspective to consider heterothermy as an alternative to migration in some species, or as a conceptual link to consider alternatives to seasonal resource limitations. There is a growing body of evidence related to heterothermic migration strategies in bats and birds, but many important questions related to the broader implications of this strategy remain.

Bird Species Diversity, Distribution, and Community Composition in Different Forest Types in Papua New Guinea

This study investigates the species diversity, distribution, and community composition of birds in different forest types in Papua New Guinea in response to environmental factors. The study further focused on individual feeding guilds. The analyzed data originate from 13 sites across the country. Each site was surveyed by standardized point count methods (seven point count 50-m radius points, 15 min per point). In total, we recorded 6,835 bird individuals belonging to 231 bird species. Specifically, this article addresses the results of surveys of bird communities of Forest Inventory from 13 sites that include the Eastern Highlands, Western Highlands, Morobe, and Madang provinces. We analyze these data in respect to various forest types that include disturbed and undisturbed selections. Across the complete study, the number of species rose rapidly for the first 40 point counts and then decelerated but continued to increase for the entire sampling, which means that not whole regional diversity of birds was surveyed. Yet, the species accumulation curves within each study site demonstrate a slow but steady increase in species diversity, with observed numbers close to those predicted by Chao 1. Species diversity was not consistent with elevation. Insectivores dominated bird communities, followed by frugivorous, nectarivores, and especially carnivores more rarely observed. Individual species have shown preferences in their distribution for specific elevations, but less so for a particular disturbance intensity.

Bird Biodiversity and Ringing Data Analysis at Shakpak Pass in the Tanirtau (2017-2022)

The Shakpak Pass, located in the foothills of the Western Tien Shan, is a significant migration route for birds. This work presents the ringing data collected between 2017 and 2022, providing insights into the diversity, abundance, and seasonal occurrence of bird species at the pass. The study reveals several key findings, including the identification of rare species, the documentation of migration patterns for both passerine and non-passerine species, and the notable reappearance of a species that had been absent for an extended period. These results deepen our understanding of avian ecology and biodiversity and underscore the importance of long-term monitoring efforts for effective conservation strategies.

Population Dynamics of Avian Diversity in the District Okara, Pakistan

Pakistan has a varied bird fauna, with over 790 species recorded and their distribution in three zoogeographical zones (Oriental, Palearctic, and Ethiopian), which is exceptional in the world. The data on avian diversity and abundance in the district Okara, Punjab was carried out from January 2022 to January 2023. Data were collected by direct, indirect, and flocks count methods on four transect points used in the study by visiting the field and by interviewing the local people and hunters about the current and past status of the avian fauna of the area. Okara district contains a major wetland for both local and international migratory birds, including falcons, gulls, plovers, snipes, waders, and long-distance migrating birds. A total of 201 avian species of 19 orders and 54 families were recorded. These included 54 winter migrant species, 23 summer migrants, 13 passage migrants, 1 year-round visitor, and 110 resident species. The spotting of seven globally threatened species and three vulnerable also highlights the importance of this area for avian species. A total of 80 species were recorded in the Passeriformes order. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed that Transect Point 1 (H′ = 4.906) had the largest diversity of birds, followed by Transect Points 2, 3, and 1, i.e., 4.778, 4.672, and 4.679. Species evenness has varied among transects based on diversity, with values of 0.7266 (TP 1), 0.6719 (TP 2), 0.7082 (TP 3), and 0.7226. (TP 4). The Simpson index (1-D) for Transect Points 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 0.991, 0.9872, 0.9883, and 0.9888, indicating that Transect Points 1 and 2 had the maximum bird species diversity. The findings revealed that the Okara district is home to a large number of resident migratory and endangered bird species. As a result, it is critical to conserving its habitat as well as bird variety by overcoming serious challenges.

Diversity, composition and conservation status of avian fauna in the forest and the wetland sites of Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary, India

Almost, in all flora and fauna, the species richness is affected by environmental changes; hence it is important to survey regularly to understand the current composition and diversity of different wildlife species in an ecosystem. The present study surveyed to assess the species distribution, conservation status, abundance and diversity of birds using the point count method, at two different habitats, a wetland (BhikundJheel; BJ) and a forest (Arjun Van; AV) in Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary, India. We surveyed early in the morning (before and after sunrise) and evening (before sunset) for 20 min at every point from January 2019 to April 2019. A total of 96 bird species were recorded, which belong to the 40 families and 15 orders. Out of 96 species, we recorded 67 resident bird species and 29 migratory bird species. The number of bird species specific to the type of habitat was higher in BhikundJheel than those in Arjun Van. The species richness and abundance were higher in the wetland (81; 5605)than in the forest habitat(45; 1716); however, evenness (J’) and diversity [Shannon-Weiner (H’) and Simpson diversity (D)]indices were higher in the forest habitat (J’: 0.827, H’: 3.420, D: 0.960) than in the wetland habitat (J’: 0.669, H’: 2.940, D: 0.827). Overall, we found that in the wetland habitats had more species richness than in the forests.

The Elevational Gradient of Bird Beta Diversity in the Meili Snow Mountains, Yunnan Province, China.

Understanding the elevational patterns of beta diversity in mountain regions is a long-standing problem in biogeography and ecology. Previous research has generally focused on the taxonomy facet on a large scale, but was limited with regard to multi-facet beta diversity. Accordingly, we constructed a multi-dimensional (taxonomic/phylogenetic/functional) framework to analyze the underlying mechanisms of beta diversity. Within an approximately 2000 m altitudinal range (from 2027 m to 3944 m) along the eastern slope of the Meili Snow Mountains in Deqin County, Yunnan Province, China, we performed field surveys of breeding and non-breeding birds in September/2011 and May/2012, respectively. In total, 132 bird species were recorded during the fieldwork. The results indicated that taxonomic beta diversity contributed 56% of the bird species diversity, and its turnover process dominated the altitudinal pattern of taxon beta diversity; beta phylogenetic diversity contributed 42% of the bird phylogenetic diversity, and its turnover process also appeared to be stronger than the nestedness. For both taxonomy and phylogeny, the null models standardized measures (SES.βsim/SES.βsne/SES.βsor) of paired dissimilarities between elevation zones all showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) and were higher than expected (SES.β > 0). However, standardized functional beta diversity showed convergence along the elevational gradient with no significant change. Moreover, the functional beta diversity contributed 50% of the bird functional diversity; there was no significant difference between the turnover and the nestedness-resultant component. Based on these results, we discerned that taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity patterns among the elevational zone were overdispersed, which indicated that limiting similarity dominated the turnover process among the bird species and phylogenetic communities in the Meili Snow Mountains.

Bird Diversity in Paddy Field Habitats During The Paddy Ripening Phase (Oryza sativa L.) Jurong Peujeura Village, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia

Birds are organisms that can be found in a variety of habitats. One of the bird habitats is paddy fields. Birds found in paddy fields generally carry out activities such as foraging, breeding, and competing. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in paddy field habitats during the paddy ripening phase (Oryza sativa L.). The study was conducted from April to June 2022. The location of the study was Jurong Peujera Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency. This study used the Point Count method with a radius of 50 m and a distance between points of 150 m. Observations were made at 9 observation points with 4 repetitions, in which the duration of observations was 10 minutes at each observation point. The observation was conducted in the morning and evening at 06.30-10.00 AM and 03.30-05.00 PM. The results obtained were 2586 bird individuals consisting of 14 species from 11 families. The species with the highest number of individuals are Lonchura punctulata with 1535 individuals and Bubulcus ibis with 637 individuals. The highest percentage of families by species is Ardeidae (22%), and Estrildidae (15%). The Shannon-Wiener bird species diversity index in the paddy field area during paddy ripening phase was obtained H'=1.24 which indicates the level of diversity of the bird species is moderate. Meanwhile, based on the dominance index, Simpson shows a value of C=0.42 which indicates a low bird dominance level. The low level of bird dominance is due to the moderate diversity of species in the paddy field area.

Bird population dynamics during the regenerative succession of mossy pine woodland in southwestern Belarus

Disturbed forest ecosystems are characterized by significant spatial and temporal changes. As a part of the study on bird communities, changes in bird abundance during the secondary succession of a cleared mossy pine woodland in southwestern Belarus were investigated. The purpose of the work was to determine the inter-annual dynamics of bird species abundance and to assess the variability of individual species abundance during the secondary succession of the mossy pine woodland. The material was collected in 2000–2019. Line transects were set to conduct bird counts in ecosystems at different stages of succession. For the data processing, generally accepted methods of statistical analysis were used. The species diversity of birds was found to increase from 8 to 42 species, the overall abundance from 171.7 to 587.1 birds/km2 during the succession (6 stages, from 1 to 90 years in age). The abundance of species (birds/km2) and inter-annual variability during 11 seasons were determined. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the highest (71.00–82.50%) for species whose abundance did not exceed 1.0 birds/km2. The average abundance of species varied considerably, e.g., among passerines at the 80–90-year old stage from 1.1 birds/km2 (Little Flycatcher) to 153.7 birds/km2 (Chaffinch). Bird populations with high abundance turned out to be the most stable, for example at the last two successional stages the CV of the Chaffinch is 6.02 and 7.16%. For species with average abundance the variability is found to be low or medium (varies from 11.90 to 36.20%), for species with low abundance the CV varies from 17.68 to 82.50%. All six stages of succession were dominated by nesting migratory birds, which account for 75.0% of the species in the first stage of succession to 52.4% in the fifth and sixth stages. Near and distant migrants form the basis of the bird community at all stages. Populations of sedentary species and distant migrants are more stable than those of near migrants.

The Impact Of Palm Oil Plantations On Bird Diversity In Palm Oil Estates In Nagari Salareh Aia, Palembayan Sub-District, Agam District

This study aimed to see the effect of the existence of oil palm agricultural land on bird populations in the Agam area of West Sumatra Province. Observations were made directly by taking primary and secondary data.The species of birds that were identified during the observations were Pycnonotus goiaver (Merbah Cerocok) important value index 68.75 %, Streptopelia chinensis (Tekukur) IVI 42.50, Prinia familiaris (Prenjak Java) IVI 35.00 %, Colocalia esculenta (Cow Swallow) IVI 18.75 %, Copsychus saularis musicus (Murai) IVI 13.75 %, Halcyon smyrnensis (Javanese gecko) IVI 8.75 %, Rhipidura javanica (Stripe fan) IVI 6.25 % and Porzana cinerea (White Eyebrow Rat) with IVI 6.25%. The diversity of bird species in the oil palm plantations is low because only 8 bird species were found. The results of this study were basic data that need to be developed because there are effects that need to be multiplied further. The existence of oil palm plantations has an effect on the diversity of animal populations, especially birds around the land.