Diversity Of Language Use Research Articles

Level of Language Formality in ‘Perahu Kertas’ (2009) by Dee Lestari: A Translation Perspective

As time progresses, variations or diversities in language are growing, either in terms of words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Something that is not missed from the spotlight is the difference in language procedures based on placement or situation. Diversity in language use can also be visible in any society life, such as in professional, education, business, or even daily interaction or conversation. This research is sociolinguistic research. One of the discussions in this research is the level of language formality. This research aims at analyzing the translation of the level of language formality. This research analyzes the translation of various forms of language formality from the 2009 Indonesian novel Perahu Kertas by Dee Lestari and the English version of Paper Boat (2017), which is translated by Tiffany Tsao. This research used the Language Formality theory by Joos (1967) from his book The Five Clocks: A Linguistic Excursion Into the Five Styles of English Usage. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, using qualitative data (textual), which is described descriptively. This research found that the novel used four types of levels of formality language, which are 57 data of casual style language, 43 data of consultative style language, 40 data of intimate style language, and seven data of formal style language. The frozen-style language has not been found

Language diversity across home and work contexts differentially impacts age- and menopause-related declines in cognitive control in healthy females.

Menopause is associated with declines in cognitive control. However, there is individual variability in the slope of this decline. Recent work suggests that indices of cognitive control are mediated by communicative demands of the language environment. However, little is known about how the impact of bilingual experience generalizes across the lifespan, particularly in females who exhibit steeper cognitive decline due to increasing age and menopausal transition. Thus, we investigated whether diversity of language use in distinct communicative contexts modulated the effects of aging and menopause on cognitive control in an adult lifespan sample of healthy females. We performed robust linear regressions on a sample of 120 females (age range 20-65 years) to characterize age- (n = 120) and menopause-related (n = 59) declines in cognitive control (as assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and to determine whether they are modulated by different facets of bilingual language experience, including the diversity of language use (i.e., language entropy) in home and workplace environments. Workplace but not home language diversity modulated age- and menopause-related declines in cognitive control, suggesting that females may compensate for decline by virtue of adapting to the externally imposed demands of the language environment. These findings have implications for identifying which aspects of bilingual experience may contribute to cognitive reserve in healthy aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Conditionals in Mandarin: A Corpus-based Study from A Semantic Perspective

This corpus-based study delves into the expression of conditional constructions in Mandarin Chinese, employing a detailed analysis of both written and spoken data derived from four commonly used Mandarin corpora. Utilizing a mixed qualitative method, the research focuses on four widely-used conditional markers: rúguǒ, jiǎrú, yàoshì, and yàobushì. The investigation aims to understand the syntactic function of these markers in initiating basic conditional statements, as well as to explore their varied use across different genres. The study reveals that while these markers share a common role in forming conditional sentences, they exhibit significant differences in terms of frequency of use and semantic nuances. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Mandarin syntax and semantics, highlighting the complexity and diversity of language use in different communicative contexts. The findings offer insights into the intricate ways in which Mandarin speakers express conditionality, enhancing the comprehension of this aspect of the language.

SELECTED ENGLISH IDIOMS AND SIMILES WITH FARM ANIMAL ZOONYMS AS THE SOURCE DOMAIN AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN SERBIAN

This paper presents an exploration of figurative comparison expressions featuring farm animal zoonyms in the English language and their possible equivalents in Serbian. Farm animal idioms are integral to linguistic discourse, contributing to the richness and diversity of language use. Their complexity often necessitates a deep understanding of cultural and contextual factors for their accurate interpretation, highlighting the potential for cross-cultural comparative studies to enrich our understanding of idiomatic expressions. These expressions transcend mere linguistic curiosities and play a vital role in meaning construction and imagery formation within discourse.
 The paper provides an overview of expressions divided into five categories according to the type of farm animal used as the source domain: bovines (cows and their male counterparts, bulls and oxen), equi (horses and mules), pigs, sheep and poultry, and attempts to assign an equivalent phrase in Serbian, comparing the usage between the two languages, in order to shed some light on the intricate interplay between language, culture, and cognition in the realm of idiomatic figurative expressions involving farm animals.

Multilingual Language Diversity Protects Native Language Production under Different Control Demands.

The use of multiple languages has been found to influence individuals' cognitive abilities. Although some studies have also investigated the effect of multilingualism on non-native language proficiency, fewer studies have focused on how multilingual experience affects native language production. This study investigated the effect of multilingualism on native language production, specifically examining control demands through a semantic Go/No-Go picture naming task. The multilingual experience was quantified using language entropy, which measures the uncertainty and diversity of language use. Control demands were achieved by manipulating the proportion of Go (i.e., naming) trials in different conditions. Results showed that as control demands increased, multilingual individuals exhibited poorer behavioral performance and greater brain activation throughout the brain. Moreover, more diverse language use was associated with higher accuracy in naming and more interconnected brain networks with greater involvement of domain-general neural resources and less domain-specific neural resources. Notably, the varied and balanced use of multiple languages enabled multilingual individuals to respond more efficiently to increased task demands during native language production.

Senses of Language

For most students beginning to study a second language, the image of the native speaker looms large. The native speaker is presented as a model of appropriate language use as well as the final arbiter of the validity of every utterance; to speak “like a native speaker” often becomes the explicit goal of study. But such monolithic images are more projections than reality. Even within communities of first-language speakers, there is an endless diversity of language use. if we accept that language is not a neutral tool to be mastered, but rather a dynamic medium shaped by and reflecting our personal experience of acquisition, then both the feasibility and desirability of speaking “like a native speaker” become questionable. In this essay, I consider what it means to be a first-language speaker and suggest that we may want to reevaluate our common hierarchies of language proficiency. As the use of second languages is becoming increasingly common, it is important to recognize the legitimacy of second-language speakers and their potential for enriching language communities. I discuss my how my own sense of appropriate language has evolved, and briefly touch on movement in the linguistics community to critically consider longstanding “native speaker” biases.

Patient and Service User Representation in Language Assessments on an Awake Craniotomy Pathway

Abstract AIMS Awake craniotomy (AC) with language mapping facilitates maximal safe intracranial tumour resection whilst preserving neurological function [1], and is associated with increased postoperative patient satisfaction and quality of life [2, 3]. We examine patients’ preoperative language assessment scores, alongside cultural and sociodemographic information to consider the impact on surgical planning and patient outcomes. METHOD A service evaluation of assessment tools was undertaken using clinical note audit and clinician reflections. Retrospective data collection from 48 patients assessed for AC with language mapping included language assessment scores, cultural and sociodemographic data, and surgical plan for awake or asleep tumour resection. RESULTS Analysis suggests language assessment scores may be influenced by a range of patient factors outside of the lesion location and its associated language deficits, including native language, age, ethnicity and religion. CONCLUSION Assessment scores influence a patient’s suitability for AC with language mapping and subsequent morbidity and mortality outcomes. Culture and sociodemographic background are integral to daily language use, and can therefore be expected to influence scores on language assessment tasks. This evaluation highlights the necessity for diversity of language use to be reflected in assessment tools used within an AC pathway. REFERENCES 1. Hervey-Jumper, S.L. and M.S. Berger, Maximizing safe resection of low- and high-grade glioma. JNO, 2016. 2. Wahab, S.S., P.L. Grundy, and C. Weidmann, Patient experience and satisfaction with awake craniotomy for brain tumours. BJNS, 2011. 3. Coello, A.F., et al., Selection of intraoperative tasks for awake mapping based on relationships between tumor location and functional networks: A review. JNS, 2013.

Language Entropy Relates to Behavioral and Pupil Indices of Executive Control in Young Adult Bilinguals.

IntroductionIt has been proposed that bilinguals’ language use patterns are differentially associated with executive control. To further examine this, the present study relates the social diversity of bilingual language use to performance on a color-shape switching task (CSST) in a group of bilingual university students with diverse linguistic backgrounds. Crucially, this study used language entropy as a measure of bilinguals’ language use patterns. This continuous measure reflects a spectrum of language use in a variety of social contexts, ranging from compartmentalized use to fully integrated use.MethodsLanguage entropy for university and non-university contexts was calculated from questionnaire data on language use. Reaction times (RTs) were measured to calculate global RT and switching and mixing costs on the CSST, representing conflict monitoring, mental set shifting, and goal maintenance, respectively. In addition, this study innovatively recorded a potentially more sensitive measure of set shifting abilities, namely, pupil size during task performance.ResultsHigher university entropy was related to slower global RT. Neither university entropy nor non-university entropy were associated with switching costs as manifested in RTs. However, bilinguals with more compartmentalized language use in non-university contexts showed a larger difference in pupil dilation for switch trials in comparison with non-switch trials. Mixing costs in RTs were reduced for bilinguals with higher diversity of language use in non-university contexts. No such effects were found for university entropy.DiscussionThese results point to the social diversity of bilinguals’ language use as being associated with executive control, but the direction of the effects may depend on social context (university vs. non-university). Importantly, the results also suggest that some of these effects may only be detected by using more sensitive measures, such as pupil dilation. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications regarding the language entropy measure and the cognitive effects of bilingual experiences more generally, as well as how methodological choices can advance our understanding of these effects.

Dynamic Effects of Immersive Bilingualism on Cortical and Subcortical Grey Matter Volumes.

Bilingualism has been shown to induce neuroplasticity in the brain, but conflicting evidence regarding its specific effects in grey matter continues to emerge, probably due to methodological differences between studies, as well as approaches that may miss the variability and dynamicity of bilingual experience. In our study, we devised a continuous score of bilingual experiences and we investigated their non-linear effects on regional GM volume in a sample of young healthy participants from an immersive and naturalistic bilingual environment. We focused our analyses on cortical and subcortical regions that had been previously proposed as part of the bilingual speech pipeline and language control network. Our results showed a non-linear relationship between bilingualism score and grey matter volume of the inferior frontal gyrus. We also found linear increases in volumes of putamen and cerebellum as a function of bilingualism score. These results go in line with predictions for immersive and naturalistic bilingual environments with increased intensity and diversity of language use and provide further evidence supporting the dynamicity of bilingualism’s effects on brain structure.

BENTUK, FUNGSI DAN MAKN A REGISTER KOMUNITAS PECINTA AQUASCAPE DI ROKAN HULU

The diversity of language use in a heterogeneous society gives rise to language variations, including registers. The Aquascape Lovers Community in Rokan Hulu uses a separate register. This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of the limited and open circle register in the Aquascape Lovers Community in Rokan Hulu. This research is quantitative research with a descriptive method. Listening and recording methods were used in data collection. The informant is a Community of Aquascape Lovers in Rokan Hulu. The data were analyzed qualitatively by referring to the concept of form, function, and meaning of closed registers and closed registers proposed by Halliday. The results of the study are as follows. First, the limited circle register of the Aquascape Lovers Community in Rokan Hulu at the level of words and phrases in the form of abbreviations and the use of foreign words such as WC, kebo, and sticky rice with interactional and personal functions. Each word and phrase has a specific meaning. Second, the open circle register of the aquascape lover community in Rokan Hulu at the word and phrase-level in the form of abbreviations and the use of foreign words such as PH, lily pipe, and surface scum with interactional, heuristic, and regulatory functions. Each word and phrase has a specific meaning. It can be concluded that some of the registers used by this community can only be understood by community members and some can also be understood by people outside the community.

Bilingualism and Healthy Aging: Onset Age of Bilingualism as a Predictor of Older Adult Theory of Mind

The ability to understand and speak more than one language (i.e., bilingualism) may protect against age-related cognitive deterioration (Abutalebi et al., 2015). While there is mounting evidence suggesting that bilingualism confers advantages in domain-general cognitive abilities in late adulthood (see Bialystok, 2017, for a review), few studies have investigated the influences of bilingualism on socio-cognitive abilities such as theory of mind (ToM) in the normal aging process. Thus, in this study, we examine how bilingualism factors (i.e., onset age of bilingualism, language balance, and diversity in language use) are associated with individual differences in ToM in healthy older adult bilinguals aged 58-79 (N=44). ToM abilities were assessed using the Theory-of-Mind Task Battery (Hutchins et al., 2008), where participants viewed vignettes and answered questions about the protagonists’ cognitive and affective mental states. All participants completed a self-report language background questionnaire and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test as a measure of general cognitive ability. Results revealed that better ToM was negatively correlated with participants’ chronological age (r=-.43, p=.004) and the onset age of second-language acquisition (r=-.41, p=.006), but not language balance and diversity (ps>.40). Partial regression analyses showed that earlier onset age of bilingualism predicted better ToM performance (β=-.40, p=.009), even after controlling for age, education, and general cognitive ability. These findings suggest that bilingual language experience, particularly earlier exposure to a second language, may provide benefits to older adults in preserving their ability to understand others’ mental states, acting as a cognitive reserve against age-related declines in socio-cognitive functions.

On the multidimensionality of bilingualism and the unique role of language use

AbstractThe multidimensionality of the bilingual experience makes the investigation of bilingualism fascinating but also challenging. Although the literature distinguishes several aspects of bilingualism, the measurement methods and the relationships between these aspects have not been clearly established. In a group of 171 relatively young Polish–English bilinguals living in their first-language environment, this study investigates the relationships between the multiple measures of bilingualism. The study shows that language entropy – an increasingly popular measure of the diversity of language use – reflects a separate aspect of the bilingual experience from language-switching and language-mixing measures. The findings also indicate that language proficiency is not a uniform aspect of the bilingual experience but a complex construct that requires appropriately comprehensive measurements. Collectively, the findings contribute to the discussion on the best practices for quantifying bilingualism.

Understanding bilingual brain function and structure changes? U bet! A unified bilingual experience trajectory model

A growing body of research shows that the brain adapts functionally and structurally to specific bilingual experiences. These brain adaptations seem related to modulations in cognitive processes (specifically the executive functions). However, the trajectory of these adaptations is varied and seems at least partially dependent on different aspects of language exposure and use. Here we provide a review of the existing theoretical models covering bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity. Moreover, we propose a unifying framework (Unifying the Bilingual Experience Trajectories, UBET) to more comprehensively map the relationship between the various neurocognitive adaptations and different aspects of bilingual experience trajectories, focusing on intensity and diversity of language use, language switching, relative proficiency, and duration of bilingual experience. Crucially, we also outline predictions regarding both relationships between different bilingual experience factors and relationships between the measurable neurocognitive adaptations. Our framework offers a theoretical backdrop and clear testable predictions for future large-scale empirical studies on individual differences in bilingual trajectories and their effects on neurocognitive adaptations. • A framework linking together current models on bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity. • Distinct language experiences influence each other's neurocognitive effects. • Relationships between adaptations in brain structure, function, and cognitive processes.

KERAGAMAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA PADA MEDIA LUAR RUANG DI KOTA PALU

The use of Indonesian in outdoor media is increasingly worrying. This can be seen by the increasing number of Indonesian languages being transferred by foreign languages in public spaces. The Indonesians seem to be powerless in their own country and the substance of the Indonesians seems out of frame. By raising the case of the diversity of language use in outdoor media in the city of Palu, this study aims to describe patterns of diversity in language use, especially the use of foreign languages, regional languages, a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, as well as the full use of Indonesian in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The method used in this research is the listening method, the method used to obtain data by listening to the use of language that is in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The analysis shows that the pattern of diversity of language use in external media in the city of Palu is dominated by the use of foreign languages. Of the 280 data captured, 41% of outdoor media use foreign languages, mainly English. Furthermore, 34% of outdoor media use a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, 23% use Indonesian in full, and only 2% use local languages.keywords: language diversity, outdoor media

中国朝鮮族言語使用・意識の多様性に関する研究―朝鮮族学校でのアンケート調査―

中国朝鮮族言語使用・意識の多様性に関する研究―朝鮮族学校でのアンケート調査―

Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy

AbstractBilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit variation in everyday language experience. Studies on bilingualism account for individual differences with measures such as L2 age of acquisition, exposure, or language proficiency, but recent theoretical perspectives posit that the relative balance between the two or more languages throughout daily life (i.e.,interactional context) is a crucial determinant for language representation, access, and control. We propose an innovative measure to characterize this construct by usingentropyto estimate the social diversity of language use. Language entropy is computed from commonly-collected language history data and generalizes to multilingual communicative contexts. We show how language entropy relates to other indices of bilingual experience and that it predicts self-report L2 outcome measures over and above classic measures of language experience. Thus, we proffer language entropy as a means to characterize individual differences in bilingual (and multilingual) language experience related to the social diversity of language use.

Learners’ awareness of the diversity of language use among native speakers

Learners’ awareness of the diversity of language use among native speakers

Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks

We investigated the independent contributions of second language (L2) age of acquisition (AoA) and social diversity of language use on intrinsic brain organization using seed-based resting-state functional connectivity among highly proficient French-English bilinguals. There were two key findings. First, earlier L2 AoA related to greater interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous frontal brain regions, and to decreased reliance on proactive executive control in an AX-Continuous Performance Task completed outside the scanner. Second, greater diversity in social language use in daily life related to greater connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the putamen bilaterally, and to increased reliance on proactive control in the same task. These findings suggest that early vs. late L2 AoA links to a specialized neural framework for processing two languages that may engage a specific type of executive control (e.g., reactive control). In contrast, higher vs. lower degrees of diversity in social language use link to a broadly distributed set of brain networks implicated in proactive control and context monitoring.

Interpretation: signs and meaning, diversity in language use, equivalences and cultural untranslatability

Interpretation, which is an interactive face-to- face communicative event and interpreter's role is active and governed by social and linguistic knowledge of the entire communicative situation - this involves not only linguistic and cultural competence but also appropriate ways of speaking and managing the intercultural event of interpreting. Roy (2000) This paper examines the practice of interpretation in which interpreters are expected to successfully make the linguistic and cultural adjustments necessary to convey meaning Davis (2000). Since interpretation is an interactive face-to face communicative event, how successful can interpreters make such adjustments and therefore convey meaning accurately in Sign Language interpretation? Effective interpretation is a complex issue. This complexity may result from the fact that ...translators build bridges not only between languages but between differences of two cultures.... Each language is a way of seeing and reflecting the delicate nuances of cultural perceptions, and it is the translator who not only reconstructs the equivalences of the words across linguistic boundaries but also reflects and transplants the emotional vibration of another culture. Schulte (1995) In this paper, we examine how cultural diversity may affect interpretation of messages by interpreters. Some of the areas we look at include: What problems are inherent in interpretation given that signs do not mean but people mean? And that culture is responsible for teaching us the symbols and what they represent?;Diversity in language use - how does it affect interpretation? ; Does direct and indirect use of language, social customs and relationships, how people express emotions have any bearing on interpretation?; How does lack of equivalences affect interpretation? Key words : Sign Language, Interpretation, Translation, linguistics, context

Dynamics of Spanish-Language Neighborhoods in Chicago and Atlanta: 1990–2000

This study examines and compares how the spatial arrangements of Spanish speakers have changed over time in a traditional immigrant gateway, Chicago, and in an emerging immigrant gateway, Atlanta. Using the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census data, spatial autocorrelation analysis confirms that Spanish-language neighborhoods continue to be in the city and the suburbs of Chicago. Atlanta’s Spanish-language neighborhoods, on the other hand, are mainly located in the suburbs where major growth took place over the decade. However, Spanish-language neighborhoods in both the city and suburbs of Atlanta and Chicago share similar characteristics: higher percentages of residents who are foreign-born and limited English proficient, and households with low levels of income. While the model of spatial assimilation is still relevant to our understanding of residential patterns among contemporary immigrants and their descendants, the interpretation of findings, including those for new destinations such as Atlanta where large-scale immigration occurred after suburbanization, should place less emphasis on the central city/suburb distinction and suburban homogeneity. The growing diversity in language use among residents necessitates the provision of accessible social services and information.