Diverse Germplasm Research Articles

Development of Methods for Improving Flowering and Seed Set of Diverse Germplasm in Cassava Breeding

Development of Methods for Improving Flowering and Seed Set of Diverse Germplasm in Cassava Breeding

Rapid and Non-Destructive Determination of Fatty Acid Profile and Oil Content in Diverse Brassica carinata Germplasm Using Fourier-Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Brassica carinata is one of the oilseeds in the Brassicaceae family, possessing seed quality traits such as oil with various fatty acid profiles suitable for many industrial applications. Determination of such quality traits using conventional methods is often expensive, time-consuming, and destructive. In contrast, the Near-Infrared Spectroscopic (NIRS) technique has been proven fast, cost-effective, and non-destructive for the determination of seed compositions. This study aimed to demonstrate that NIRS is a rapid and non-destructive method for determining the fatty acid profile and oil content in diverse germplasms of B. carinata. A total of 96 genetically diverse B. carinata germplasms that include accessions, advanced breeding lines, and varieties were used in this study. Reference data sets were generated using gas chromatography and the Soxhlet oil extraction method for fatty acid profile and oil content, respectively. Spectra data were taken from the wavenumber range of 11,500 to 4000 cm−1 using the Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) method. NIRS calibration equations were developed using partial least square (PLS) regression with OPUS software, version 7.5.1. Higher coefficient of determination (R2val) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) > 3 were obtained for oleic acid (R2val = 0.92, RPD = 3.6), linoleic acid (R2val = 0.89, RPD = 3.2), linolenic acid (R2val = 0.93, RPD = 3.8), erucic acid (R2val = 0.92, RPD = 3.5), and oil content (R2val = 0.93, RPD = 3.6). Thus, the NIRS calibration models for the aforementioned fatty acids and oil content were found to be strong enough for prediction. However, the calibration models for palmitic acid (R2val = 0.78, RPD = 2.1) and stearic acid (R2val = 0.75, RPD = 2.0) showed relatively smaller R2val and thus became weaker in their prediction capacity. Despite their relatively lower R2, the calibration equations for palmitic and stearic acids could be used for approximate estimation and rough screening purposes. In conclusion, the calibration models that we have developed will be useful in applying NIRS as a high-throughput, non-destructive method for the screening of large germplasms in terms of their fatty acid profiles and oil content during the oil quality breeding efforts conducted on B. carinata.

A chromosome-scale assembly reveals chromosomal aberrations and exchanges generating genetic diversity in Coffea arabica germplasm

In order to better understand the mechanisms generating genetic diversity in the recent allotetraploid species Coffea arabica, here we present a chromosome-level assembly obtained with long read technology. Two genomic compartments with different structural and functional properties are identified in the two homoeologous genomes. The resequencing data from a large set of accessions reveals low intraspecific diversity in the center of origin of the species. Across a limited number of genomic regions, diversity increases in some cultivated genotypes to levels similar to those observed within one of the progenitor species, Coffea canephora, presumably as a consequence of introgressions deriving from the so-called Timor hybrid. It also reveals that, in addition to few, early-occurring exchanges between homoeologous chromosomes, there are numerous recent chromosomal aberrations including aneuploidies, deletions, duplications and exchanges. These events are still polymorphic in the germplasm and could represent a fundamental source of genetic variation in such a lowly variable species.

A Catalog of GNI-A1 Genes That Regulate Floret Fertility in a Diverse Bread Wheat Collection

Modifying inflorescence architecture improves grain number and grain weight in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Allelic variation in Grain Number Increase 1 (GNI-A1) genes, encoding a homeodomain leucine zipper class I transcription factor, influences grain number and yield. However, allelic information about GNI-A1 in diverse germplasms remains limited. Here, we investigated GNI-A1 alleles in a panel of 252 diverse bread wheat accessions (NBRP core collection and HRO breeder’s panel) by target resequencing. Cultivars carrying the reduced-function allele (105Y) were predominant in the NBRP panel, whereas the 105N functional allele was the major type in the HRO panel. Cultivars with the 105Y allele were distributed in Asian landraces but not in European genotypes. Association analysis demonstrated that floret fertility, together with grain size, were improved in cultivars in the NBRP core collection carrying the 105Y allele. These results imply that different alleles of GNI-A1 have been locally selected, with the 105Y allele selected in East Asia and the 105N allele selected in Europe.

Solute contributions to osmotic adjustment in leaf segments of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to polyethylene glycol-induced water deficit

ABSTRACT This study examined osmotic adjustment (OA) and solutes accumulated in leaf segments of wheat cultivar Hartog exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit (WD) in laboratory experiments. Additional 10 mM K+ or Na+ added to basal solution with PEG −0.5 MPa enhanced leaf OA by up to 100%. Omission of nitrogen from the basal solution suppressed the expression of OA in leaf segments, but the addition of 10 mM NO3 – increased leaf OA by up to 81%. K+ and glycinebetaine were not accumulated in leaf segments exposed to WD under PEG −0.5 MPa during 48 h, but Na+, Cl−, proline and total soluble sugars accounted for up to 21, 20, 7 and 40% of OA, respectively. Total soluble sugars were the largest contributor to OA and may also contribute to membrane stability. Further data are needed on accumulation of leaf NO3 − and glycinebetaine in response to increasing nitrogen supply, and on which other inorganic and organic solutes may also contribute to OA under PEG-induced WD. Laboratory experiments with leaf segments exposed to WD under −0.5 MPa PEG, and with 10 mM K+, Na+ or NO3 − added to the basal solution, could provide an effective and rapid pre-screen of diverse germplasm sources for OA expression. Selected genotypes should then be validated by exposure to soil WD for agronomic evaluation, and for OA expression under field WD.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of wild genotypes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in coastal districts of Karnataka, India

Western Ghats are known for wild mangoes known for their distinctive flavours, tastes, and scents. The exploration of wild mangoes of coastal districts of Karnataka was undertaken. A total of 45 mango accessions were assessed for morphological characters (leaf and fruit) using numerical approach. The 14 traits including leaf blade length, leaf blade width, petiole length, fruit length, diameter, weight, and breadth, pulp, TSS, peel, and fruit thickness were analyzed. Fruit weight (g), stone weight (g), pulp (%), peel (%) and leaf blade length (cm) showed most diversity. The Moodbidri accession had most fruit weight (109.55 g), whereas, the Dakshina Kannada district’s Moodbidri accession had the lightest stone weight (12.72 g). It is the first documentation of the local mango germplasm variability in coastal Karnataka.

Genetic diversity studies for yield attributing characters in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) germplasm and their clusters

Genetic diversity is a prerequisite for undertaking any crop breeding programe for the development of high yielding crop varieties to enhance the national food production for the food security. Protein is an important component in the human diet, which is obtained for the vegetarian people from the pulses. Chickpea is an important source of protein for the Indian and African population. Therefore, breeding for high yielding chickpea varieties is a continuous process whose success is dependent on the availability of genetic diversity in the chickpea germplasm. In the present studies forty one genotypes of chickpeas were grouped into twelve clusters. The cluster I was with the highest number of genotypes (23) followed by cluster IV (09), II , III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII which had only 1 genotype in each cluster, respectively.The intra cluster distance (D2) ranges from 68.72 to 90.06 while the inter cluster distance (D2) ranges from 49.00 to 1217.31. The maximum inter-cluster distance (D2 = 1217.31) was observed between cluster VI and cluster XII followed by cluster XII and VIII (D2 = 1069.94), cluster VI and cluster X (D2 = 962.24) and cluster V and cluster VI (D2 = 919.90). It was observed that, seed yield per plant (42.20%) contributed highest for divergence followed by plant height (16.83%), 100 seed weight (16.34%), days to maturity (6.83%), number of pods per plant (5.37%), number of primary branches (4.51%), number of secondary branches per plant (3.05%), harvest index (2.20%), number of seeds per pod (2.07%) and days to 50% flowering (0.61%).

Morphological Diversity and Genetic Parameter of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Genotypes.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Considering that the potential for okra as an anti-diabetic is very high, while okra productivity in Indonesia is still low, a plant breeding program through variety development is needed. One of the initial activities that needs to be carried out is the characterization of various genotypes, both quantitative and qualitative characters. This research aimed to obtain information on the diversity of morpho-agronomic characters in okra genotypes. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design, one factor is genotype with three replications. The materials used in this research were 20 okra genotypes. The experimental units used in this research were 60 units. Each experimental unit consists of 10 sample plants. Analysis of quantitative character variations used PKBT-STAT 3.1. Cluster analysis was carried out with PBSTAT-CL 2.1.2 with the Gower dissimilarity and average linkage clustering methods. Furthermore, analysis was carried out using SAS OnDemand for Academics to see the distinguishing characteristics between clusters. <b>Results:</b> There were differences in okra genotypes based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The most diverse quantitative character is the yield component, which is the fruit character. Variance in genetic and heritability showed broad and high criteria, respectively. Based on cluster analysis results, okra genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters with a cophenetic distance value of 0.40. Cluster 1 consists of 9 genotypes. Cluster 2 consists of 10 genotypes. Cluster 3 consists of 1 genotype the Red Hill Country genotype. The grouping in cluster analysis was carried out based on leaf width, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit diameter and carpel thickness character. <b>Conclusion:</b> This diversity of okra germplasm can facilitate plant breeding activities in the future by selecting genotypes to serve as parents according to the objectives carried out.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA SISTEMATIS: KARAKTERISASI KEANEKARAGAMAN GENETIK SPESIES JERUK (Citrus sp.) MENGGUNAKAN PENANDA SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT (SSR)

Background: The biodiversity of citrus plants is very abundant and many are cultivated, creating various types. However, the high demand makes orange farmers feel overwhelmed. This is what causes some orange cultivars to become rare. Characterization of the genetic diversity of citrus germplasm at the molecular level is an important and crucial step that can assist in the breeding and conservation process. The aim of this literature review is to provide information regarding molecular markers regarding the application of SSR molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity of citrus. Method: The method used is a systematic literature review with the literature sources used coming from articles taken from national journals and international journals indexed by Scopus. Results: The application of molecular markers using the SSR method is useful for identifying and characterizing the genetic diversity of citrus germplasm so that it can assist in breeding and conservation actions. SSR has many advantages both in terms of its use and the results obtained. Conclusion: One application of molecular markers is to analyze plant genetic diversity. Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) molecular markers can help to analyze the characteristics and genetic diversity of oranges so that they can assist in plant breeding and conservation purposes.

New insights in the Spanish gene pool of olive (Olea europaea L.) preserved ex situ and in situ based on high-throughput molecular markers.

In Spain, several local studies have highlighted the likely presence of unknown olive cultivars distinct from the approximately 260 ones previously described in the literature. Furthermore, recent advancements in identification techniques have significantly enhanced in terms of efficacy and precision. This scenario motivated a new nationwide prospecting effort aimed at recovering and characterizing new cultivated germplasm using high-throughput molecular markers. In the present study, the use of 96 EST-SNP markers allowed the identification of a considerable amount of new material (173 new genotypes) coming from areas with low intensification of production in different regions of Spain. As a result, the number of distinct national genotypes documented in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA, Córdoba (WOGBC-ESP046) increased to 427. Likewise, 65 and 24 new synonymy and homonymy cases were identified, respectively. This rise in the number of different national cultivars allowed to deepen the knowledge about the underlying genetic structure. The great genetic variability of Spanish germplasm was confirmed, and a new hot spot of diversity was identified in the northern regions of La Rioja and Aragon. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a clear separation between the germplasm of southern and northern-northeastern Spain and indicated a significantly higher level of admixture in the latter. Given the expansion of modern olive cultivation with only a few cultivars, this cryptic germplasm is in great danger of disappearing. This underlines the fact that maintaining as many cultivars as possible will increase the genetic variability of the olive gene pool to meet the future challenges of olive cultivation.

Micronutrient diversity in pole and bush type Dolichos bean germplasm: identification of gene sources from biofortification perspectives

AbstractExploring the nutritional potential of underutilized legumes such as Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) is of great significance, particularly, in view of accomplishing the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal number two, which emphasizes on improving food and nutrition security by 2030. A thorough understanding of genetic variability is crucial for developing biofortified cultivars of Dolichos bean. In this study, the Dolichos bean genotypes represented by pole and bush types (28 bush and 19 pole types) were assessed for genetic variability for Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn contents. Pole type genotypes had higher average contents for all micronutrients except manganese. Among micronutrients, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, content ranged from 10.10–19.95, 77.13–331.93, 22.78–46.40 and 42.03–102.85 mg kg−1 in pole type, and 8.2–18.5, 50.8–99.3, 25.65–53.25 and 37.15–63.25 mg kg−1 in bush type beans, respectively. Strong positive correlations between Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations occurred, which indicates the possibility of simultaneous improvement of these nutrients. Pod pigmentation was positively correlated with contents of Fe and Zn. There was an association of micronutrients with yield. The pole genotypes VRSEM-1000, VRDB-01 and VRSEM 109 and bush type genotypes VRBSEM-3, VRBSEM-35 and VRBSEM- 200 are good source of microelements and high yielders. Gene sources with enhanced nutrients may be used as cultivated forms or as input material for breeding nutritionally rich biofortified varieties of bean.

Mapping yield and yield-related traits using diverse common bean germplasm.

Common bean (bean) is one of the most important legume crops, and mapping genes for yield and yield-related traits is essential for its improvement. However, yield is a complex trait that is typically controlled by many loci in crop genomes. The objective of this research was to identify regions in the bean genome associated with yield and a number of yield-related traits using a collection of 121 diverse bean genotypes with different yields. The beans were evaluated in replicated trials at two locations, over two years. Significant variation among genotypes was identified for all traits analyzed in the four environments. The collection was genotyped with the BARCBean6K_3 chip (5,398 SNPs), two yield/antiyield gene-based markers, and seven markers previously associated with resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), including a Niemann-Pick polymorphism (NPP) gene-based marker. Over 90% of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were polymorphic and separated the panel into two main groups of small-seeded and large-seeded beans, reflecting their Mesoamerican and Andean origins. Thirty-nine significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified between 31 SNPs and 15 analyzed traits on all 11 bean chromosomes. Some of these MTAs confirmed genome regions previously associated with the yield and yield-related traits in bean, but a number of associations were not reported previously, especially those with derived traits. Over 600 candidate genes with different functional annotations were identified for the analyzed traits in the 200-Kb region centered on significant SNPs. Fourteen SNPs were identified within the gene model sequences, and five additional SNPs significantly associated with five different traits were located at less than 0.6Kb from the candidate genes. The work confirmed associations between two yield/antiyield gene-based markers (AYD1m and AYD2m) on chromosome Pv09 with yield and identified their association with a number of yield-related traits, including seed weight. The results also confirmed the usefulness of the NPP marker in screening for CBB resistance. Since disease resistance and yield measurements are environmentally dependent and labor-intensive, the three gene-based markers (CBB- and two yield-related) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that were validated in this work may be useful tools for simplifying and accelerating the selection of high-yielding and CBB-resistant bean cultivars.

Diversidade genética em progênies de meios-irmãos de couve: Uma abordagem multivariada

ABSTRACT Kale is one of the most widely cultivated leafy vegetables in Brazil, but its breeding genetic is still limited. Therefore, it is crucial to develop research that explores the genetic diversity of the available germplasms, aiming to establish promising crosses in the studied populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence between half-sibling progenies of kale, obtained through recurrent selection, using multivariate methods to select the most promising progenies for forming a recombinant population. The plants obtained from the seeds of 25 pre-selected half-sibling progenies and three commercial cultivars were evaluated as treatment groups. These seeds were produced in 2018 by subjecting the clones of the progenies to recombination, followed by the selection of appropriate seeds from plants with superior agronomic performance. In the present study, plants in each plot were evaluated for twelve quantitative and fifteen qualitative traits. Genetic divergence was studied based on canonical variables to obtain quantitative data. The UPGMA method was applied to the quantitative, qualitative, and combined data, and Mahalanobis genetic distance was adopted. The first three canonical variables explained 73.75% of the total cumulative variation compared to the commercial cultivars and 55.29% when considering the half-sibling progenies exclusively. The half-sibling progenies P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P9, P11, P15, P16, P18, P20, P22, P23, P24, and P25 were the most divergent and should, therefore, be prioritized when composing the recombinant population for the third cycle of recurrent selection because, in addition to genetic variation, these progenies also present characteristics of interest to the kale genetic breeding program. The commercial cultivars exhibited the most divergent genotypes and should, therefore, be included in the next recombination cycle.

Comprehensive genetic diversity and genome-wide association studies revealed the genetic basis of avocado fruit quality traits.

Avocado (Persea americana) is a highly nutritious fruit gaining worldwide popularity. However, its cultivation is currently reliant on a limited number of cultivars with restricted genetic diversity. This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of avocado germplasm and identify genetic loci associated with key fruit quality traits that influence customer preference. A diversity panel of 110 avocado accessions was analyzed using 4,706 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed using pairwise FST, AMOVA, admixture analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted targeting nine fruit quality traits using two models: General Linear Model (GLM) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Mixed Linear Model (MLM) with PCA and kinship (PCA + K). The analysis revealed three distinct populations corresponding to the three avocado ecotypes: Guatemalan, West Indian, and Mexican. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a closer relationship between the Guatemalan and West Indian races compared to the Mexican race in our Florida germplasm collection. GWAS led to identification of 12 markers within 11 genomic regions significantly associated with fruit quality traits such as fruit color, shape, taste, and skin texture. These markers explained between 14.84% to 43.96% of the phenotypic variance, with an average of 24.63%. Annotation of these genomic regions unveiled candidate genes potentially responsible for controlling these traits. The findings enhance our understanding of genetic diversity and population structure in avocado germplasm. The identified genetic loci provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of fruit quality traits, aiding breeding programs in developing improved avocado cultivars. Marker-assisted selection can accelerate the development of new varieties, promoting a more diverse and resilient avocado market.

Screening of among seventeen sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for oil content and the first flowering day using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

Background Sunflower refers to the tribe Helianthus, subtribe Helianthinae, and family Asteraceae, which collectively contains 20 genera and 400 species. An important oilseed crop that yields edible oil is Helianthus annuus L. Objective The primary goal of the current study was to assess the genetic diversity of 17 genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) To measure the oil content during the initial flowering period and to reach the highest percentage of oil can be obtained from the first flowering day. Materials and methods Five RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers were used to detect the genetic diversity of the 17 sunflower hybrid genotypes obtained from Spain. Phylogenetic relationships of 17 sunflower genotypes were determined using three replications and 6 m lines on August 15, 2019, at the National Research Centre farm in Nubaria as part of a donation from the German corporation (strobe), Spain. To analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic linkages in sunflower germplasm, DNA fingerprinting and the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker approach were also used. Results and conclusion The oil content of 17 sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.) was assessed, with values ranging from 46 to 50%, with the highest values falling into five genotypes. However, the two genotypes were found to have the lowest oil percentage (46%). The early age and oil percentage differed among the varieties. In the Tornado and Elves genotypes, the longest and shortest days were 59 and 47, respectively. The means and standard errors for all statistical data are reported. Statistical significance was evaluated using the LSD. P values were considered statistically significant at P less than or equal to 0.05. According to the findings, RAPD primers generated 49 bands with a size range of 0.1–3 kb and an 87.75% polymorphism percentage. For RAPD, 43 polymorphic bands with distinct bands were observed. Morphological features and RAPD analysis separated the UPGMA Dendrogram into three groups. Jaccard’s coefficient was used to analyze the genetic similarity matrix, and a morphological study revealed that Tornado and Elvas, both from Spain, shared the most genetic similarity (0.970). RAPD analysis and morphological features are useful in identifying genetic variants. Conclusion, according to our findings, Helianthus annuus L. has a significant variation ratio. Indicating substantial diversity across the 17 sunflower genotypes, the genetic similarity index calculated using pooled data from RAPD markers showed an extensive range from 0.645 to 0.986. This study may be a reference for future research on Helianthus annuus L. and may support breeding initiatives and species concepts.

Determination of genetic diversity in Acacia modesta germplasm using SDS-PAGE.

Biochemical markers such as protein are very important to determine genetic diversity among plant species in a given population which in turn is very important for breeders and farmers as they can then easily select the most appropriate variety to grow in a given locality. In this connection, the present study is aimed to evaluate genetic diversity in Acacia modesta germplasm through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. About 40 genotypes were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis where a total of 12 polypeptide bands were observed in electrophoretogram. Out of which 16.67% were monomorphic while the remaining 83.33% were polymorphic. Variation found in B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, were 20, 22.50, 32.50, 10, 2.50, 22.50, 15, 5, 2.50 and 75% respectively. Locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was 83.33%. Cluster analysis sorted all the genotypes into 9 clusters. The genotypes in one cluster were identical regarding protein profiling and showed less intra-specific genetic variation whereas differences were find from other genotypes.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm

Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were carried out for 151 Indian sesame germplasm for five quantitative traits, viz., days to fifty percent flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant (g). Among five principal components, PC I and PC II alone recorded above 1 eigenvalue. The first two principal components accounted for 62.45% of cumulative total variations. PC I contributed the maximum variability of 40%, followed by PC II (21.68%) of the total variation. Days to fifty percent flowering and days to maturity had high and negative loading values in PC I. In the case of PC II, plant height had the highest and negative loading value. Among characters, days to flowering and maturity had a positive association with seed yield per plant. Similarly, plant height had a positive association with seed yield per plant. Hence these traits may be considered as selection indices for the improvement of seed yield. Sesame germplasm accessions were grouped into eight distinct clusters using the agglomerative clustering method. The hierarchical cluster analysis indicates that cluster I had the highest genotypic members (58) followed by cluster II (50 genotypes). Cluster IV holds 15 genotypes and Cluster V has 11 genotypes. Clusters III and VI had seven genotypes for each cluster. However, cluster VII holds only one genotype and cluster VIII has two genotypes. In the present study, the level of variability in sesame germplasm was found to be similar in both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster method.

Regulation of Seed Dormancy Genes in Triticeae Species.

Wild progenitors of Triticeae crops generally have long dormancy periods. Domesticated crops inherited these longer dormancy alleles from their wild progenitors, which have since been modified and selected during cultivation and utilization by humans. Thus, allelic combinations at different seed dormancy loci are currently represented in Triticeae germplasm preserved in seed repositories and gene banks as accessions and materials of breeding programs. Methods to evaluate seed dormancy are key to explore, analyze, and exploit optimal alleles in dormancy genes. Recent developments in genomics have accelerated the identification and analysis of seed dormancy loci in Triticeae species. Transgenic experiments have been conducted to validate if candidate genes affect seed dormancy and more recently have yielded an array of mutations derived from genome editing for practical applications. The information gathered on these seed dormancy loci provides a deeper knowledge of germplasm diversity and offers strategies to control seed dormancy in breeding programs in Triticeae crops.

Genetic Diversity and Its Relationship of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) Based on Bioactive Compounds and Their Biological Activities: A Meta-Analysis

Information on genetic diversity and its relationship is fundamental for the preservation and improvement of orchid germplasm. For Dendrobium, such information, particularly by a meta-analysis, was limited. The study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and relationships of Dendrobium germplasm based on bioactive compounds, their biological activities, and plant organs by a meta-analysis approach. A total of 51 species of Dendrobium have been collected and identified as producing bioactive compounds, including their biological activities and plant organs (parts). In this case, the highest genetic diversity was shown by polyphenols (H' index = 0.90) as substances, neuroprotective (H' = 0.80) for activity, and the leaf organ with an H' index of 0.89. The UPGMA analysis showed that Dendrobium grouped into seven clusters, where the furthest relationship was presented by D. moschatum and D. catenatum. However, the closest relation was by D. scabrilingue with D. delacourii, including D. snowflake and D. ovatum. Following these parameters, Dendrobium shows unique genetic diversity and relationships. Thus, it is valuable for future preservation and improvement programs of Dendrobium.

Unveiling genetic diversity in soybean germplasm: A comprehensive snalysis through DUS characteristics

Unveiling genetic diversity in soybean germplasm: A comprehensive snalysis through DUS characteristics