Landscape Variables Research Articles

A Brief Analysis of The Economic Impact of Major Sporting Event on The Host City

The study of sports competition is a crucial field of research that comprises subjects such as economics, sociology, and other related fields. Scholars in this endeavour to tackle paramount questions with profound practical ramifications, which includes exploring the qualities and movements that underlie sports competition. Exploring the factors that influence sports competition outcomes and the ways in which these factors shape diverse competitive landscapes is a valuable and significant research area. This research examines the economic impact of major sports events on the host city. The aim of this research is to provide a thorough analysis of the economic consequences that follow from hosting such events. Through a synthesis of existing literature and empirical analysis, the research investigates the various facets of the economic impact of major sports events, encompassing employment, local commerce, tourism, and infrastructure development. The results indicate that such events can yield significant economic gains, ultimately promoting regional growth and development. However, a thorough analysis of the available evidence emphasises the importance of adopting a multidimensional viewpoint that takes into the account the social, cultural, and environmental ramifications. Despite the intricacies and constraints in accurately measuring the magnitude of the effects, this research ascertains that organising major sports events can generate favourable economic consequences for the locality. The results emphasise the significances of thorough analyses and additional research to enhance our comprehension of the economic implications of hosting such events.

Analysing the modest fashion market: an empirical study of e-commerce best-selling products

Purpose This study examines the dynamics of the modesty-conscious market within the global fashion industry. Specifically, the research aims to understand and analyse the preferences of consumers in this market segment and provide guidance for fashion companies seeking to engage with this sizable audience consumer demand for modest fashion, such as loose-fitting garments and headscarves for women. Design/methodology/approach Employing a mono-method quantitative research approach, this study uses a comprehensive big data analytics framework to analyseashion data sets obtained from e-commerce websites. Findings The findings highlight a persistent and growing demand for modest fashion; that demand proved resilient in the face of challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. Modest shoppers demonstrate price sensitivity, and their preference for premium brands over affordable ones varies considerably. Crucial factors contributing to the success of modest clothing as best-sellers include price, retailer, colour and fabric, while the discount feature is less important. Research limitations/implications While this research provides significant insights, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. This study relies on data gathered from certain e-commerce websites, and specific nuances of consumer behaviour may not be fully captured. In addition, the scope is limited to a specific timeframe and may not account for long-term market shifts. Practical implications Fashion companies could use the results of this study to customise their strategy for engaging the modesty-conscious demographic. Comprehending the significance of elements such as price, retailer, colour and fabric can allow firms to enhance their product offerings and marketing strategies. Social implications This study highlights the social ramifications of the modesty-focused industry, stressing the changing tastes and requirements of customers within this sector. By aligning their strategies with these societal shifts, fashion companies can contribute to a more inclusive and diverse industry landscape. Originality/value This research contributes to the academic literature on modest fashion by using a unique combination of exploratory data analysis and machine learning techniques with fashion e-commerce data sets. This study addresses a gap in the use of big data within this field, and provides novel insights into consumer demand for modest garments. This study challenges the prevailing assumption that consumers of modest fashion prioritise premium pricing, and offers fresh insights into their price sensitivity across both mass-market and luxury segments. It contributes to the literature on consumer behaviour in niche fashion markets and introduces a theoretical framework for understanding the intersection of fashion, culture and consumer economics within the context of modest fashion.

8.D. Scientific session: Equitable Immunization: Leveraging Prisons for Vaccination Equity in Europe

Abstract Addressing low vaccine coverage is a pressing public health concern in Europe, where pockets of unvaccinated individuals persist despite ongoing efforts. The European region sees an estimated 1.4 million individuals detained on any given day, with a significantly higher number passing through prisons annually due to high turnover rates. Those experiencing incarceration often come from socially marginalized and disadvantaged groups, facing a multitude of health challenges including non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, mental illness, cognitive disabilities, and substance dependence. Despite their elevated health needs, individuals in prison frequently encounter barriers to accessing healthcare services, including preventive measures such as vaccination. Available but limited data suggest that individuals entering the prison system are often under-immunized, particularly against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and pneumococci. Unfortunately, vaccination services within prisons are often insufficient, typically being provided according to national schedules or in response to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). It’s crucial to distinguish between the availability of vaccination services and actual coverage, as the modalities of vaccination offerings vary across the region. While individuals in prison are recognized as a target group for HBV vaccination, the methods of offering vaccines may differ based on factors such as age or risk group. Nevertheless, systematic implementation of HBV vaccination in prisons has shown clear benefits for both incarcerated individuals and the wider community. Given the significance of vaccinations in preventing diseases like HBV and human papillomavirus (HPV), which are linked to cancer, initiatives like the Europe Beating Cancer Plan and the European Council Recommendation on vaccine-preventable cancer emphasize their importance. Prisons can serve as a strategic point for delivering comprehensive healthcare and vaccination services to incarcerated individuals, yet routine data on vaccination coverage at entry and uptake during incarceration are often lacking, hindering effective health planning. To address this public health challenge, the ‘Reaching the hard-to-reach: Increasing access and vaccine uptake among prison population in Europe’ (RISE-Vac) project consortium has been formed. This collaborative effort brings together diverse expertise and established networks in the field of prison health, reflecting the varied epidemiological and structural landscapes across Europe. The objective of this workshop is to showcase recent research findings, evidence-based practices, and policy recommendations aimed at enhancing vaccination equity in the European region. By sharing insights and best practices, we aim to bolster efforts to improve vaccine access and uptake among incarcerated populations, ultimately contributing to broader public health goals. Key messages • Prison health is public health: vaccination services in prison are essential to achieve immunization targets in Europe. • Maximizing inter-sectoral collaboration is crucial for bridging the gap in vaccination access and uptake among people living in prison in Europe.

Proportion and distribution of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta

Most studies on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have focused on dopamine neurons and their role in processes such as motivation, learning, movement, and associated disorders such as addiction and Parkinson's disease. However there has been increasing attention on other VTA and SNc cell types that release GABA, glutamate, or a combination of neurotransmitters. Yet the relative distributions and proportions of neurotransmitter-defined cell types across VTA and SNc has remained unclear. Here, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization in male and female mice to label VTA and SNc neurons that expressed mRNA encoding the canonical vesicular transporters for dopamine, GABA, or glutamate: vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2). Within VTA, we found that no one type was particularly more abundant, instead we observed similar numbers of VMAT2+ (44 %), VGAT+ (37 %) and VGLUT2+ (41 %) neurons. In SNc we found that a slight majority of neurons expressed VMAT2 (54 %), fewer were VGAT+ (42 %), and VGLUT2+ neurons were least abundant (16 %). Moreover, 20 % of VTA neurons and 10 % of SNc neurons expressed more than one vesicular transporter, including 45 % of VGLUT2+ neurons. We also assessed within VTA and SNc subregions and found remarkable heterogeneity in cell-type composition. And by quantifying density across both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes we generated heatmaps to visualize the distribution of each cell type. Our data complement recent single-cell RNAseq studies and support a more diverse landscape of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in VTA and SNc than is typically appreciated.

Same term, but unequal understanding: differences in digital public health intervention features

Abstract Digital technologies have transformed healthcare delivery and public health, with many countries integrating interventions such as online consultations, electronic health records, and telemedicine to improve population health and healthcare accessibility. Multinational assessments for benchmarking system maturity ask for the degree of implementation of such tools. However, are these interventions as comparable as they claim to be? This talk presents a qualitative analysis of 179 digital public health (DiPH) interventions described in scientific articles. We categorized interventions based on their implementation stages, public health functions, and reported and non-technical features. Telemedicine, health apps, and electronic health record interventions dominated the diverse landscape. While these technology groups already differed greatly in their functions, we identified equally significant differences in the reported intervention characteristics within the groups. For example, telemedicine was not only used in healthcare settings for patients and health professionals but also in primary prevention and research for researchers, policymakers, and healthy individuals. Different interventions reported varying functions, such as remote monitoring, self-monitoring, alarm systems, patient motivation, and user empowerment modules. So, is there one common telemedical intervention? No. Instead, all individual technologies differed to varying degrees. The analysis underscored the diversity of DiPH interventions among and within intervention groups and highlighted the importance of precise terminology for effective planning and evaluation. Instead of using broad classifications like ‘telemedicine,’ interventions should be defined and communicated based on specific technological functions, non-technical characteristics, use cases, and user groups. This approach will promote cross-disciplinary collaboration and foster international comparability across DiPH systems.

Critical Reflections: A Qualitative Study on the Development and Impact of Critical Thinking Skills Across Industries

Critical thinking is a vital skill in professional settings, contributing to increased efficiency and innovation. Recognizing its importance, this study aims to explore how critical thinking is developed and applied across various industries. It is based on qualitative interviews with professionals in Education, Health, Logistics, Tourism, and Media. The analysis utilizes thematic, comparative, and content analysis to provide a sophisticated insight into the conceptualization, learning, and practice of critical thinking skills in each industry. By examining industry-specific differences, the study emphasizes the necessity for specialized training programs tailored to the unique demands of each sector. The uniqueness of this study lies in its comprehensive cross-sectoral analysis, offering a detailed comparative perspective on the role and impact of critical thinking across diverse professional landscapes. The results highlight critical thinking as a cornerstone of professional competence, supporting the development of the "Critical Reflections" program, which aims to provide intensive training adapted to sector-specific needs. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of critical thinking in fostering adaptability, strategic decision-making, and innovative problem-solving across diverse professional landscapes, ensuring that professionals are equipped to meet contemporary challenges effectively.

Assessing the Alignment and Implementation Challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) 2030 in Morocco: A Relevant Inquiry

Morocco, a North African nation known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse landscapes, has been actively pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework to guide its development efforts1. The country has made significant progress in aligning its national development strategies with the SDGs, particularly prioritizing goals such as quality education2, clean water and sanitation, and clean energy3. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of SDGs implementation in Morocco, highlighting achievements, challenges, and future prospects. (Smith, 2020). The SDGs, adopted by the United Nations in 20154, represent a global commitment to address pressing challenges including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. This review provides an analysis of the SDGs' effectiveness in driving positive change across various dimensions5. By examining academic literature, reports, it evaluates progress towards achieving the SDGs, identifies key implementation challenges, and assesses potential for successful realization. The article explores how effectively Morocco aligns its policies and addresses implementation challenges to achieve the SDGs by 20306, considering factors such as cultural diversity, economic structures, and geographic disparities. The integration of the SDGs into Morocco's development agenda presents both challenges and opportunities. By addressing issues like adaptation, inter-sectoral coordination, data availability, climate resilience, and policy integration, Morocco seeks to overcome these challenges. Understanding these obstacles and their solutions is crucial for assessing the relevance and effectiveness of SDGs' implementation, ultimately contributing to Morocco's sustainable development journey by 2030.

Mapping perceived sentiments in university campuses with varied landscape metrics and climatic conditions

A sustainable university campus should accommodate students to experience positive emotions, which can be evoked by sustainable landscape with green and blue spaces (GBS). This effect is location-dependent because local vegetative type is climate-determinative, but evidence is not sufficient for sentiments of people experiencing campus landscapes. Forty-seven university campuses were selected along a latitudinal gradient in mainland China, and 100 subjects were chosen per campus (50 indoor and 50 outdoor). Photos of the subjects’ faces on Sina Weibo were collected. Facial expressions were assigned happy, sad, and neutral scores (n = 4,334). The average temperature (AveT) and blue space area (BlueA) showed negative relationships with latitude, thereby generating neutral emotion scores for subjects at indoor and outdoor locations. The ratio of green space area to host campus was the only landscape metric that depressed the presentation of happiness and enhanced sadness levels. Large water bodies should be built on campuses to induce calmness, and a high ratio of green spaces should be avoided. Mapping results show that campuses in eastern regions (Beijing and Liaoning) tend to elicit positive sentiments more frequently.

India As a Democratic Nation- Concepts and Perceptive

India, as the world's largest democracy, presents a unique and diverse political landscape. Since gaining independence in 1947, it has upheld democratic ideals amidst challenges of diversity, inequality, and external threats. This paper explores the foundational concepts of Indian democracy, its key features, and its role as a beacon of democratic governance in the global arena. By examining India’s electoral system, constitutional framework, and challenges, we gain insights into how democracy functions in one of the most populous and complex nations in the world.

Regulation of leaf elemental composition in a subtropical river basin with diverse forest landscapes

Regulation of leaf elemental composition in a subtropical river basin with diverse forest landscapes

Perceptions about New York City as a Tourist Destination

The purpose of this paper is to explore how New York City is perceived as a tourist destination. The quantitative research method offered a structured approach to collecting data, allowing for the analysis and quantification of participant responses. The convenience sample consisted of 108 respondents. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors influencing both the attraction to and deterrence from visiting New York City as a tourist destination, as well as to gauge overall perceptions of the city among potential visitors. Through a comprehensive survey, key motivators such as iconic monuments, a vibrant cultural scene, and accessibility were identified as primary draws for tourists. Respondents expressed strong support for experiencing attractions like the Statue of Liberty and Broadway shows, highlighting the significance of cultural richness and unique architectural features. Conversely, the study also revealed significant barriers to visitation. The high cost of accommodation emerged as the most prominent deterrent, underscoring economic accessibility as a critical factor in tourism decision-making. Other concerns included congestion, security issues, and limited public transport options, which may dissuade potential visitors from traveling to the city. In terms of overall impressions, the results showed that a vast majority of respondents view New York City as an iconic and glamorous location with a diverse cultural landscape. Most participants expressed a willingness to recommend the city to friends and family, although a notable percentage exhibited reservations. Furthermore, the analysis emphasized the importance of affordable options for activities and attractions, suggesting that enhancing economic accessibility could positively influence visitation rates. Overall, the findings provide valuable insights for tourism agencies and local authorities. By addressing key concerns and highlighting the city's unique offerings, strategies can be developed to enhance New York City's appeal and accessibility, ultimately boosting its status as a leading tourist destination.

The Rise of Populism and Its Impact on Democratic Institutions: A Comparative Analysis of Global Trends

This article explores the rise of populism and its impact on democratic institutions through a comparative analysis of global trends, using a qualitative methodology based on literature review and library research. Populism, characterized by its anti-elite rhetoric and appeal to "the people," has gained significant traction across diverse political landscapes in recent years, affecting both mature and emerging democracies. The study examines the ways in which populist leaders and movements challenge key democratic principles, such as the separation of powers, judicial independence, and the integrity of the media. Drawing on case studies from various regions, including Europe, Latin America, and the United States, the research identifies common patterns in the populist approach to governance, particularly in the undermining of checks and balances and the erosion of institutional trust. Furthermore, this paper discusses how populism capitalizes on economic inequality, political disenfranchisement, and cultural tensions to gain popular support. The findings suggest that while populism poses significant risks to democratic institutions, its long-term impact varies depending on the strength and resilience of a country's legal and institutional framework. This study concludes with recommendations for safeguarding democratic governance in the face of rising populist movements, emphasizing the importance of reinforcing democratic norms, enhancing civic education, and ensuring institutional transparency.

Exploring gender disparity in medicine: perceptions of female physicians in Lebanon

BackgroundGlobal research on gender bias has highlighted key trends in discrimination and inequality across various fields, including medicine. In Lebanon, a nation celebrated for its diverse cultural landscape and increasing female representation in medical education, there has been a notable absence of studies exploring gender dynamics in the medical profession.MethodsTo address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey to explore the Lebanese population’s perceptions towards female physicians and the quality of care they provide.ResultsThe mean age of the study sample (n = 330) was 31.55 ± 10.07 years and included 114 females and 216 males. Most respondents had received care from a female physician. Notably, those who selected female physicians as their family doctors or had female doctors within their immediate family displayed a stronger tendency to engage in annual medical check-ups. While most respondents did not express any preference for the gender of their general practitioner or surgeon, there was a marked preference for female obstetricians/gynecologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and dermatologists. This preference was attributed to perceptions of female physicians being particularly compassionate, understanding, and proficient in communication.ConclusionThis study represents a groundbreaking contribution to understanding gender perceptions in the Lebanese medical field. It highlights the growing trust and positive regard for female physicians, underscoring the significant role in shaping healthcare experiences and outcomes in Lebanon.

Hidden Archaeological Remains in Heterogeneous Vegetation: A Crop Marks Study in Fortified Settlements of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

This study evaluates the effectiveness of multispectral imaging via Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), in combination with advanced digital image processing techniques, for the detection and mapping of archaeological sites within diverse landscapes. The research focuses on six case studies located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, a region marked by complex vegetation patterns and varying topography. The primary objective is to assess the potential of these non-invasive remote sensing techniques in identifying crop marks associated with buried structures from ancient, fortified settlements. By means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and vegetation indices, the study aims to pinpoint areas of interest that may indicate the presence of archaeological features, while effectively distinguishing them from modern disturbances or natural terrain variations. The research encountered several challenges, including seasonal variations in crop conditions and recent land-use changes. The methodology successfully identified distinct archaeological features. In some instances, natural vegetation variability, typically seen as an obstacle, enhanced the visibility of crop marks, aiding in the detection of underlying structures. These results offer a cost-effective and scalable option for preliminary archaeological surveys, particularly in refining survey methodologies and guiding future excavation efforts aimed at uncovering and preserving ancient, fortified settlements in the region.

To cross or not to cross: patterns and predictability of vertebrate roadkill in three road corridors in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia

Roadkills are among the most important threats to wildlife worldwide. In Colombia, few studies have evaluated the impact or patterns of this threat and many aspects are yet to be evaluated. Bogotá and Cundinamarca are the most populated areas in the country, but no information is available regarding this threat in this area. Here we evaluated the incidence of roadkill in three main road corridors between August 2018 and November 2019, estimating its magnitude, patterns and influencing variables. All roadkill records were collected and characterized spatially, temporally, and taxonomically. We then modeled the effect of landscape variables on roadkill incidence. We surveyed 88 times, covering 12,120 km and obtaining 52 records of 15 species. Mammals were the most affected taxa (67.30 %), followed by reptiles (19.12 %). We identified 38 hotspots. Sinuosity was found to be the most influential variable in the probability of roadkill, with overall probabilities concentrated in the medium risk (60-70 %), and 20 % showing high probabilities (90-100 %). These findings lay the groundwork for long-term monitoring, promoting implementation of measures to reduce the effect of this threat to wildlife in the department.

Geographic variability of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of nonvolant terrestrial small mammals (Rodentia) across 3 Brazilian biomes

Abstract In this study, we investigated landscape variability of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of nonvolant small mammals in the 3 main Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado) while also considering the differential spatial distribution of C4 plants in these biomes. We compiled a subset of data on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from nonvolant small mammals of the order Rodentia and compared the aggregated isotopic variability at the biome level using classical δ13C–δ15N biplot. The concept of isotopic niche width was used to test whether different foraging attributes drive their isotopic composition, while a Bayesian isotopic mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of 3 main food categories available to these small mammals. We also developed isoscapes in the Brazilian biomes, interpolating animals δ13C and δ15N based on the geographic coordinates of each sample and “sourcescapes” considering geographic variation of the dietary sources. The findings of this study advance our understanding of the foraging ecology of small mammals in biodiversity-rich regions of the Neotropics. Classical methodologies such as stomach content confirmed dietary choices revealed by the stable isotopic composition and also highlighted the importance of C3 and C4 plants in the diet of this group of animals, especially in biomes such as the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, where there is a predominance of highly altered landscapes. These results confirm that replacing the original vegetation with C4 crops has altered the feeding patterns of small mammals, which could lead to critical ecological changes in the trophic structure of these areas. Vertical stratification of the dietary niche and the interaction between biome and foraging lifestyle were also observed. However, in each biome, there was significant intraspecific and interspecific variation caused by preferences for ingestion of plant and animal material, leading to different degrees of omnivory. Finally, the high local variability between individuals and species requires a larger sampling design that may also contribute to improved spatial resolution of the isoscapes.

Developing smart archives in society 5.0: Leveraging artificial intelligence for managing audiovisual archives in Africa

In the age of Society 5.0, marked by the profound integration of digital technologies and human society, the preservation and management of audiovisual archives in Africa face substantial challenges. The application of artificial intelligence plays a pivotal role in the establishment of digital archives in the society 5.0. The exponential growth of digital content, combined with the continent's diverse cultural landscape, presents complex obstacles to conventional archival practices. Without the effective implementation of artificial intelligence technologies, crucial aspects such as curation, accessibility and sustainable management of audiovisual archives in Africa remain hindered. Thus, the overarching problem under scrutiny pertains to how the establishment of intelligent archives, facilitated by AI, can offer innovative solutions for preserving and managing audiovisual archives in Africa, within the overarching framework of Society 5.0. This approach has the potential to significantly contribute to safeguarding Africa's rich cultural heritage and advancing research, education and cultural exchange. The purpose of this paper will be to focus on the challenges encountered by selected African countries, such as the ESARBICA countries and those that undertake environmental conservation projects, in managing their audiovisual collections and what can be done to facilitate AI. It resulted in the formulation of a framework for implementing smart archives using AI in African contexts, emphasizing practical strategies and best practices. A qualitative approach enabled a nuanced understanding of complex dynamics at play. Through the observation of AI integration processes, by means of desktop analyses of websites of African national archives and online interest groups showcasing nature conservation projects and initiatives, this article aims to capture a comprehensive picture of the current landscape and future possibilities.

Mouse Corneal Immune Cell Heterogeneity Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.

This study aimed to define the heterogeneity, spatial localization, and functional roles of immune cells in the mouse cornea using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunofluorescent staining. Enriched mouse corneal immune cells (C57BL/6 strain, age 16-20 weeks) underwent single-cell RNA sequencing library preparation, sequencing, and analysis with Seurat, Monocle 3, and CellChat packages in R. Pathway analysis used Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Immunostaining confirmed cell distribution. We identified 14 distinct immune cell clusters (56% myeloid and 44% lymphoid). Myeloid populations included resident macrophages, conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s), Langerhans cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells. Additionally, lymphocyte subsets (B, CD8, CD4, γδT, natural killer, natural killer T, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells) were found. We also found three new subtypes of resident macrophages in the cornea. Trajectory analysis suggested a differentiation pathway from monocytes to conventional dendritic cells, resident macrophages, and LCs. Intercellular communication network analysis using cord diagram identified amyloid precursor protein, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 12), Cxcl2, Mif, Tnf, Tgfb1, Igf1, and Il10 as prominent ligands involved in these interactions. Sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns were observed, with male myeloid cells expressing genes linked to immune regulation (Egr1, Foxp1, Mrc1, and Il1rn) and females showing higher expression of antigen presentation genes (Clic1, Psmb8, and Psmb9). Finally, immunostaining confirmed the spatial distribution of these cell populations within the cornea. This study unveils a diverse immune landscape in the mouse cornea, with evidence for cell differentiation and sex-based differences. Immunostaining validates the spatial distribution of these populations, furthering our knowledge of corneal immune function.

A Modified Method for Reducing the Scale Effect in Land Surface Temperature Downscaling at 10 m Resolution

Satellite-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) plays an important role in research on natural energy balance and water cycle. Considering the tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolutions, accurate fine-resolution LST must be obtained through the use of LST downscaling (DLST) technology. Various methods have been proposed for DLST at fine resolutions (e.g., 10 m) and small scales. However, the scale effect of these methods, which is inherent to DLST processes at different extents, has rarely been addressed, thus limiting their application. In this study, a modified daily 10 m resolution DLST method based on Google Earth Engine, called mDTSG, is proposed in order to reduce the scale effect at fine spatial resolutions. The proposed method introduces a convolution-based moving window into the DLST process for the fusion of different remote sensing data. The performance of the modified method is compared with the original method in six regions characterized by various extents and landscape heterogeneity. The results show that the scale effect is significant in the DLST process at fine resolutions across extents ranging from 100 km2 to 22,500 km2. Compared with the original method, mDTSG can effectively reduce the LST value differences between tile edges, especially when considering large extents (>22,500 km2) with an average R2 improvement of 33.75%. The average MAE is 1.63 °C, and the average RMSE is 2.3 °C in the mDTSG results, when compared with independent remote sensing products across the six regions. A comparison with in situ observations also shows promising results, with an MAE of 2.03 °C and an RMSE of 2.63 °C. These findings highlight the robustness and scalability of the mDTSG method, making it a valuable tool for fine-resolution LST applications in diverse and extensive landscapes.

Intra-host genomic diversity and integration landscape of human tissue-resident DNA virome.

The viral intra-host genetic diversitiesand interactions with the human genome during decades of persistence remain poorly characterized. In this study, we analyzed the variability and integration sites of persisting viruses in nine organs from thirteen individuals who died suddenly from non-viralcauses. The viruses studiedincluded parvovirus B19, six herpesviruses, Merkel cell (MCPyV) and JC polyomaviruses, totaling 127 genomes. The viral sequences across organs were remarkably conserved within each individual, suggesting that persistence stems from single dominant strains. This indicates that intra-host viral evolution, thus far inferred primarily from immunocompromised patients, is likely overestimated in healthy subjects. Indeed, we detected increased viral subpopulations in two individuals with putative reactivations, suggesting that replication status influences diversity. Furthermore, we identified asymmetrical mutationpatternsreflectingselective pressures exerted by the host. Strikingly, our analysis revealed non-clonal viral integrations even in individuals without cancer. These included MCPyV integrations and truncations resembling clonally expanded variants inMerkel cell carcinomas, as well as novel junctions between herpesvirus 6B and mitochondrial sequences, the significance of which remains to be evaluated. Our work systematically characterizes the genomic landscape of the tissue-resident virome, highlighting potential deviations occurring during disease.