Diverse Funding Research Articles

Can government subsidy and marine carbon capture, utilization and storage technology improve the decision level of supply chain intellectual property pledge financing?

Although it is an innovative technology with great potential for emission reduction, there are some problems such as high financing risk and lack of market for related products in marine carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology. Its evolution depends largely on the support of the government. Based on supply chain perspective, this article constructs a two-level supply chain composed of one manufacturer and only one retailer. The intellectual property pledge financing decisions for the supply chain marine CCUS technology in no financing model, without government subsidy model, and under government subsidy model are considered separately. Through numerical simulation, the effect of government subsidies and marine CCUS technology intellectual property pledge financing on the optimum making decision and earning of members in supply chain are emphatically analyzed. According to the research results, the intellectual property pledge financing and government subsidy policy of marine CCUS technology have different impacts on manufacturers with diverse own funds and their supply chains. For the subsidy decision, the government needs to combine the capital constraints of the supply chain and the product's marine CCUS level to formulate the optimal decision, so as to encourage as many companies as possible to develop products related to marine CCUS product. This paper not only provides reference for the intellectual property pledge financing decision of marine CCUS technology, but also provides practical guidance for the government to lay down subsidy policies for the application and growth of marine CCUS technology.

Moving from assessments to implementation: promising practices for strengthening multisectoral antimicrobial resistance containment capacity

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global threat to human, animal, and environmental health. AMR is a technical area in the Global Health Security Agenda initiative which uses the Joint External Evaluation tool to evaluate national AMR containment capacity. This paper describes four promising practices for strengthening national antimicrobial resistance containment capacity based on the experiences of the US Agency for International Development’s Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program work with 13 countries to implement their national action plans on AMR in the areas of multisectoral coordination, infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship.MethodsWe use the World Health Organization (WHO) Benchmarks on International Health Regulations Capacities (2019) to guide national, subnational, and facility actions that advance Joint External Evaluation capacity levels from 1 (no capacity) to 5 (sustainable capacity). Our technical approach is based on scoping visits, baseline Joint External Evaluation scores, benchmarks tool guidance, and country resources and priorities.ResultsWe gleaned four promising practices to achieve AMR containment objectives: (1) implement appropriate actions using the WHO benchmarks tool, which prioritizes actions, making it easier for countries to incrementally increase their Joint External Evaluation capacity from level 1 to 5; (2) integrate AMR into national and global agendas. Ongoing agendas and programs at international, regional, and national levels provide opportunities to mainstream and interlink AMR containment efforts; (3) improve governance through multisectoral coordination on AMR. Strengthening multisectoral bodies’ and their technical working groups’ governance improved functioning, which led to better engagement with animal/agricultural sectors and a more coordinated COVID-19 pandemic response; and (4) mobilize and diversify funding for AMR containment. Long-term funding from diversified funding streams is vital for advancing and sustaining countries’ Joint External Evaluation capacities.ConclusionsThe Global Health Security Agenda work has provided practical support to countries to frame and conduct AMR containment actions in terms of pandemic preparedness and health security. The WHO benchmarks tool that Global Health Security Agenda uses serves as a standardized organizing framework to prioritize capacity-appropriate AMR containment actions and transfer skills to help operationalize national action plans on AMR.

Canada’s Small INGOs: Growth Aspirations, Strategies, and Constraints

During the past two decades, international development non-government organizations (INGOs) have proliferated in the global North. In Canada, there are ∼1350 registered INGOs—of which, 950 were established in 2000 or later, 1192 receive no federal government funding, 1202 have annual revenues under CAD one million dollars, and 709 have no full-time employees. This new wave of Small and Medium Organizations (SMOs) epitomises the decentralisation of global development as private aid has surpassed Official Development Assistance funding. Yet, recent studies suggest SMOs have a short lifespan and fail to progress beyond service provision representing the first evolutionary stage of INGO maturation. Our study combines surveys (n: 95) and interviews (n: 18) with Canadian SMOs to explore growth aspirations along with their challenges and strategies to increase revenue. Our results show that nearly all Canadian SMOs desire organisational growth, and pursue diverse funding sources and innovative strategies to increase revenue. However, for SMOs, growth means doing more of the same thing—they are committed to improving the living conditions of their target population—which contradicts best practices to scale up INGO impact and may necessitate alternative organisational evolutionary guides for SMOs operating in this emerging development niche.

The Effect of Income and Funding Diversification on Bank Performance and Risk in Indonesia

This research was conducted to determine the effect of income and funding diversification on bank performance and risks. The data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the financial reports of general and sharia banking for 2017–2021. The data sources are annual bank reports, published reports available at Bank Indonesia, the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and the Authority for Financial Services. The study results show that income diversification has no effect on bank performance and reduces bank risk. The results of bank income diversification in Indonesia have not been maximized because interest income remains the primary source of income. Meanwhile, funding diversification results in a decrease in bank performance and risk. Funding diversification can reduce bank risk. The expansion of funding diversification is intended to increase liquidity so that banks can meet their funding needs by increasing their liability portfolio. The diversity of costs that will be incurred by banks as returns from funding sources will reduce bank performance.

The contribution of primary care practitioners to interventions reducing loneliness and social isolation in older people-An integrative review.

Social connection is a fundamental human need. Its absence can lead to loneliness and social isolation, adversely impacting health and well-being. Given their regular contact and trusted relationships with older people, practitioners delivering community-based primary care are well-positioned to address this issue. However, their contribution to addressing loneliness and social isolation is unclear. This integrative review explores the contribution of the primary care workforce to interventions aimed at reducing loneliness and social isolation in community-dwelling older people. Using an integrative review method, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed were searched for original research published between 2000 and 2022. Fourteen papers reporting 13 primary studies were appraised for methodological quality and included in the review. Data were extracted into a summary table and analysed using thematic analysis. Included studies came from over six countries. Internationally, primary care services have diverse structures, funding and workforces influencing their response to loneliness and social isolation. All but one intervention was multi-component, with ten studies including a group-based activity and three providing primarily individual-level activities. Only six studies reported reductions in loneliness following the intervention. Three themes were identified: characteristics of interventions; implementation context, barriers and facilitators; and differing contributions of primary care practitioners in addressing loneliness and social isolation of older people. There is increasing demand and scope for primary care practitioners to assist lonely and socially isolated older people. It is important to understand how to equip and incentivise these practitioners to routinely identify, assess and respond to lonely and socially isolated older people despite varying implementation contexts. There is a need for further research that explores how the primary care team can be better utilised to deliver effective interventions that reduce the health impacts of loneliness and social isolation.

Interdependency between Indian and US market indices: A granger causality approach

The Granger causality model is used in the current study to analyze the short-run cause–effect relationship between two stock market indices between 2001 and 2021 using time series data of the daily closing prices of the BSE Sensex and S and P 500 indices listed in the Indian and US stock markets, respectively. The Granger causality model and the augmented Dickey–Fuller test for data stationarity were used in the study to examine the short-term causal link between two market indices during the time period. The outcomes demonstrated the connection between the Indian and US stock markets. The findings imply that both markets have a dynamic, bidirectional relationship. This study provides the investor’s essential inputs for investment decision-making and portfolio diversification. In the current era of globalization, the study is crucial because investors and fund managers now place a high priority on stock market integration. Through fund diversification across equity markets, this study subsequently makes it easier to reduce portfolio risk by providing useful insights on diversification strategies across the stock markets.

Diversification and bank stability in the MENA region

Both regulators and policymakers are now very interested on the hazy relationship between diversification (income, asset, and fund) and bank stability, which remains elusive. This is also unknown how the diversification affects the stability of financial organizations. This study focuses on diversification, country governance index, bank profitability, and its effect on the stability of banks. With the study period of the dataset from 2012 to 2021, a fixed-effect panel data regression analysis is conducted utilizing a collection of 10 MENA countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. The study reveals that asset and fund diversification may have a negative impact on bank stability, while income diversification may lead to greater stability. Additionally, the research suggests that a stronger country governance index and higher net interest margin are linked to increased bank stability in the 10 MENA countries analyzed. In summary, stronger governance and profitability can contribute to the overall stability of the banking sector in these regions.

Real Sectors` Performance as a Precursor to Economic Restructuring in Nigeria

This study focused on real sectors performance as a precursor to economic restructuring in Nigeria. There seemed to be an unbalanced transition of the Nigerian economy from agriculture to industrial and to services sector which failed to achieve a transformed economy. The individual real sectors` growth have been disproportionate. Sector-specific policies need to be implemented due to recent service sector led growth in the economy. To proceed, we analyzed individual real sector performance using real sectors time series data from 1981 to 2018 sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and WDI. The study utilized the following variables: growth rate of real GDP (GDPR), growth rate of services sector output (SEVR), growth rate of manufacturing sector output (MANR), growth rate of industrial sector output (INDR), growth rate of Agricultural sector output (AGCR), growth rate of trade openness (OPEN) and Real interest rate (INTR).The Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach to cointegration was utilized for this study. Using the bounds test, the result from the ARDL model indicate that the variables for this study are cointegrated while the error correction term appeared significant and confirms that short-run disequilibria are corrected up to 100 percent annually. This shows that the real sectors are the backbone of the economy. The empirical results reveals that the real sector growth exert positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the short-run and the long-run. Unlike previous findings that structural change must follow a certain pattern, our result implies that economic transformation in Nigeria requires a holistic policy framework to address each specific sector. We therefore, recommend that government should implement policies that will promote inter-sectoral linkages to achieve simultaneous growth in the real sectors. Nigerian trade performance should be improved through economic diversification and further availability of funds to private sector at competitive interest rate in order to produce internationally competitive products.

American Prison Newspapers, 1800‐2020: Voices from the Inside

American Prison Newspapers is an open access digital collection of primary source newspapers residing on the JSTOR platform. It is one of Reveal Digital’s collections under the Diversity and Dissent Fund. As of late 2022, the collection contains 112 unique newspaper titles written and published from within American prisons, and approximately 8% of them originate from women’s prisons. The collection spans the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. High-resolution images of the newspapers load well in the native interface and download quickly as PDFs, but the images in neither format meet accessibility standards for text-to-speech software. In general, this collection is of immeasurable value to students and researchers in a variety of fields, including the humanities, the social sciences, and the interdisciplinary field of social justice studies, despite JSTOR’s limitations on advanced searching and accessibility.

Trajectories of medication use and polypharmacy among children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) may have chronic exposure to polypharmacy to address several medical needs, but there is little research on the topic to inform surveillance methods and clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To identify the trajectories of medication number and pediatric polypharmacy (≥2 concurrent medications) exposure over 3.5 years among children with CP. METHODS: This cohort study used commercial claims from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018 (4-year period). Children with CP, aged 5-18 years by January 1, 2016, and with continuous health plan enrollment for all 4 years, were included and categorized as with or without co-occurring neurological/ RESULTS: Of the 1,252 children with CP, 600 were in the CP only cohort (mean [SD]; age, 11.4 [4.1] years; 46.0% female) and 652 were in the CP + NDDs cohort (age, 11.9 [4.1] years; 41.3% female; 32.7% had ≥2 of the NDDs). For the primary GBTM, 3 trajectory groups were identified for CP only: on average, no prescribed medications (69.7% of the cohort), 1 medication/month (24.8%), and 4 medications/month (5.5%). Five trajectory groups were identified for CP + NDDs: 0 (22.4%), 1 (25.6%), 2 (25.2%), 4 (18.4%), and 6 (8.4%) prescribed medications/month. For the secondary GBTM, 3 trajectory groups were identified for CP only: 80.5% were characterized as negligible probability of polypharmacy exposure, 10.8% as low probability, and 8.7% as high probability. Five trajectory groups were identified for CP + NDDs: 37.9% as negligible probability of polypharmacy exposure, 32.8% as constantly high probability, and 29.2% as changing probability (eg, increasing/decreasing). CONCLUSIONS: Children with CP are chronically exposed to differing levels of polypharmacy. Findings can help establish polypharmacy surveillance practices. Studies need to determine if polypharmaceutical strategies are balanced to optimize health and development for children with CP. DISCLOSURES: Dr Whitney is supported by the University of Michigan Office of Health Equity and Inclusion Diversity Fund. The funding source had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Engaging Latina Students in the Invention Ecosystem

Researchers who focus on innovation and invention provide empirical evidence for the benefits of drawing on diverse ideas throughout the invention process; however, the majority of inventors in the United States are White, middle-aged males with advanced science, technology, engineering, or mathematics degrees. By relying primarily on the ideas and inventiveness of homogenous groups, the United States is losing out on diverse and valuable funds of knowledge, which could contribute to groundbreaking innovations to improve peoples' everyday lives and the nation's global competitiveness. Considering that one in four students in the U.S. school system identifies as Latinx, and by 2050, one in three U.S. Americans will identify as Latinx, drawing on the rich cultural knowledge found within Latinx communities is essential for fostering innovation and invention in the diverse U.S. society.<br/> In this conceptual paper, we focus specifically on engaging Latina students in the innovation ecosystem while emphasizing the importance of including the varied perspectives and diverse skill sets of all students. We propose the funds of knowledge theory as a helpful perspective for exploring the ways and reasons for including Latinas (and other diverse students) in inventing. We make the connection between funds of knowledge and invention education (IvE) and argue that one of the most productive ways to engage Latinas and other under-represented students in inventing is to embed IvE within the school day. By including diverse groups in the invention ecosystem, U.S. society and industry can benefit from rich funds of knowledge, which can contribute to solving the complex problems diverse communities face.

Mutual funds' performance and relative strength of factor exposures

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to measure mutual funds' manager performance by attributing it to their abilities to choose better securities (selectivity effect) and to allocate these securities better than their benchmarks (allocation effect). The study enables the authors to examine the relative contributions of the commonly known asset-pricing factors in mutual funds' performance.Design/methodology/approachTo examine managers' ability to steer funds' returns, the authors conduct a two-dimensional holdings-based analysis using factor-specific decomposition of funds' excess returns into their ability to select and allocate securities better than their benchmarks. Subsequently, the authors conduct an analysis of the covariance (ANCOVA) due to these factors in explaining funds' excess returns over time.FindingsWhile managers' ability to choose better securities than the benchmarks (the selectivity effect) appears modest, some funds (especially the winners) allocate securities in their portfolios better than their benchmarks (the allocation effect) based on their exposures to certain factors (e.g. the momentum factor for the winner funds). However, although funds consistently gain through their ability to predict the size and value factors well, they do not consistently possess the skills to predict the momentum factor.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the paper analyzes all the available diversified funds, the sample excludes several other categories, such as thematic and international funds. Further, the analysis is based on equity-oriented Indian funds. Broader studies of changes in factor exposures and the inclusion of more factors apart from those conventionally used may shed more light on the managers' ability to maneuver these factors.Practical implicationsThe results show that mutual fund managers lack persistence in their performance, even though some of them could predict specific factors well. Since the activity in active mutual funds could not lead to superior performance over time, investors could be better off by selecting cheaper passive funds for their long-term investments.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel approach to studying funds' performance by conducting a two-dimensional holdings-based analysis to capture the relative contributions of common asset-pricing factors in the cross-section as well as over time.

Effect of Direct Costs of Education on Students’ Transition Rate in Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Kenya

Educational resources and facilities cost money. The government and families mostly cover these expenditures. Kenya has spent considerably in education to improve access and participation. Despite these attempts, many students enroll in secondary school in form one, but the numbers drop as they advance to form four. Some are unsuccessful in the four-year course. The study's main goal was to determine the effect of direct educational costs on the transition rates of students in public boarding secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. This research employed a Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design. 34 principals and 3,917 parents were targeted. The sample includes all the 34 principals and 362 parents purposively and Yamane's Simplified formula-selected respectively. Proportional random sampling aided in the choice of parents. Interviews, questionnaires, and archive content analysis collected data. Thematic analysis helped interpret qualitative data while inferential and descriptive statistics interpreted quantitative data. The findings indicated that, in public boarding secondary schools, student transition is highly connected with direct educational expenses. Direct educational expenditures predict public boarding secondary school students’ grade to grade transition rate. They explain 81.8% of the variation with repairs, maintenance and improvement cost accounting for the highest (34.7%) and school meals was responsible for 0.1% of the variance. The study concluded that, direct costs of education affect students’ grade to grade transition. It recommends the government to: review and increase student capitation so as to cover boarding expenses, diversify funding sources to fully cushion the needy students and fully fund school projects and programmes in order to relieve parents/guardians of the cost burden and thus increase student participation in Public Boarding Secondary schools. Keywords: Direct costs of education, Boarding Expenses, Board of Management Salaries and Motivation Fees, Public Boarding secondary Schools, Student Capitation, Students’ Transition Rates

Presidential Address, 2022-Dismantling Systemic Barriers: Re-Envisioning Equity and Inclusion.

Presidential Address, 2022-Dismantling Systemic Barriers: Re-Envisioning Equity and Inclusion.

Heterogenous impact of monetary policy on the Philippine rural banking system

This paper shows the differential impact of monetary policy on the lending behavior of rural banks, with the bank lending channel being operational in small rural banks. While big rural banks are able to protect their lending portfolio from contractionary monetary policy by the size of their balance sheet, small rural banks with less diversified funding portfolio cannot. Moreover, highly capitalized rural banks are more inclined to protect their capital than expand their lending portfolio, following monetary tightening and higher capital requirement. The insignificance of gross domestic product (GDP) growth may reflect weakness in effective loan demand and lack of diversification that could have also impinged on the earning capacity of rural banks, as supported by initial estimates on the drivers of rural bank profitability. The finding on heterogeneous effects of monetary policy on rural banks has a secondary implication of lending credence to the principle of proportionality embodied in the BSP’s bank regulatory framework.

MEASURING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LARGE SCALE CULTURAL EVENTS: A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

Organisation of large scale or mega cultural events requires not only skilful managerial techniques, but also an integrated evaluation approach taking into account such aspects as the cultural, economic, social, political, and environmental context. Mega cultural events can be characterised by complex objectives, diverse funding sources (EU, public, private), a multilayer structure of planned results and effects. All that obviously encumbers evaluation of mega events. The initiative of the European Capital of Culture is one of major large scale European cultural cooperation projects, taking into consideration its budget and the diversity of its programme that exceeds the scope of any other cultural event. In 2014, Riga was chosen to be one of the European Capitals of Culture. Latvia had recently overcome an economic recession; in this context substantial public investment in culture required an additional focus on evaluating the economic impact of Riga 2014 programme. Research is based on the assumption that social network analysis has a great potential in evaluation of cultural impact, as culture incorporates the very idea of a network through which new ideas and creativity are channelled.

IEEE Computer Society Diversity and Inclusion Fund

IEEE Computer Society Diversity and Inclusion Fund

The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue: The West's Response to China in the Indo-Pacific

As China’s actions have become increasingly aggressive in the Indo-Pacific, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue’s (Quad) growing interconnectedness reveals the West’s desire to preserve the liberal order. The Quad-- composed of the United States, Australia, India, and Japan-- was revived in 2017 amidst China’s encroachment on the sovereignty of Indo-Pacific nations and international waters. Through increased activity in infrastructure development, military interoperability, and key resource networks, the Quad’s renewal marks an acceleration of Western efforts to counter China’s growing threats to Western hegemony. By distilling the Quad’s activity into these three areas of cooperation, this paper examines the grouping’s actions and their implications for Western-China relations. In the area of infrastructure development, the Quad has emphasized a diversification of funding and high-quality practices to reduce reliance on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and has promoted democratic priorities through the formation of the Blue Dot Network (BDN). Within military interoperability, the expansion of Exercise Malabar to include all Quad nations and the decision to host the exercise in the Bay of Bengal reveals the Quad’s increased challenge to China’s encroachment on Indo-Pacific oceans. The Quad’s desire to reduce Indo-Pacific nations’ reliance on China is evident in its efforts to exert influence over key resource networks such as undersea communication cables, Covid-19 vaccines, and global supply chains. The Quad’s increased activity within these three sectors represents the grouping’s elevation to an increasingly concrete alliance, emerging as one of the West’s primary measures to counter China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

IEEE Computer Society Diversity and Inclusion Fund

IEEE Computer Society Diversity and Inclusion Fund

Business activity in substance use remains strong with diverse funding

Government and private funding both are playing a prominent role in growth of the substance use treatment industry, with progress into new geographic areas and expanded lines of business. Recent activity ranges from substantial state grant support for new facility construction in California to expansions into mental health by some prominent names in addiction services nationally.