Diversification Of Funding Sources Research Articles

A roadmap for affordable genetic medicines.

Nineteen genetic therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to date, a number that now includes the first CRISPR genome editing therapy for sickle cell disease, CASGEVY (exagamglogene autotemcel). This extraordinary milestone is widely celebrated because of the promise for future genome editing treatments of previously intractable genetic disorders and cancers. At the same time, such genetic therapies are the most expensive drugs on the market, with list prices exceeding $4 million per patient. Although all approved cell and gene therapies trace their origins to academic or government research institutions, reliance on for-profit pharmaceutical companies for subsequent development and commercialization results in prices that prioritize recouping investments, paying for candidate product failures, and meeting investor and shareholder expectations. To increase affordability and access, sustainable discovery-to-market alternatives are needed that address system-wide deficiencies. Here, we present recommendations of a multi-disciplinary task force assembled to chart such a path. We describe a pricing structure that, once implemented, could reduce per-patient cost tenfold and propose a business model that distributes responsibilities while leveraging diverse funding sources. We also outline how academic licensing provisions, manufacturing innovation and supportive regulations can reduce cost and enable broader patient treatment.

A Model for Occupational Pensions Privately Administered for Police and Military Personnel

Abstract In the context of legislation introduced in Romania through Law 1 of 2020 regarding occupational pensions, this paper presents an evaluation of occupational pension system for police and military personnel and takes into consideration privately administered funds that would complement the current system. The paper evaluates the impact of the complementary occupational pension system, focusing on its dual role as both a fiscal instrument for internal financing within Romania and a mechanism for enhancing social and economic security for retired police and military staff. The occupational pension system can diversify funding sources, potentially easing the national public debt burden, while offering a sustainable and adequate retirement income for service members. Furthermore, the analysis extends to the occupational pension system's efficacy in fostering workforce stability, particularly post-eligibility for military state pensions. The study addresses the system's potential influence on staff motivation and retention, underpinning its role in maintaining a robust and committed service workforce. This simulation-based study leverages international models and legislative frameworks to corroborate these benefits, providing a nuanced understanding of the occupational pension system’s role in the broader context of public service pensions.

Analysis of the Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) in Indonesia

This research focuses on the role of social entrepreneurship in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. Indonesia faces social, economic, and environmental challenges that require innovative and sustainable approaches. Social entrepreneurship, with a progressive focus on creating positive social and environmental impacts, offers a potential path to facilitate progress. This qualitative research assesses the impacts, challenges, and supporting factors of social entrepreneurship in Indonesia, as well as its alignment with certain SDGs, tangible contributions, motivations, and challenges faced by social entrepreneurs. The importance of a supportive ecosystem, diverse funding sources, and supportive policies is emphasized to harness the full potential of social entrepreneurship in driving sustainable development.

Urban Transformation in Old Cities of China: From Heritage Preservation to Urban Renewal

With the rapid advancement of urbanization and the continuous growth of the economy in China, old urban areas face unprecedented challenges. Issues such as urban renewal, preservation of historical heritage, and relocation of residents have become crucial factors constraining sustainable urban development. Addressing these issues not only concerns the appearance and function of cities but also involves the inheritance of social and cultural values and the quality of life for urban residents. This article delves into the current status, challenges, and future directions of the transformation of China's old cities. Research indicates that while there have been some advancements in the revitalization of old cities in recent years, a series of complex and urgent challenges persist. In terms of historical heritage preservation, the main issues include inadequate policy safeguards, insufficient funding, and low societal participation. Urban renewal grapples with conflicts between historical preservation and development needs, balancing costs and benefits, and challenges related to resident relocation and social stability. Looking ahead, it is recommended to strengthen policy and regulations, diversify funding sources, and enhance societal participation. Regarding urban renewal, efforts should be made to strike a balance between preserving historical heritage and meeting development demands, emphasize cost-benefit evaluations, and formulate humane relocation policies. Future development directions encompass enhancing planning and design, promoting participation from social organizations and residents, fostering technological innovation and sustainable development, and strengthening oversight and evaluations.

Assessing The Challenges In Ownership And Funding Practices Of University Education In Cross River State, Nigeria

This study explored the challenges in ownership and funding practices of university education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted in conducting the study. Three research questions were answered through the data collected from all the Heads of Department in the sampled Universities in Cross River State including University of Calabar (UNICAL) and Cross River State University (CRSU), Havilla University, Nde-Ikom and Arthur Javis University Akpabuyo. The population comprised 228 Heads of Department in the study area. The census approach was adopted in drawing the population because they are manageable. A 20-item validated questionnaire titled: Challenges in Ownership and Funding Practices of University Education Questionnaire (COFPUEQ) was employed for data collection. The instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha at a statistical index .86 which was adjudged good enough for data collection. Data collected were analyzed through mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that the key challenges in ownership and funding practices of universities in the study area include but not limited to insufficient funding, complex bureaucratic processes, inadequate infrastructure, difficulty in attracting and retaining faculty. It was concluded that by examining these challenges and proposing potential strategies for sustainable funding, the study recommends the importance of diversifying funding sources and engaging in public-private partnerships to enhance the financial sustainability of universities in the State.

FDI in India: Analyzing Financial Flows and Economic Impacts

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in shaping the economic landscape of India, attracting significant attention from investors, policymakers, and economists alike. As one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, India has been successful in improving its attractiveness to foreign investors through various policy reforms and liberalization measures. The study finds important patterns and connections in the dynamics of FDI inflow by applying quantitative analytical techniques such a regression analysis and correlation analysis. The results of regression analysis highlight the impact of the GDP on FDI inflow, showing a robust positive connection between GDP and FDI inflow. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in FDI inflows into India across different sectors, such as telecommunications, manufacturing, and services. This surge in FDI can be attributed to the country's large and growing market, skilled workforce, improving infrastructure, and stable political environment. Analyzing the financial flows of FDI into India reveals that a significant portion of inflows comes from countries such as the United States, Singapore, and Mauritius. This diversification of funding sources indicates the global interest in investing in India and leveraging its potential as a key market in the region. The economic impacts of FDI in India are multifaceted and go beyond simply bringing capital into the country. FDI inflows contribute to job creation, technology transfer, skill development, and overall economic growth. Foreign investors bring in expertise, best practices, and access to new markets, which can benefit local industries and enhance competitiveness. Moreover, FDI inflows can also lead to improvements in productivity, efficiency, and innovation within domestic firms through spillover effects. However, it is essential to recognize the challenges associated with FDI in India, such as regulatory complexity, infrastructure bottlenecks, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and socio-political factors. Addressing these challenges requires continuous efforts from the government to further streamline regulations, improve infrastructure, enhance the ease of doing business, and foster a more investor-friendly environment. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Regression, Correlation, GDP, Telecommunications.

Collective activities of the Thai Coordinating Unit for One Health (CUOH): Past activities and future directions

In Thailand, One Health concepts have been implemented among government agencies, academic institutions, intergovernment, and civil society organizations. The Thai Coordinating Unit for One Health (CUOH) was established as a collaborating body for One Health-related activities in the country in 2014. To better understand what activities CUOH has completed thus far and to assess future activities, we conducted a network analysis to identify and visualize linkages between organizations and activities from 2015 to 2021. Activities were divided into four categories: organizing meetings, developing products, providing funds, and managing resources. Most of the 114 CUOH-managed meeting participants were representatives from 72 government and 20 academic institutions. The Thai Ministry of Public Health's Department of Disease Control participated in 148 meetings, the highest attendance among all organizations working with CUOH. The first CUOH guideline or manual was published in 2020, and 11 were published in 2021. In funding management, the CUOH worked with 25 organizations to carry out 71 projects from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, the CUOH played an important role in allocating COVID-19 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The CUOH has connected organizations working in different health sectors to collaborate jointly through meetings and projects that use a One Health approach, which can holistically improve health management in Thailand. Diverse funding sources are needed to ensure the sustainability of the unit in the future.

Evaluation of China's long-term care insurance policies.

In response to the increasing demand for long-term care services for older people, the Chinese government has launched a pilot program for long-term care insurance (LTCI) since 2016. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of this program in China and provide recommendations for the future development and expansion of the LTCI system. We developed a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess these LTCI policies implemented in all 49 pilot cities in China. Based on our evaluation, the average assessment score for the LTCI program across all pilot cities was 71.8 points, with scores ranging from 57.5 to 92.5 points in these cities. Furthermore, most of the pilot cities achieved higher scores in the fact-based assessment compared to the value-based assessment. The results suggested that the overall pilot effect regarding LTCI was favorable, but there were significant regional disparities. Moreover, in most of pilot cities, current LTCI policies were designed to alleviate both the financial burden and the burden of caring for people with disabilities that families faced. However, some challenges still remained, such as the lack of community and home-based care services, the need to expand the coverage of insurance, and the importance of diversifying funding sources.

Effect of Capital Structure on Financial and Social Performance of Indian MFIs: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) play a crucial role in financial inclusion and social empowerment, with funding sources significantly influencing their overall performance. Despite existing research efforts on the relationship between capital structure and the performance of MFIs, a notable gap remains in the literature, particularly concerning Indian MFIs. This study aims to address this void by examining the influence of capital structure on the financial and social performance of Indian MFIs. The study aims to assess the effect of capital structure on financial and social performance through a systematic literature review of 20 articles using Scopus and Google Scholar. Network analysis and systematic literature review methodologies, employing tools such as Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, were used to scrutinize the selected records. Findings reveal inconclusive outcomes on the effect of capital structure on MFIs' performance, specifically in the heterogeneous context of India, highlighting that while Indian MFIs utilize debt financing to expand services, it may elevate credit risk and non-performing assets, negatively impacting overall performance. The empirical results can guide MFIs in optimizing their capital structures for financial self-sufficiency, enabling better services for underserved populations. The study underscores the need for more empirical analyses, incorporating additional variables and a broader range of MFIs, to enhance reliability and provide actionable recommendations for financing structures and diversified funding sources.

Assessment of Climate Change Financing Mechanisms in Cameroon: A Comprehensive Review

Climate change is a development challenge, particularly for developing countries like Cameroon, characterised by heightened vulnerability due to socio-economic structures and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors. Mitigation and adaptation measures are imperative, making financing mechanisms a central focus of international cooperation. This review examines the intricate landscape of climate change financing in Cameroon, providing an in-depth understanding of existing mechanisms, their effectiveness, and the challenges hampering optimal implementation. The study scrutinizes diverse funding sources, encompassing international climate funds, bilateral agreements, and national budget allocations. Key challenges, including fragmented approaches, accessibility issues, and alignment with national development goals, are identified. The study underscores the critical importance of coordination, capacity building, and strategic alignment in navigating the complex climate financing landscape. By systematically addressing these challenges, Cameroon can enhance the utilization of climate finance, ensuring tangible benefits for local communities and substantial contributions to sustainable development goals.

Funding Learning Health System Research: Challenges and Strategies.

A growing number of health systems are establishing learning health system (LHS) programs, where research focuses on rapidly improving the health system's internal operations and performance. The authors examine funding challenges facing such initiatives and identify strategies for managing tensions between reliance on external research funding and directly contributing to improvement and learning within the researchers' own system. Qualitative case studies of LHS research programs in 5 health systems were performed via 38 semistructured interviews (October 2019-April 2021) with 35 diverse respondents. Inductive and deductive rapid qualitative analysis supported interview, system-level, and cross-system summaries and analysis. External funding awards to LHS researchers facilitated some internal improvement and learning, scientific advancements, and the reputation of researchers and their systems, but reliance on external funding also challenged researchers' responsiveness to concerns of system leaders, managers, practitioners, and system needs. Gaps between external funding requirements and internally focused projects arose in objectives, practical applicability, audiences, timetables, routines, skill sets, and researchers' careers. To contribute more directly to system improvement, LHS researchers needed to collaborate with clinicians and other nonresearchers and pivot between long research studies and shorter, dynamic improvement, evaluation, and data analysis projects. With support from system executives, LHS program leaders employed several strategies to enhance researchers' internal contributions. They aligned funded-research topics with long-term system needs, obtained internal funding for implementing and sustaining practice change, and diversified funding sources. To foster LHS research contributions to internal system learning and improvement, LHS program leaders need to manage tensions between concentrating on externally funded research and fulfilling their mission of providing research-based services to their own system. Health system executives can support LHS programs by setting clear goals for them; appropriately staffing, budgeting, and incentivizing LHS researchers; and developing supportive, system-wide teamwork, skill development programs, and data infrastructures.

Analysis of Innovation Product Development of The Boardgame "Kewania”

Purpose: This research aims to explore the innovation and product development process of the Kewania board game, analyze its business model, and assess its product maturity.
 Method: The study employs the Design Thinking framework to identify the manufacturing process, conducts a Business Model Canvas (BMC) analysis for business model examination, and utilizes the KTH Innovation Readiness Level (IRL) method for evaluating product maturity.
 Result: The findings indicate that "Kewania" successfully integrates design thinking, creating board games that are not only entertaining but also possess educational value. The BMC analysis identifies crucial elements in the business model, while the KTH-IRL analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the company's innovation readiness.
 limitation: The limitations of this research include challenges in business management, specifically positioning "Kewania" in the valley of death.
 Practical implications: Conclusions and recommendations encompass strategies for enhanced education, pricing, and marketing; advanced development; community collaboration; periodic evaluation; optimized distribution; innovation management; cost efficiency; customer-centric focus; strengthened branding; improved IPRL; team training; and diversified funding sources.
 Originality: This study contributes to the field by examining the innovation and product development of a board game in the context of design thinking, BMC analysis, and KTH IRL evaluation.
 Paper type: research paper.

Perbandingan Kinerja Bank Konvensional dan Bank Syariah pada Triwulan IV 2022

This research analyzes the performance of Conventional Banks and Islamic Banks in Indonesia in the fourth quarter of 2022 using data from the official website of the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The text above discusses the performance comparison between conventional commercial banks (BUK) and Islamic banks (BUS) in several key aspects. Islamic banks show higher asset growth, reaching 15.57%, compared to the 9.42% growth in assets of conventional commercial banks. The composition of their assets also differs, with conventional banks focusing more on credit, while Islamic banks emphasize financing. Overall, both Conventional Banks and Islamic Banks demonstrate positive performance in the second quarter of 2022, with strategies such as diversified funding sources, increased productive credit, and operational efficiency being key drivers of growth amid the continually changing economic dynamics. This conclusion reflects the commitment of the banking sector to support Indonesia's economic growth.

E-Governance and Development in Africa

This paper delved into the intricate relationship between e-government and development in Africa, assessing the impact of international politics, foreign aid, and global dynamics on e-governance projects. Challenges spanning financial constraints, inadequate legal frameworks, technological disparities, cyber security threats, and the need for local-context-driven strategies emerge as prominent hurdles. The paper employed a comprehensive literature review that investigated the nexus between e-governance and development in Africa; with a particular focus on the influence of international politics. It was revealed that successful e-government implementation can lead to reduced corruption, increased transparency, and revenue growth. The paper also discovered that African countries often rely on foreign aid for such projects, and global power dynamics influence technology adoption and infrastructure development, presenting implementation challenges. It was further established that African countries face challenges that include financial constraints, inadequate legal frameworks, infrastructural deficiencies, and implementation hurdles. Key recommendations include establishing robust monitoring mechanisms, prioritizing investment in e-governance, enhancing capacity building, diversifying funding sources, and addressing systemic challenges to facilitate effective e-governance implementation

Issues of financing of agricultural complexes and their economic analysis

This article delves into the multifaceted realm of financing agroclusters, offering an economic analysis that centers on research findings within cotton-textile clusters. The study not only presents insights into the existing financial landscape but also formulates valuable suggestions and recommendations aimed at enhancing the financial analysis of agroclusters. The article addresses the intricacies of financing within agroclusters, recognizing the unique challenges and opportunities associated with this specialized form of agricultural collaboration. It likely explores diverse funding sources, investment structures, and financial mechanisms tailored to the context of agroclusters. A significant portion of the article focuses on the economic analysis conducted specifically within cotton-textile clusters. This analysis likely involves assessing various economic indicators, performance metrics, and financial outcomes within the context of the cotton and textile industries. The research findings presented in the article shed light on the current state and dynamics of cotton-textile clusters. These results may encompass aspects such as cluster productivity, economic efficiency, profitability, and the overall financial health of the clusters. By addressing the financing challenges specific to agroclusters and conducting an economic analysis within the cotton-textile context, this article contributes to the broader discourse on agricultural cluster development. The formulated suggestions and recommendations further add a prescriptive dimension, offering practical pathways for improving financial analysis methodologies within the agrocluster framework. Overall, this research is positioned to inform decision-makers and industry stakeholders in optimizing financial strategies for the benefit of agroclusters in the cotton-textile sector.

An Analysis of the Determinants of Bank Stability in the Banking Industry of Nepal

Bank stability refers to the ability of a financial institution to maintain consistent and secure operations, even in the face of economic challenges or shocks. This research study examines the determinants of bank stability in the Nepalese banking industry. The study analyzed data from commercial banks over a wide time range from 2001 to 2023, utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model technique. The study found that bank size, funding risk, liquidity risk, and GDP growth have a positive and significant impact on bank stability in Nepal. The study also found that credit risk has a negative impact on bank stability. This implies that higher levels of credit risk increase the likelihood of bank instability in Nepal. Banks must give utmost priority to effectively managing and controlling bank size, funding risk, liquidity risk, and fostering GDP growth in order to bolster bank stability and fortify the country's financial system. However, the study also found that credit risk has a negative impact on bank stability. This implies that higher levels of credit risk increase the likelihood of bank instability in Nepal. The implications of the research study for policymakers, regulators, and banks, emphasize the need for effective risk management practices, adequate capitalization, diversified funding sources, and a supportive economic environment to ensure a stable banking sector. The implications of this finding hold great importance for policymakers, as they highlight the crucial role of preserving current bank stability in order to attain even greater stability in the future.

A Trend Analysis of Business Funding Patterns and Sources Among Student Entrepreneurs at the Institute of Higher Learning Level : Implications for Entrepreneurship Education and Support Programs

Business funding plays a pivotal role in facilitating entrepreneurial ventures, enabling them to initiate or expand their businesses effectively. Diverse funding sources, such as personal savings, venture capital, business angels, business loans, and government assistance, have been recognized as crucial means of financial support. However, for student entrepreneurs currently pursuing higher education, the suitability of these funding options is subject to several complexities. The inexperience in commencing a business, the commitment to academic pursuits, and adherence to specific student policies and eligibility criteria necessitate a more tailored analysis. Therefore, this paper delves into a trend analysis of business funding exclusively among student entrepreneurs. Drawing on data sourced from the esteemed Malaysian Academy of SME & Entrepreneurship Development (MASMED), at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia, this study investigates business funding sources, business funds secured, business categories, and the level of student involvement over multiple years. This empirical examination and subsequent discussion provide invaluable insights into discerning patterns and shifts in student entrepreneurial business funding strategies. By scrutinizing these trends, a prediction students' decisions to venture into entrepreneurship, particularly with regards to securing adequate business funding can be developed. Furthermore, this study's findings pave the way for more comprehensive investigations, guiding potential policy enforcements in both governmental and private sectors pertaining to business funding. Ultimately, the elucidation of these trends contributes to fostering an ecosystem conducive to the growth and sustenance of student-led enterprises, unlocking new avenues for economic and societal development.

Improving the management of public-private partnership in the conditions of change

Introduction. This paper examines the important task of improving public-private partnership (PPP) management in a constantly changing environment. In an era marked by economic fluctuations, political changes, technological progress and societal demands, PPPs must demonstrate adaptability, flexibility and a forward-looking approach. Key findings highlight the critical importance of adaptability, transparency and stakeholder engagement in navigating changing landscapes. Flexible contract structures, clear risk allocation, and sound risk management practices are becoming important tools to overcome the complexities of change. The findings from this study offer a comprehensive framework for improving the governance of PPPs, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and effectiveness of these partnerships in the face of change. The purpose of the paper is to explore the strategies and approaches to improve the management of PPPs in changing conditions. Results. This research underscores the need for flexible contract design, continuous monitoring, and robust risk management strategies in response to changing circumstances. The trends reflect the changing landscape of public-private partnerships driven by technological advances, environmental imperatives and the globalization of best practices. The study highlights the significance of transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement as pillars of trust-building and risk mitigation. Furthermore, it emphasizes the value of adaptive leadership, technology integration, long-term planning, and diversified funding sources in ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of PPP projects. Conclusion. The conclusions drawn from this research offer a comprehensive framework for enhancing PPP management, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and effectiveness of these partnerships in the face of change. Further research is also proposed to explore specific areas of PPPs, such as the impact of emerging technologies and environmental considerations, to inform future practices and policies.

Obstacles of Diversifying Funding Sources at Najran University and Proposals for its Development According to the New Universities System

Purpose: The objective of the current study is to investigate the obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University in the light of Universities System No. 27 of 1441 from perspectives of academic and administrative leaders. Theoretical framework: The importance of diversifying sources of funding for higher education is evident from its role in the quality of education, meeting the requirements for accreditation of programs and activities, and its effective presence in international classifications. Its multiple sources also help in relieving the burden on the state, in addition to preparing for local, national and regional development, in addition to its contribution to refining talents, unleashing youth energies, and providing them with life skills, through early training in practicing activity with the world of commerce and industry during university. In preparation for adopting their own projects. Projeto/Metodologia/Abordagem: The researchers used the analytical descriptive method, and the tool consisted of a questionnaire of 40 phrases that were distributed to an intentional stratified sample of (90) of the leaders at the University of Najran. Resultados: The results showed that the degree of obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University, internal and external, is large; with an average of (3.77). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the sample’s response according to the variables (type of job, level of employment, years of experience), while differences were found in favor of theoretical colleges in their response to external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole. And differences were found in favor of the PhD qualification in their answers to the internal and external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole. Social applications, applications, and research: This research is useful in enhancing directions related to modernizing the university’s financial, administrative, and academic regulations; In accordance with the University Regulations No. 27 of 2019, enriching alternatives to diversify sources of self-financing for Saudi universities, especially Najran University, and raising the relationship between the university and its environment to the level of partnership. Authenticity/valor: Based on the results, the researchers presented a brief vision of diversifying funding sources at Najran University; In order to ensure the interest of all parties, and to exploit the youthful energies of university students; To enable them to become entrepreneurs, realize themselves, contribute to the development of their universities and communities, and enhance governance; Involving relevant authorities in university decision-making.

A STUDY ON FINANCIAL SCALABILITY CHECK ON INDIAN SMALL DEVELOPMENT BANKS

This study examines the financial scalability of small development banks in India by conducting a thorough analysis of their financial statements, risk management policies, and growth strategies. The research aims to evaluate the banks' ability to sustain growth while maintaining their financial stability and minimizing risks. The study also investigates the role of regulatory bodies in ensuring financial scalability in small development banks. The findings suggest that while small development banks in India have demonstrated significant growth potential, there is room for improvement in their risk management practices and diversification of funding sources. Small Finance Banks are recent banking initiative of Reserve Bank of India towards promotion of financial inclusion in India. Ten Small Finance banks operate actively across India and most of them got scheduled bank status. Small Finance Banks have a lot of challenges in terms of branch establishment, lending, deposit mobilization and operating expenses. The Small Finance banks need to survive and sustain despite all the challenges mentioned and to meet the objective of existence – Financial Inclusion. This article studies about Small Finance banks and small development banks.