National Diversity Research Articles

Assessment of academic burnout among undergraduate medical and health sciences students: a survey study from the United Arab Emirates

PurposeThis study aims to assess the prevalence of burnout among undergraduate medical and health science students and to identify the factors associated with its development.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted involving students from Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Science University. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey was used to evaluate three subscales of burnout. Ethical considerations were met, and informed written consent was obtained from participants. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between demographic, personal and school environment factors and burnout.FindingsOut of 453 students surveyed, the majority were females (74.8%) aged 18–20 years (60%). Significant levels of burnout were reported, with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment affecting over half of the participants (69%). Factors such as being in the clinical years, long-distance commuting challenges and involuntary college selection were identified as predictors of burnout.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the study provides valuable insights, limitations may include the specific context of the university and potential biases in self-reported data.Practical implicationsThe findings underscore the importance of raising awareness, maintaining work-life balance and implementing coping strategies to support student well-being and foster a positive learning environment. Suggestions include time management and seeking guidance from mentors or mental health professionals.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of burnout among medical and health science students, especially within the unique context of the United Arab Emirates, given the convergence of students from diverse nationalities and cultural backgrounds.

Board nationality diversity and shareholder value creation

The study examined the influence of board nationality diversity on shareholder value creation of non- financial companies listed on the JSE for a 10- year period from 2013 to 2022.The study used quantitative quasi-experimental research design. The study measured board nationality diversity using proportion of foreign directors on board, Blau index for board nationality diversity, dummy variables for one, two and three or foreign directors. The proxies of shareholder value creation included standard market value added, market- to book ratio and Tobin’s Q and fixed effects model based on linear and curvilinear models were used to test the hypotheses. Main findings of the study demonstrate that proportion of foreign directors on board has an insignificant negative impact on standardised market value added and Tobin’s Q, while significant negative impact on market to book ratio. Blau index for board nationality diversity has insignificant negative impact on standardised market value added and market to book ratio, yet insignificant positive impact on Tobin’s Q. One foreign director on board has significant positive impact on standard market value added and market to book ratio, while insignificant positive impact on Tobin’s Q. Two and three foreign directors on board have insignificant positive impact on all shareholder value creation measures. In relation to curvilinear models, proportion of foreign directors on board and Blau in index for board nationality diversity have both positive and negative impact on all shareholder value creation measures highlighting an inverted U- shaped effects.

Scale up of the learning circles: a participatory action approach to support local food systems in four diverse First Nations school communities within Canada

BackgroundAddressing Indigenous food security and food sovereignty calls for community-driven strategies to improve access to and availability of traditional and local food. Participatory approaches that integrate Indigenous leadership have supported successful program implementation. Learning Circles: Local Healthy Food to School is a participatory program that convenes a range of stakeholders including food producers, educators and Knowledge Keepers to plan, implement and monitor local food system action. Pilot work (2014–2015) in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (BC), showed promising results of the Learning Circles (LC) approach in enhancing local and traditional food access, knowledge and skills among youth and adolescents. The objective of the current evaluation was therefore to examine the process of scaling-up the LC vertically within the Haida Nation; and horizontally across three diverse First Nations contexts: Gitxsan Nation, Hazelton /Upper Skeena, BC; Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, Saskatchewan; and Black River First Nation, Manitoba between 2016 and 2019.MethodsAn implementation science framework, Foster-Fishman and Watson’s (2012) ABLe Change Framework, was used to understand the LC as a participatory approach to facilitate community capacity building to strengthen local food systems. Interviews (n = 52), meeting summaries (n = 44) and tracking sheets (n = 39) were thematically analyzed.ResultsThe LC facilitated a collaborative process to: (1) build on strengths and explore ways to increase readiness and capacity to reclaim traditional and local food systems; (2) strengthen connections to land, traditional knowledge and ways of life; (3) foster community-level action and multi-sector partnerships; (4) drive actions towards decolonization through revitalization of traditional foods; (5) improve availability of and appreciation for local healthy and traditional foods in school communities; and (6) promote holistic wellness through steps towards food sovereignty and food security. Scale-up within Haida Gwaii supported a growing, robust local and traditional food system and enhanced Haida leadership. The approach worked well in other First Nations contexts, though baseline capacity and the presence of champions were enabling factors.ConclusionsFindings highlight LC as a participatory approach to build capacity and support iterative planning-to-action in community food systems. Identified strengths and challenges support opportunities to expand, adopt and modify the LC approach in other Indigenous communities with diverse food systems.

Constructing Global Identity Through Creative Linguistic and Artistic Branding of African Countries’ Monikers

This qualitative study investigated into the complex dynamics of African nation monikers and their profound implications for national identity and international branding. The purpose of the research was to examine the interplay between linguistic inventiveness and artistic representation in 54 African nations, exploring how these components contributed to shaping global perceptions. Adopting a content analysis approach, the study systematically investigated linguistic nuances and artistic depictions associated with each nation's moniker. The population comprised the 54 diverse African nations, ensuring a purposive and representative sampling approach that considered linguistic, cultural, and geographical variations. Data was sourced from official documents, historical records, and public discourse surrounding each nation's moniker, with a focus on linguistic analysis from official statements, literature, and media representations. Artistic representations were examined through visual sources such as national emblems, flags, and associated symbols. The findings revealed a complex tapestry of linguistic features firmly anchored in cultural and historical contexts. Artistic depictions, including visual metaphors and symbols, contributed significantly to each nation's unique character. Notable examples included Nigeria's "The Giant of Africa" and South Africa's "The Rainbow Nation." Recommendations emphasized the strategic use of linguistic and artistic components to enhance international image, recognizing their critical role in shaping global perceptions of African nations. The study also acknowledged its limitations and proposed directions for future research, offering valuable insights into the nuanced dynamics of language and creative expression in constructing national identity on the global stage.

Cross-country analysis of the effectiveness of commercialization of scientific research results

The objective of this research is to undertake a comparative analysis of methodologies for evaluating the efficacy of research commercialization across diverse nations, focusing particularly on the United States, Australia, Canada, South Korea, the European Union, and Kazakhstan. The study methodology involved a comparative analysis, commencing with an exhaustive examination of academic and practical resources to pinpoint key organizations involved in research commercialization within the specified countries. Subsequently, after the selection of countries and a systematic scrutiny of these organizations' activities, the methodology endorsed by the Alliance of Technology Transfer Professionals (ATTP) was employed to compare and assess commercialization efficiency across varied nations. Results of the study: the study outcomes unveiled common trends and effective assessment approaches, while also identifying deficiencies in Kazakhstan's commercialization evaluation system and offering recommendations for enhancement. The assessment of commercialization metrics in Kazakhstan is hindered by the paucity of comprehensive data, rendering comparisons with global benchmarks, including the ATTP methodology, challenging. However, concerted collaboration among governmental bodies, research institutions, and industrial stakeholders could surmount these hurdles and foster innovative entrepreneurship within the nation. The adoption of alternative research methodologies such as environmental functioning analysis models or regression analysis may enable a more profound evaluation of commercialization efficiency in Kazakhstan, notwithstanding data constraints.

Addressing Teenage Pregnancy and Reproductive Health Among Latinx Adolescents and Young Adults

Despite a national decline in teenage pregnancy rates, Latinx and Black individuals continue to have higher teenage birth rates compared with White teens. In the United States, Latinx females (ages 15-19) are more than twice as likely to have a teenage birth compared with non-Latinx White teens. With an increasingly diverse nation, a shift toward culturally inclusive approaches to care is critical to achieving equitable patient outcomes. Improving access to preventive care, workforce diversity, and insurance coverage will lead to cost-savings and help restore trust in a system that has failed past generations. In this commentary, targeted recommendations tailored specifically toward Latinx women will be provided, including culturally competent birth control counseling and a focus on reproductive justice. Not speaking English, low socioeconomic status, acculturation, legal status, and being uninsured are all teenage pregnancy risk factors unique to Latinx women. Cultural preferences and attitudes toward contraception must also be considered. Further expansion of Medicaid insurance coverage is also necessary to increase reproductive access among vulnerable populations. A cultural humility framework to reproductive health counseling and services is recommended. Within this framework, family engagement is encouraged, and women are free from reproductive coercion; they have the freedom to access over-the-counter contraception and receive guidance and support from providers and community health workers who are cognizant of culture and heritage. An integrated community-based approach that is culturally sensitive and in tune with Latinx heterogenicity is necessary to lower teenage pregnancy rates and achieve reproductive justice.

Activism and academia: an interdisciplinary dialogue on academic freedom and social engagement

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the questions of academic freedom, scholar activism, public science, and social engagement. The five authors represent scholars from different disciplines and scientific paradigms as well as diverse gender, sexual orientation, nationality, ethnic, and class backgrounds, yet they share a joint passion for academic ‘activism’. The paper, therefore, reflects a multitude of transdisciplinary perspectives and positionalities. This dialogue was born out of the group’s desire to investigate the role of scientists in public and political matters, including engagement in social justice. The interdisciplinary nature of the dialogue allows for comparisons between how activism is defined, perceived, practiced, and considered (un)welcome in the disciplines of Sociology, Psychology, Law, Media Studies, and Medical Sciences.

Dynamic changes of food environment: In and out of COVID-19 pandemic

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated food crises worldwide, prompting a re-examination of the resilience of the urban food environment. While previous research on the urban food environment has predominantly focused on Western contexts, scant attention has been given to China. This study takes Shenzhen, China as an example to establish a food environment evaluation framework centered on accessibility, diversity, and healthiness factors, aiming to analyze the dynamic changes of the food environment during normal and pandemic periods. By using the GA optimization algorithm, some convenience stores are transformed into self-pickup points (SPPs), which is expected to eliminate the deserts risk areas (DRAs) with low cost and high efficiency. The findings reveal a distinctive “center-periphery” spatial structure characterizing the food environment in Shenzhen, and the improvement of healthiness plays a crucial role in sustaining food oases and ameliorating food swamps. This research provides methods for improving the resilience of the food environment during the pandemic across diverse nations, bolstering the security of urban lifeline systems.

The pathways of board diversity in European contexts: Exploring the influence of director types on firm performance

This research paper explores the impact of board diversity on firm performance, with a particular focus on different types of board members. The study examines gender, age, tenure, education, and nationality diversity among board members for their effects on firm performance. Using a multi-country dataset and various performance proxies, the paper employs panel regression analysis to assess the relationships. The findings reveal nuanced effects of diversity, with gender diversity among independent and non-executive directors, age diversity among executive directors, and education diversity among executives showing positive impacts. The dominant pathway among these effects is the strategic role of directors, as suggested by the resource dependence theory. However, the paper also highlights the inappropriateness of a one-size-fits-all approach to board diversity, which can have either positive or negative effects depending on the context. Overall, the research contributes to the understanding of board diversity and its implications for corporate governance and firm performance.

Sustainable finance disclosure in ASEAN’s banking industry: Do board independence and diversity matter?

This paper aims at investigating the relation between board independence and diversity (gender diversity and nationality diversity) on sustainable finance disclosure (SFD) in ASEAN’s banking industry. We collected the SFD data from the sustainable finance report. The board independence variable is measured using the percentage of independent board members, while the board diversity is measured using Blau's index. This paper uses data with a total of 276 observations from 2017 to 2019 using two panel data regressions: fixed effect and random effect. The result of the study indicates that the SFD in ASEAN is at a low level because there are only 34 banks that implement SFD. SFD has a positive association with the board’s independence. While the gender diversity on the board is not significantly affecting the SFD. The board’s nationality diversity is negatively associated with SFD. The results of this study can be useful in evaluating the implementation of SFD for each banking organization in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, we expect the results of this research to assist ASEAN financial regulators and banking associations in optimizing SFD as a means of addressing the issue of climate change.

Trauma-informed care for unaccompanied children: Lessons learned for practice and policy development.

The number of unaccompanied children (UC) arriving in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. UC often encounter traumatic events in their home country, during their migration journey, and upon resettlement. This article describes a congressionally-funded initiative to provide trauma-informed mental health services to UC and children separated from their parents upon arrival in the United States. It also identifies facilitators and barriers to working with UC and offers lessons learned to help inform future practice and policy development aimed at assisting this vulnerable population. Data were derived from qualitative interviews and a survey administered to grantees. In total, grantees served 1,195 youth and families across 11 states, including UC, asylees, and new immigrants during the period of December 2018 through September 2019. Youth and families served spoke 16 languages and originated from diverse nations. Services provided included direct services to youth and families; training for providers and community members; partnerships and collaborations; and resource/product development or adaptations. Lessons learned and recommendations derived from this initiative can assist others interested in promoting trauma-informed practice and policies for migrant children and their families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Aspekte të Hartës së Parë të Shqipërisë me Toponimastikënë Gjuhën Shqipe (1902)

Abstract: Over the ages, cartographers, historians, and institutions from diverse European nations and beyond have produced numerous maps and atlases, illustrating the spatial distribution of Albanians and Albania. While these maps hold significant cartographic and historical value, showcasing the ancient authentic ethnicity of Albanians in the Balkans, none have been in Albanian but rather in the languages of foreign cartographers who compiled them. The publication of the first map of Albanian territories with Albanian toponymy in 1902 marks a pivotal historical moment, establishing Albanian cartography. This paper delves into the historical, geographical, linguistic, and cultural importance of this notable achievement. The map was the product of a fruitful collaboration during the Albanian National Awakening between Don Juan Pedro de Aladro Kastrioti, known to Albanians as Gjin Aladro Kastrioti, and Faik bey Konica, the founder and editor of the Albanian National Awakening magazine “Albania”. The paper examines the cartographic and geographical characteristics of the first map with Albanian toponymy from 1902. Noteworthy among the descriptive data of this cartographic work is the extent of the ethnic Albanian presence in the Western Balkans during the early 1900s. Additionally, this paper will detail the invaluable assistance provided by Élisée Reclus, one of the foremost geographers of the time, in guiding the working group involved in constructing the first map of Albania with Albanian toponymy.

Faith, Networks, and the Ballot: Unveiling the Hidden Drivers of Voting Intentions in Indonesia's 2024 Election

This study investigates the extent to which social network characteristics, religious identity, and past political participation influence voting intentions in Indonesia's 2024 general election, with a particular focus on the implications of religiosity in a predominantly Muslim society. A quantitative survey method was employed, gathering primary data through both online and offline surveys from 314 participants across selected locations in Indonesia. Multilevel modelling techniques were used to analyse the relationship between social network characteristics, religious identity, and voting intentions. The results revealed that social network characteristics, such as the frequency of interaction and socio-political discussions, do not significantly influence voting intentions. In contrast, religiocentrism negatively impacts voting intentions, suggesting that individuals with more conservative religious beliefs are less likely to vote. However, past offline political participation was found to be a strong positive predictor of voting intentions. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that address the concerns of conservative religious groups and reinforce the civic duty associated with voting. Understanding the limited role of social networks in this context can inform strategies to increase voter turnout in future elections. This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between religious identity, social networks, and political behaviour in Indonesia, a predominantly Muslim and culturally diverse nation, particularly in the post-pandemic socio-political landscape.

Unveiling the antecedents and the outcome of materiality disclosure: insights from sustainability reporting of Malaysian public listed companies

PurposeThe materiality principle is one of the top trends in sustainability reporting globally. Stakeholders have focused on the principle of materiality because of its vital importance in the context of sustainability. Materiality serves as a content-selection principle for determining the most significant sustainability matters to be included in sustainability reports. This has made reports more relevant for various stakeholders. Using the resource-based view and stakeholder theory, this paper aims to examine and uncover the antecedents and outcome of materiality disclosure in sustainability reporting.Design/methodology/approachTo measure the extent of materiality disclosure, a content analysis was performed on the corporate reports of the largest listed companies in Malaysia. The relationships among the variables under investigation were examined using the partial least squares structural equation modelling technique.FindingsWhile the results show that board activity, board independence and board size play significant roles as antecedents of materiality disclosure, this is not so with nationality diversity and gender diversity. In addition, the results have shown that the outcome of materiality disclosure is not significantly linked to corporate financial performance. The results show that normative stakeholder considerations are the primary motivating factor behind corporate sustainability reporting in Malaysia.Practical implicationsThese results are of great interest to regulators, stakeholders, investors and companies alike. Enhancing materiality disclosure in sustainability reports can help in the transition to sustainable development and the successful achievement of the United Nations sustainable development goals.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study to examine the interplay between board diversity and materiality disclosure, along with their connections to corporate financial performance.

Constitutional and municipal law: Analysing constitutions and their societal implications

The present study scrutinizes the societal implications of constitutions and their significance within both national and international frameworks. The authors undertakes an exploration of the principles underlying constitutional law, delving into the categorization of constitutions based on state structures and political regimes. Additionally, the article explores instances of constitutions from diverse nations, shedding light on their consequential effects on society. Emphasis is placed on a meticulous examination of constitutional structures and their pivotal contribution to the configuration of legal and socio-cultural landscapes. The examination of constituent elements within constitutions enables the illumination of their crucial significance in shaping the legal and socio-cultural fabric of society. Special consideration is directed towards international dimensions, with a specific focus on the impact of preambles in shaping national identity on the global stage. The article systematically investigates the significance of procedures for constitutional amendments, emphasizing their role in fostering stability and facilitating adaptation to prevailing global trends. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the constitution's influence on society, aiming to identify the pivotal components within the constitutional structure that exert the most significant impact on societal development. The primary object of investigation encompasses constitutional documents from diverse countries. This includes a thorough examination of their preambles, core provisions, sections concerning human rights and freedoms, power structures, and an exploration of the international context within which these constitutions operate. The outcomes of this research can function as a crucial resource for human rights organizations, legislative bodies, and constitutional commissions involved in the formulation and amendment of constitutional documents. Moreover, the study creates avenues for additional comparative analyses, facilitating an in-depth exploration of the diverse constituencies across countries and their repercussions on societies within the international sphere.

Saving and failing: The Evolution of Polish-Jewish romantic Love and Marriage during WWII and in the State of Israel

ABSTRACT The article examines the evolution of romantic love’s role and its social meanings by centering on intermarried Jewish and non-Jewish couples between 1933 and 1959, with a focus on those who immigrated to Israel from Poland in the 1950s. It delves into the dynamics of romantic love and the complications it introduces within a post-traumatic community characterized by diverse nationalities, ethnicities, and religions, which affected both the marital relationship and societal integration. It illuminates the conflict between societal norms and personal emotional autonomy, underscoring romantic love’s paradoxical nature as both a source of support and a challenge.

Allocation of Financial Resources to Primary Healthcare: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Countries possessing robust primary healthcare (PHC) systems typically yield superior health outcomes, reduced inequality, and diminished healthcare expenses for their citizens. Moreover, PHC demonstrates a direct correlation with the efficient utilization of resources. However, the allocation of financial resources dedicated to PHC varies significantly among countries and lacks explicit clarity. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a review of published literature to ascertain the extent of resource allocation to PHC across diverse nations. In addition, it aims to explore associated factors, challenges, and mechanisms influencing this allocation. This scoping review protocol will adopt the Joanna Briggs Institute's scoping review methodology, which was updated in 2020. It will leverage library studies and refer to reputable databases. The inclusion criteria will include studies conducted between January 2000 and December 2023, focusing on criteria, amounts, mechanisms, and challenges associated with financial resource allocation to PHC globally. In addition, studies must be published in either English and Persian. Studies lacking full-text availability will be excluded from the review. Mendeley software will be utilized to organize and manage the collected studies. The study selection process will be visually depicted using the PRISMA-SCR diagram. Conventional content analysis will be employed to analyze the studies. Considering the position and role of primary health care in promoting the health of society, by implementing this protocol, the data obtained from the proposed scoping review will enable the managers and officials of the health system to follow the experiences of different countries in the field of scientific and fair allocation of financial resources to PHC, reinforcing Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

Civic Education as Strategies to Strengthen the National Identity of Indonesian Students

This study explores comprehensive strategies to strengthen national identity among Indonesian students, addressing the crucial need for a cohesive national identity in Indonesia's ethnically and culturally diverse society. The research identifies and analyzes several key approaches, including curriculum development, extracurricular activities, cultural immersion programs, and the use of digital media, to foster a strong sense of national pride and unity. The integration of national history, civic education, and values into the school curriculum is highlighted as fundamental. By ensuring that students receive a thorough understanding of Indonesia's heritage, struggles for independence, and national achievements, educational institutions can instil a deep sense of belonging and responsibility towards the nation. Extracurricular activities, such as student organizations, sports, arts, and community service projects, are also emphasized for their role in providing experiential learning opportunities that reinforce national values and social cohesion. Cultural immersion programs are identified as another critical strategy. These programs, which include traditional arts, music, dance, and language preservation initiatives, allow students to engage with Indonesia's rich cultural tapestry, fostering appreciation and respect for the nation's diversity. Furthermore, the strategic use of digital media is examined as a modern approach to connecting students across different regions and promoting national narratives. Digital platforms can disseminate stories of national heroes, cultural heritage, and contemporary achievements, thereby enhancing students' collective national consciousness. The study underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach involving educational institutions, government policies, and community participation. It recommends that policymakers and educators collaborate to implement these strategies effectively, creating an environment that nurtures a strong, cohesive national identity among Indonesian youth. By doing so, the nation can build a resilient and unified future generation capable of contributing positively to Indonesia's development and stability.

Implementation of Independent Curriculum Material for Phase B Class IV Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Knowing Indonesian Nation toward Forming Global Diversity Character Students of SDN 210 Babakan Sinyar

Indonesia's rich and diverse cultural diversity is an important basis for forming student character. The Merdeka curriculum, with the material "Unity in Diversity: Get to Know the Indonesian Nation", is designed to teach the values of diversity from an early age. This research focuses on the implementation of this material in class IV D of SDN 210 Babakan Sinyar to form a globally diverse character in students. The aim of this research is to analyze how the implementation of the material "Unity in Diversity: Get to Know the Indonesian Nation" can improve students' understanding and attitudes towards diversity, as well as identifying challenges and obstacles faced in the learning process. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data was collected through interviews with teachers and students, learning observations, as well as analysis of curriculum documents and learning implementation plans (RPP). The research subjects were Mrs. Ayu Sugiarti Rahayu, class IV D teacher, and 20 class IV D students at SDN 210 Babakan Sinyar. Research Results: Implementation of the material "Unity in Diversity: Get to Know the Indonesian Nation" shows significant effectiveness in increasing students' understanding of national diversity. Active and collaborative learning methods, such as group discussions, educational games, and group presentations, enable students to internalize the concept of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika well. The results of formative and summative evaluations show that the majority of students are able to apply diversity values in daily interactions, showing increased attitudes of tolerance and respect for differences. Challenges and Obstacles: The main challenges in this learning include limited time in the curriculum, lack of adequate supporting resources, and differences in students' cultural and social backgrounds. In remote areas, access to technology and information is still an obstacle, and the perception that parents do not fully understand the importance of education about cultural diversity is also an obstacle. Strategies to Overcome Challenges: The strategies implemented include integrating material into other subjects, using information and communication technology (ICT) in learning, as well as increasing parental and community involvement in supporting diversity education. Conclusion: Learning Bhinneka Tunggal Ika material has a positive impact on the formation of a globally diverse character in students. Students show increased attitudes of tolerance, empathy and a sense of belonging to Indonesia's diversity. This learning helps students understand that diversity is a national asset that must be protected and appreciated. Collaboration between schools, families and communities is the key to success in achieving this educational goal.

The Role Of Religious Moderation In Political Dynamics In Indonesia

Religious moderation plays a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of Indonesia, a diverse nation characterized by various religious beliefs and practices. This research investigates the significance of religious moderation in navigating the complex political dynamics of the country. Through a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary sources, including academic literature, governmental reports, and media sources, the study examines how religious moderation influences political behavior, policy-making processes, and interfaith relations in Indonesia. By exploring the impact of religious moderation on electoral outcomes, political discourse, and the overall stability of the political system, this research sheds light on the multifaceted role of moderation in promoting democracy, social cohesion, and inclusive governance. Additionally, the study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with fostering religious moderation in the Indonesian context, offering insights into strategies for enhancing interfaith understanding, tolerance, and cooperation in the pursuit of a more harmonious and equitable society