National Diversity Research Articles

Inferring gender from first names: Comparing the accuracy of Genderize, Gender API, and the gender R package on authors of diverse nationality

Meta-researchers commonly leverage tools that infer gender from first names, especially when studying gender disparities. However, tools vary in their accuracy, ease of use, and cost. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy and cost of the commercial software Genderize and Gender API, and the open-source gender R package. Differences in binary gender prediction accuracy between the three services were evaluated. Gender prediction accuracy was tested on a multi-national dataset of 32,968 gender-labeled clinical trial authors. Additionally, two datasets from previous studies with 5779 and 6131 names, respectively, were re-evaluated with modern implementations of Genderize and Gender API. The gender inference accuracy of Genderize and Gender API were compared, both with and without supplying trialists’ country of origin in the API call. The accuracy of the gender R package was only evaluated without supplying countries of origin. The accuracy of Genderize, Gender API, and the gender R package were defined as the percentage of correct gender predictions. Accuracy differences between methods were evaluated using McNemar’s test. Genderize and Gender API demonstrated 96.6% and 96.1% accuracy, respectively, when countries of origin were not supplied in the API calls. Genderize and Gender API achieved the highest accuracy when predicting the gender of German authors with accuracies greater than 98%. Genderize and Gender API were least accurate with South Korean, Chinese, Singaporean, and Taiwanese authors, demonstrating below 82% accuracy. Genderize can provide similar accuracy to Gender API while being 4.85x less expensive. The gender R package achieved below 86% accuracy on the full dataset. In the replication studies, Genderize and gender API demonstrated better performance than in the original publications. Our results indicate that Genderize and Gender API achieve similar accuracy on a multinational dataset. The gender R package is uniformly less accurate than Genderize and Gender API.

A web-based safety management platform to enhance safety for Chinese migrant construction workers

Over the past decade, existing research has investigated various solutions to enhance safety management on construction sites. Among the many solutions, developing a web-based safety platform has increasingly become a key element in safety improvement strategies. International research shows that safety management platforms improve migrant workers’ safety, but evidence for such interventions in New Zealand, especially for Chinese migrant construction workers, remains limited. This study built a web prototype catering to Chinese migrant construction workers in New Zealand. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews, and the effectiveness of the novel web prototype was validated based on respondents’ feedback. Results show that this safety web prototype can effectively improve the safety knowledge and safety awareness of Chinese migrant construction workers by providing local safety policies and conducting multi-frequency long-term safety training tests. The incentive function in this web prototype can motivate Chinese migrant construction workers to use this application and enhance their safety compliance. The limitations of this research include geographical restrictions and a small sample size to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype. Future research should incorporate a larger, cross-sectional sample to assess the effectiveness of web-based safety awareness solutions, enabling more generalizable conclusions for construction workers of diverse nationalities and regions.

The Impact of Board Gender and Nationality Diversity on Corporate Human Rights Performance in Different Institutional Contexts

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThe duty of businesses to observe human rights (HR) is garnering great interest among corporations, researchers, and policymakers. However, little is known yet about the organizational drivers that make firms pursue higher levels of corporate human rights performance (CHRP). In an attempt to fill this gap, we present the first global study on the influence that board gender and nationality diversity have on CHRP.Research Findings/InsightsWe evaluate panel data of 548 companies worldwide from 2012 to 2021 by using the two‐step system generalized method of moments (GMM) and a moderation analysis. Our results show that board gender diversity has a positive effect on CHRP, but this impact is weaker in institutional settings where patriarchal stances prevail. We also find that board nationality diversity affects CHRP positively only in firms from countries with a network‐oriented approach toward corporate governance.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThese findings help to further differentiate CHRP drivers from generic sustainability antecedents and uncover the relevance of adopting an institutional lens when delving into the rationale of CHRP. In this regard, we make a call for future analyses in this field to acknowledge national gender equality levels and societies' corporate governance orientation as potential boundary conditions.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur results may guide companies on how to reduce corporate risks associated with HR violations by incorporating women and foreigners on their boards. They may also encourage businesses and policymakers to boost gender equality both on corporate boards and within societal values as both these aspects may be key for safeguarding HR internationally.

The power of financial literacy: paving a clear path for the influence of board diversity on intellectual capital disclosure

PurposeUtilizing a multi-theoretical framework, this study aims to investigate the impact of board gender and nationality diversity on the extent of intellectual capital disclosure. Additionally, it seeks to explore the moderating role of financial literacy among audit committee members on the aforementioned relationship.Design/methodology/approachTo empirically test the study’s framework, a panel dataset of listed firms on the Palestine Stock Exchange (PEX) spanning 12 years (2010–2022) was utilized. To address potential endogeneity issues and ensure robust findings, a battery of econometric estimators was employed, including ordinary least squares (OLS), one-step system generalized method of moments (GMM), lagged independent variables and a sub-index model.FindingsThe study findings make a significant contribution to existing intellectual capital literature. Specifically, the results reveal that the positive influence of board gender and nationality diversity on the extent of corporate intellectual capital disclosure is stronger when there is a high proportion of audit committee financial literacy. Additionally, the study distinguishes between overall index and sub-index analyses. Interestingly, the findings from the sub-index analysis, focusing on structural capital, relational capital and human capital, are somewhat similar to the results of the full index analysis.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first empirical attempt to uncover the impact of financial literacy among audit committee members on the relationship between board diversity and intellectual capital disclosure.

Board Nationality Diversity and Firm Value

Board Nationality Diversity and Firm Value

“Can Corpses Undie?” Traces of Rothberg’s Trauma Model in Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé’s Ace of Spades

Interdisciplinary studies in memory have become more relevant since the turn of the twentieth century with scholars giving their divergent views. That way, personal and collective memories have been explored vis-à-vis communal identities. How tragic/traumatic events affect personal and collective memories remains the concern of trauma theory which has critically investigated both the personal and intergenerational traumas of victims of injustice. One major contribution of Michael Rothberg to collective memory is his advancement of solidarity between group victims of diverse cultures, nationalities, races, and identities in order to create a more peaceful world to live in. This paper purports that Rothberg’s multidirectional memory and theory of implication are useful theoretical tools for analysing Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé’s Young Adult novel, Ace of Spades (2021). The paper, therefore, indicates how diverse sites of trauma in the author’s world synergise with those of the protagonists. Also, the paper notably identifies some white characters in Ace of Spades as implicated subjects of racism and white supremacy. On the whole, the premise of this paper is that the new media can serve as a convenient site of thoughtful convergence for different victim groups to devise a means of dismantling long-existing regimes of oppression and injustice.

Armed attacks against merchant vessels: ‘Looking behind the Flag’ to find the victim State

Abstract This article argues that a non-flag State can be considered the victim of an armed attack against one or more merchant vessels and thus entitled to the right of self-defence under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. This argument gains momentum in light of the recent Houthi attacks in the Red Sea against ships with diverse nationalities. Traditionally, attacks on merchant vessels have been considered attacks on the flag State due to the latter’s economic interests in the vessels. However, given the prevalence of open ship registries, today over 70 per cent of world tonnage is registered under foreign flags. Consequently, the jus ad bellum concerning armed attacks against merchant vessels necessitates a reassessment. The first section of this article revisits the traditional understanding that only the flag State can be considered the victim of an armed attack on merchant vessels. Hinting at the popularization of open registries, this article then clarifies how the laws of the sea and naval warfare have dealt with this phenomenon. It is remarked that ‘looking behind the flag’, especially in naval warfare, has become inevitable. This realization is then transposed to the jus ad bellum. In doing so, this article examines key references concerning armed attacks against merchant vessel: the Oil Platforms judgment by the International Court of Justice and the 1974 Definition of Aggression. This article also engages with directly relevant State practice. Ultimately, this article demonstrates that these references support the need for the reassessment advanced here.

DNA Barcoding using Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Reveals Wildlife Consumption of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) and Dusky Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) by the Senoi (Semoq Beri) Tribe in Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract Malaysia, a culturally diverse nation, encompasses various ethnicities, including the Orang Asli, the region’s aboriginal people. Among the Orang Asli tribes in Peninsular Malaysia, the Senoi constitute the largest demographic, followed by the Proto-Malay and Negrito groups, each comprising six distinct subtribes. Traditional methods, such as surveys and interviews, have been instrumental in understanding wildlife consumption practices among indigenous communities like the Senoi. However, they may not always provide accurate and comprehensive data. The adoption of molecular techniques, such as DNA barcoding, presents a promising avenue for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of wildlife consumption studies. This study investigates wildlife consumption practices among the Senoi tribe, particularly the Semoq Beri subgroup in Maran, Pahang, using DNA barcoding that focuses on the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Following the collection of biological samples with consent from Semoq Beri villagers, DNA extraction and PCR amplification were performed using established protocols. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify wildlife species consumed by the tribe. From the DNA barcoding analysis, two wildlife species were successfully detected: including the Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) and the dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus), commonly consumed by the Semoq Beri tribe. Despite their status conservation, the findings suggest that the Semoq Beri tribe’s hunting practices are relatively sustainable, as they hunt only for subsistence purposes and in small quantities. The study emphasizes the significance of incorporating molecular techniques alongside conventional methods to accurately assess wildlife consumption patterns among indigenous communities. The findings highlight the necessity of collaborative approaches involving indigenous peoples, government agencies, and conservation organizations to preserve traditional knowledge, safeguard wildlife resources, and promote the sustainable coexistence of indigenous communities and biodiversity.

CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF SHARI‘AH GOVERNANCE: INSIGHTS FROM ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

This study examines the critical role of Shariah governance, particularly the impact of Shariah supervisory boards (SBBs) within the corporate governance framework of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). SSBs, as critical components of Shariah governance mechanisms, significantly influence Shariah compliance processes within IFIs. This study explores the unique systemic risks inherent in the Islamic financial environment, focusing on the complexities and elements defining SSB legitimacy. The IFSB recommends four essential components for Shariah governance systems, emphasizing the importance of SSBs. However, SSBs face challenges balancing SharÊ‘ah adherence and market dynamics, highlighting a conflict between business objectives and Shariah rules. This study acknowledges the limited strength of Shariah governance, advocating for universally adopted standards to address issues such as conflicts of interest within SSBs and the need for diversified skill sets. This paper assesses the effectiveness of Shariah governance and SSBs in IFIs. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among middle and senior-level managers and employees employed in IFIs or associated regulatory entities across diverse nations. The results highlight the critical role of SSB members, specific standards for board nominations, and the moderate influence of stakeholders' interests on Shariah governance success. Shareholders’ and customers’ interests show no significant correlation with Shariah governance success.

"If They Help Us, We Can Help Them": First Nations Peoples Identify Intercultural Health Communication Problems and Solutions in Hospital in Northern Australia.

Effective intercultural communication between First Nations peoples and healthcare providers in colonised countries is required to deliver equitable healthcare and improve patient experiences and health outcomes. This paper presents First Nations peoples' perspectives and proposed solutions to problematic communication experiences at Royal Darwin Hospital in northern Australia. The study's methodological foundations comprise decolonising principles rooted in Critical Race Theory, Freirean pedagogy, and cultural safety. Eleven individuals from diverse First Nations backgrounds receiving treatment at the largest hospital in the Northern Territory, participated in in-depth interviews conducted in their preferred languages. Data were inductively analysed, adapted from a constructivist grounded theory approach and guided by First Nations knowledges. First Nations patients at Royal Darwin Hospital described a culturally unsafe hospital due to ineffective intercultural communication. Patient "counterstories" recounted instances of confusion, aggression, healthcare provider resistance to shared decision-making opportunities, pressure to abandon cultural protocols, and institutional neglect. Poor communication incited anger among staff and patients, and contributed to experiences of racism, missed appointments, clinical mistakes, patients prematurely discharging before completing treatment, and patients experiencing financial troubles and homelessness. In a spirit of generosity, patients proposed solutions focused on relationship building and mutual understanding so that new decolonised systems, which draw on First Nations and Western knowledges, can be codesigned. This study serves as a call to action for policymakers, administrators, and healthcare providers to prioritise improving intercultural communication by addressing the behaviour of staff and changing systemically racist policies in the pursuit of health equity and cultural safety for First Nations peoples.

History of Ambo Ambaa Lafaa of Western Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State: The Heartland of Hero and Heroism

History is indispensable to understanding ourselves and the world around us. This study attempts to construct the history of Ambo Ambaa lafaa of western shewa zone of Oromia regional state. Its foundation, gradual change, economic activity, politico-administration and religion in different leaders. Further the study recognizes the problem which affects the development of Ambo town. In this study, the researcher utilized primary, secondary and pamphlet sources as well as oral information through interview in order to gather the data. The collected data was organized and analyzed using qualitative research methods. The study is based on historical and Ethnographic approach. The historical foundation of Ambo was not directly concern for the cause of military garrisons like many other Ethiopia Towns, its growth and internal character came to be closely connected with the mineral water, God Bridge and commercial activities. Ambo is town found in west shewa zone of oromia regional state. Ambo was known by pride of their nation in different era of various ruler of Ethiopia. They struggles for their right and know their responsibility simultaneously. Ambo known by patriots, hero and brave those who stand for the freedom of country in any controversy and pleasure time. The society of town needs peace, stability, truth, justice, equality, brotherly hood and fraternity with diverse nation and nationalities in the empire, because Oromo are founders of gada system that did for equality of human beings. Ambo town was established in late of 19<sup>th</sup> century. At the beginning the spatial size of Ambo town is small, it is around 1320 hectares and became expand to 8578 hectares after it makes gradual expansion to the neighboring farm land. As the result Ambo is very comfortable for different investment activities because of comfortable climate condition and stability (safety) in area, there is also different attraction site including Wanchi lake, Dandi Lake (it had number eight shape/symbol), Guder fall, obse fall, old palace of emperor Haile sillase and other different natural, cultural and ritual sites

Supplemental Material for Revision of the Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) in an Ethnoracially Diverse National Sample

Supplemental Material for Revision of the Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) in an Ethnoracially Diverse National Sample

Socialization, citizenship and the electoral integration of refugees: evidence from Sweden

ABSTRACT This article seeks to fill a research gap by analysing refugees’ voting behavior, using Sweden (known for high refugee immigration, relatively liberal enfranchisement rules, and comprehensive electoral data) as a case study. Relying on register data on turnout from Swedish municipal elections, the article sheds new light on how the political integration of refugees varies. We test theories of resocialization and examine the extent to which a refugee’s political integration is affected by the surrounding environment, focusing on the political culture of the areas surrounding their neighborhoods. The results show that two major factors strongly affect refugee turnout rates: the acquisition of citizenship, and the degree of diversity of nationality in the districts in which refugees live, based on different experiences of “bonding” and “bridging” with the surrounding environment.

AI translated task setup for non-native English speaking students

University classrooms are increasingly populated by students with diverse nationalities and native languages (L1). The growing number of students in English-led classrooms who speak English as a second or lower language (L2) may face added difficulties in understanding the specific task objectives or directions, as explained by native-English-speaking instructors. Emerging generative AI (genAI) technology offers new opportunities for native-English instructors to provide clear task setup in their students' L1. This single-class activity utilizes genAI software to translate English-language task setup into student L1 and enable L2 students to perform a complex and unfamiliar English comprehension task. The post-activity appraisal compares one cohort of students who performed the task with the genAI translated instructions to a cohort who performed the same task with English-language instructions. Courses English as Second Language (ESL), English Conversation, English Comprehension, and any courses in which groups of L2 students are present. Objectives L2 students will be able to perform complex, unfamiliar ESL comprehension tasks with confidence and clarity of direction. Instructors will be able to transfer this strategy to other tasks and communicate objectives and directions to their L2 students more clearly in the students' L1. This strategy may be transferred to any course with L2 learners.

Board diversity effect on financial performance in Indonesian financial institution

Board diversity is important in the current business environment, board diversity considered be able to provide diverse points of view, it is considered to be able to build effective corporate governance. This study highlights board diversity issue in Indonesia financial sector institution, taking consideration their effect on financial performance measured using Tobin Q. This study purpose are analyses the effect of board of commissioners gender diversity, board of directors gender diversity, board of commissioners nationality diversity, and board of directors nationality diversity on financial performance. The investigation makes use of regression analysis from 67 financial institution listed in Indonesia from 2020 until 2022, with total 201 sample. Our finding highlights that board of directors gender diversity, and board of directors nationality diversity positively affects financial performance, while board of commissioners nationality diversity negatively affects financial performance, and board of commissioners gender diversity does not affect financial performance.

CÁC QUY ĐỊNH CỦA HIẾN PHÁP NĂM 2013 VỀ BẢO VỆ QUYỀN CON NGƯỜI TRONG LĨNH VỰC TƯ PHÁP HÌNH SỰ

The 2013 Constitution has established foundational legal principles that are crucial for the protection of human rights in Vietnam, both broadly and specifically within the realm of criminal justice. This article analyzes the mechanisms employed to protect human rights within the framework of criminal justice as stipulated by the 2013 Constitution. By drawing upon international benchmarks for human rights in criminal justice and referencing constitutional frameworks from diverse nations, this article advances recommendations to refine the 2013 Constitution provisions concerning the protection of human rights within the field of criminal justice.

Down, and Under Pressure: The Decline of Local and Non-Anglo Best-Selling Recording Artists in Australia 2000–2023: Submitted to the International Journal of Music Business Research 14.06.24.

Abstract The global consolidation and platformitisation of recorded music have attracted attention to changes in local artist representation in national sales charts and, more broadly, to the diversity of nationalities within recorded music markets. Global platform distribution has been perceived to aid local music economies and the diversity of cultural production. This article quantitatively analyses the annual Australian top 100 single and album charts 2000–2023 to determine Australian artist representation, Indigenous artist representation and diversity of nationality over the period. The data reveals, contrary to propositions of glocalisation and internationalisation, that Australian and non-Anglo artist representation has declined significantly, while North American and British artists have increased their presence in the Australian charts. It also finds that Indigenous chart representation over the period is low, stable and in line with population ratios. The data raises issues for artists, companies, policy makers and consumers in the Australian music industries.

PERAN GURU TERHADAP SIKAP TOLERANSI BERAGAMA PADA ANAK USIA DINI DI TK PERTIWI METRO PUSAT

Diverse nation, with various religions and beliefs. Early childhood education covers 6 aspects of development that are very important in shaping a child's personality, including an understanding of religious tolerance. At Pertiwi Metro Kindergarten, which has students from various religious backgrounds, teachers play a key role in educating, directing and instilling the values ​​of tolerance, The research method used is a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Sources of research data include Pertiwi Metro Pusat Kindergarten teachers. Data collection techniques are interviews and documentation and observation. The data analysis techniques used are data condensation, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Test the validity of the data using triangulation of sources, techniques and time.The research results show that teachers at Pertiwi Metro Kindergarten play an important role in instilling the values ​​of religious tolerance in early childhood. They develop a curriculum that emphasizes the values ​​of tolerance through stories, songs and routine class activities, as well as being role models in everyday behavior. An inclusive learning environment is created so that every child feels accepted regardless of religious background, and communication with parents is established to strengthen the understanding of tolerance at home. This school integrates religious activities according to each child's beliefs and regularly evaluates the tolerance program through observation and feedback from parents. Despite the challenges of diversity in family backgrounds, schools overcome them with training for teachers and dialogue with parents. As a result, children at Pertiwi Metro Kindergarten show a better understanding of religious differences and mutual respect, forming the basis for a harmonious society in the future. This research also highlights the importance of collaboration between teachers and parents, as well as an integrated learning approach that includes activities for Muslim and non-Muslim children, in creating an inclusive environment that respects religious diversity

EMBRACING DIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION IN MITIGATING ETHNIC CONFLICT & FOSTERING UNITY IN PAKISTAN

This paper aims to analyze and synthesize whether multicultural education can serve as a means of easing the ethnic conflict and cultural diversity in Pakistan. The ethnic diversity of nations, languages, and cultures has been a strength and, simultaneously, a weakness due to conflicts. This study submits that it is possible to coordinate multicultural education in schools and make it important tool for improving understanding amid different communities. This paper relies on the review of current policies concerning the education systems and proposals drawn from case studies of multicultural societies to provide an understanding of the way forward for Pakistan in responding to the multicultural realities in its education systems that how incorporating multicultural perspectives into the curriculum can help students appreciate different cultures and reduce biases. According to studies, minimization of conflict amid different forms of identities is possible by adopting presented cultural-structural model, that may boost positive attitude toward multiple Pakistani identities and promote the enhancement of the social cohesion in the country.

Observational study of close contact behaviors in a multinational graduate student office

Understanding human contact behavior plays a crucial role in improving the design of indoor environments, for example, by enhancing thermal comfort, workplace performance and productivity, and controlling infection transmission. Although baseline information for indoor environmental design is available, data on person-to-person contact behavior are limited, especially in populations of diverse nationalities, genders, and age ranges. In this study, we used high-resolution video cameras to collect close contact data for five consecutive school days in a multinational graduate school student office in Japan with a reserved cultural background. We characterized human close-contact behavior using stochastic interactions in terms of interpersonal distance, assortativity, posture, duration, and frequency of contact in a multinational population. Our results showed a remarkable difference compared to the study results from person-to-person contact behavior in an ethnically homogenous population. The interpersonal distance averaged 0.75 m, and the close contact frequency was notably lower, but the close contact duration was significantly longer. Nationality showed stronger homophily. We considered the degree centrality measures of the nodes in the observed networks. The observed contact network links were dense with high reciprocity. High contact heterogeneity was observed in twenty-five percent of the nodes. These data can be used to improve targeted epidemiological analyses for indoor occupant health decision-making, and infection spread prevention strategies.