Variety Of Interpretations Research Articles

Looking Into the Abyss—How Many Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Are There? Their Remarkable Diversity in Costa Rica and Elsewhere

The biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are one of the most species-rich families of insects on the planet with over 6,200 named species. However, their true diversity is unknown and this paper is the first to address the question. Our systematic study of the family in Costa Rica indicates that 192 species were present in a four hectare area of cloudforest at Zurquí de Moravia, at 1,600 m after a year of intensive sampling. Combined with a collection from a single Malaise trap at Tapantí for one year, about 40 kms away and also at 1,600 m, the total was 245 species with significant differences between the two areas and with the strong majority unnamed. This compares to 430 named species for all of Costa Rica and 1,314 for the entire Neotropical Region. Barcoding of 221,407 specimens from Costa Rica similarly indicates large numbers of unnamed species with 4,023 BINs present. On this basis, we project at least 5,000 species in Costa Rica and using ratios of named species here and elsewhere, we suggest that nearly 73,000 are present worldwide. Details from Malaise traps in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste also indicate various levels of endemism. Samples from Bolivia support an interpretation of high diversity. The diversification of the family was examined by comparing phyletic lineages, rather than merely comparing numbers of species in various genera, providing insight as to why some lineages are more diverse than others. Zoogeographic patterns of named species suggest stronger southern connections for Costa Rican Ceratopogonidae in both cloudforest habitats as well as the country as a whole, although many are also more broadly distributed north and south of the country. Comparisons between various collecting methods at Zurquí de Moravia indicate the efficacy of Malaise traps but also the importance of light traps and other methods in sampling adults of Ceratopogonidae. Phenological data from the Malaise traps in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste suggest some patterns of emergence of adults in Costa Rica, the first for any tropical country anywhere.

The Amulet Culture of Thailand

This introduction to the Special Edition on Thailand’s amulet culture provides an overview of the country’s vibrant and evolving landscape of amulet practices. It traces the historical development of diverse interpretations and uses of amulets in Thailand, highlighting how these practices have adapted over time. Additionally, the introduction discusses various theoretical frameworks that scholars have employed to understand why, in an era often said to be characterized by rationalism, such beliefs and practices not only endure but thrive. The introduction concludes by detailing how the articles in this Special Edition contribute to ongoing scholarly debates on modernity, enchantment, and the role of contemporary media.

Main Themes of Charles Dickens’ Works And Different Critical Approaches To Them

This article explores the central themes that pervade the works of Charles Dickens and examines various critical approaches to understanding his literary contributions. It identifies key motifs such as social inequality, the impact of industrialization, the struggles of the poor, and the complexities of human nature. The article delves into Dickens’ portrayal of moral development, justice, and redemption, alongside his critique of Victorian society. By analyzing these thematic and critical frameworks, the article offers a comprehensive view of Dickens as both a social commentator and a master storyteller, revealing the enduring relevance of his works in contemporary literary discourse. This article analyses the main themes of the works of Charles Dickens, focusing on recurring topics such as social injustice, the effects of industrialization, class struggles, and human complexity. It highlights Dickens' exploration of moral growth, redemption, and the harsh realities faced by the impoverished in Victorian society. Additionally, the article surveys various critical approaches—including historical, feminist, Marxist, and psychoanalytic perspectives—that offer diverse interpretations of Dickens’ works. By engaging with these themes and critical lenses, the article underscores the continued relevance of Dickens’ works and their significance in understanding both the past and contemporary social issues.

ცოდვის ანატომია (მაკა ჯოხაძის რომანზე „ისკარიოტის ეკლები“)

Georgian writer Maka Jokhadze often uses biblical allusions, symbols, and paradigms to depict both enduring values and the most pressing problems of our time. In her works, allusions and inter­textual echoes from the books of the Old and New Testaments, as well as the thoughts of famous Christian theologians, are some­times overt and sometimes expressed through subtle artistic forms. Her new novel "The Thorns of Iscariot" can be called an apocryphal work, as the writer both follows gospel stories and varies them, enriching the narrative with imaginary, invented tales. The author's main task is an artistic representation of the anatomy of sin. For this, she chooses Judas, distinguished by the severity of his sin and his repentance. This novel is a palimpsest, multi-layered and pro­found. It focuses on representing the world, the fundamental laws of life, and eternal moral values. The portrayal of Judas in Georgian and world literature is characte­rized by diverse interpretations. While some writers adhere to the evange­lical paradigm, others attempt to radically reinterpret it. Maka Jokhadze stands out among authors for neither altering the gospel paradigm of Judas nor changing his canonical image. Instead, she strengthens and deepens it, striving to understand the cosmic origins of evil – an endeavor in which she succeeds admirably. The novel contains allusions to all four Gospels, with the author enriching the narrative by explicitly referencing them. Maka Jokhadze's novel highlights the religious, philosophical, and psychological aspects of sin. The writer pays attention to how sin is born and with what intentions people commit sins. Besides Judas, there are other sinners in the novel, including Herod Antipas, Herodias, Salome, Caiaphas, Hanna, Dumakh, Abigail, and Rovel. It is important for the author to show the nuances and gradations of sin, and what happens to a person when the seed of goodness within them finally dies. In analyzing Judas's character in the novel, the relationship between the sinner's free will and responsibility is emphasized. The writer also depicts the moral and ethical dilemmas that the characters face. Accordingly, certain sociocultural contexts are drawn. All this shows the reader the universal, seemingly com­plex nature of sin, in the creation of which many factors participate. As a result, the reader expe­riences conflicting feelings of both revulsion and sympathy for Judas. The reader feels sorry for Judas, who, according to the novel, lacked the strength to repent and ask for forgiveness from the Savior. Maka Jokhadze shows us how sin is born, how it conquers the human soul, heart, and mind, and how it clouds judgment. In Jokhadze's portrayal, Judas is born at the root of evil, and his fate seems predetermined from the very beginning. The writer also touches on the theme of ancient fate. The novel provokes deep reflection in the reader, encouraging introspection. It suggests that while one might find aspects of Judas within oneself, one should not fear this discovery. Instead, the reader is urged to fight against these tendencies, not submit to them, nor cultivate or strengthen them through spiritual or material compromises. Iscariot serves as a model of the world and our everyday existence. From its thorns, crowns of both glory and humiliation are woven. Both paths are painful, and the choice is free. It depends on the individual whether they will follow the path of Christ or Judas.

“A new or false hope?” practice and policy on teaching–research linkage in contemporary Cambodia’s higher education

PurposeThe teaching–research nexus (TRN) has assumed a prominent role in global higher education systems. However, the connection between the two domains has been subject to diverse interpretations within well-developed higher education systems. Little is known about translating TRN into policy and practice in diverse higher education spaces. In this regard, this article examines the recent trajectory and challenges associated with integrating research and teaching in Cambodia.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse the current development of TRN and its associated challenges, this article consolidates two sets of data: recent research papers and government policy documents on TRN in the last 10 years or so.FindingsThe analysis shows that the connection between teaching and research appears to be patchy in practice, as evidenced in previous studies. The recent government policies and interventions, although potentially fostering progress in research activities, pose dilemmas regarding the orientation and feasibility of linking these two domains.Research limitations/implicationsThis article focuses on enhancing TRN in Cambodia, one of the developing higher education contexts, thereby offering insights into the strategies and concerns within such environments. Policymakers in similar higher education contexts might benefit from considering the concerns and solutions highlighted in this article.Originality/valueResearch on policies and strategies for strengthening TRN in developing higher education contexts remains limited in the literature. This article contributes to our collective knowledge of TRN by looking at Cambodia's contemporary reality and strategies.

Negotiating between national and local policy on participation: local authority arts offices in Ireland

ABSTRACT Focusing on the participation agenda, this paper explores the definitions, negotiations and implementation of cultural policy at the intersection of national policy aims and local level strategy. Recognised as partners with national cultural policy bodies and holding statutory obligation for the arts within a highly centralised system, Irish local authority arts offices offer unique opportunity for exploring the intersection of a national policy agenda with local implementation. Drawing from thematic analysis of interviews with arts officers and of the arts plans for their associated areas, this examination reveals a complex and diverse interpretation of participation within top-down national cultural policy that is defined in practice at local level through the local authority context and the agency of arts officers. While this agency provides opportunities to ensure situated policy relevance, opportunity for reflection and shared learning is required to support strategic thinking. The paper deepens our understanding of the relationships between policy actors and actions, seeking to promote a stronger learning culture between these agents. The analysis advances the emerging literature about policy as situated practice by raising broader questions regarding national – local policy making models.

Social, political and sports aspects in Russian cartoons of the 1920s‑1970s, dedicated to the theme of chess

The author of the article turns to the study of domestic cartoons of the 1920–1970s, dedicated to the topic of chess. When analyzing the diverse artistic interpretations of chess in the genre of caricature, social, political and sporting aspects are highlighted first of all. The ability of the art of Soviet caricature to form bright and capacious artistic images that play up trivial situations of society and behavioral patterns of individuals is repeatedly demonstrated. The author also pays special attention to caricature portraits and caricature illustrations, good-natured jokes and biting satire. As examples, the works of graphic artists B. Efimov, Yu. Yuzepchuk, S. Vlasovsky are considered.

QGO: a novel method for quantifying the diversity of mitochondrial genome organization

Quantifying the features of mitochondrial genome structural variation is crucial for understanding its contribution to complexity. Accurate quantification and interpretation of organizational diversity can help uncover biological evolutionary laws and patterns. The current qMGR approach accumulates the changes in two adjacent genes to calculate the rearrangement frequency RF of each single gene and the rearrangement score RS for specific taxa in the mitogenomes of a given taxonomic group. However, it may introduce bias, as it assigns scores to adjacent genes rather than to rearranged genes. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel statistical method called qGO to quantify the diversity of gene organization. The qGO method, which is based on the homology of gene order, provides a more accurate representation of genome organizational diversity by partitioning gene strings and individually assigning weights to genes spanning different regions. Additionally, a comprehensive approach is employed for distance computation, generating an extensive matrix of rearrangement distances. Through experiments on more than 5500 vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, we demonstrated that the qGO method outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy and interpretability. This method improves the comparability of genomes and allows a more accurate comparison of the diversity of mitochondrial genome organization across taxa. These findings have significant implications for unraveling genome evolution, exploring genome function, and investigating the process of molecular evolution.

“Working is my me time”: Exploring the perception of me time among working mothers

Me time holds significance for personal enjoyment and relaxation, yet its exploration, particularly among Indonesian mothers, is limited. This qualitative study interviewed three full-time working mothers (aged 28, 30 and 36) to understand their perceptions in me time allocation before marriage, after marriage, and after having children. Thematic analysis identified six major themes: a) the importance of me time, b) factors hindering it, c) diverse interpretations, d) activities pursued, e) repercussions of inadequate me time, and f) coping strategies employed. This study underscores the significance of dedicating me time as a means to alleviate the stress experienced in day-to-day life. Maternal individuals exhibit an adaptive inclination to tailor their approach to personal time management in light of the demands imposed by motherhood. This research effectively accentuates the necessity of prioritizing me time to enhance holistic well-being and fortitude when confronted with maternal responsibilities.

The Impact of Linguistic Identity on the Perception of Abai’s Poetry

This scientific article explores the complexities and prospects of creating a poetic corpus of Abai Kunanbayev. The project's primary objective is to digitize and annotate Abai's poetry, addressing challenges such as accessibility to diverse sources, linguistic barriers, technical issues, and cultural interpretations. The article discusses the methods used in digitizing and annotating Abai's poetry, including linguistic analysis and thematic classification. It presents the results obtained from the creation of the corpus, highlighting its significance in preserving Kazakh cultural heritage and advancing scholarly research. The discussion explores the implications of the corpus for linguistic studies, educational initiatives, and international collaborations in digital humanities. The conclusion reflects on the project's achievements, outlines future directions for expanding the corpus, and emphasizes its role in promoting and preserving Abai Kunanbayev literary legacy.

Inclusive Education in Higher Education Institutions: A Comprehensive Review of Key Components and Framework for Implementation

'Inclusion' in education, central to Sustainable Development Goal 4 within Agenda 2030, has gained global prominence. However, its meaning varies widely due to diverse local interpretations, leading to inconsistent practices. The complexity and lack of comprehensive global documentation of the concept often results in confusion, with different stakeholders assigning different meanings to it. This ambiguity challenges the effective implementation of inclusive education policies worldwide. This paper aims to outline the various components of inclusive education, drawing on a comprehensive review of the literature on this concept. The resulting framework is designed to guide educational institutions in implementing effective inclusive practices. Initially, inclusive education was mainly associated with catering for students with disabilities and bridging the gap between special education and mainstream education. However, the concept of inclusion is much wider in scope. The right to inclusive education is now defined as a process that shapes culture, practice and policy within the educational setting. Inclusive education aims to address the diverse needs of individual students, and to remove barriers that hinders the presence, participation and achievement of learners. An inclusive approach places emphasis on providing support to groups of learners who may underachieve or be marginalized or excluded. This paper identifies key core features of inclusive education through an extensive analysis of literature and studies focusing on its practical implementation and monitoring. These features cover various aspects, including the education and learning environment, teacher support, a whole person approach, respect for value of diversity, stakeholder consultation and collaboration, partnerships, financing, monitoring and sharing of expertise and resources. The latter components form a comprehensive framework for understanding and implementing inclusive education practices. Implementing inclusive education effectively requires a shared understanding of its meaning. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a structured framework of inclusive education components. By providing this practical guide, the paper aims to facilitate the implementation of inclusive practices across diverse learning environments. The proposed framework serves as a valuable tool for institutions seeking to enhance their inclusivity, thus supporting the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 4.

Enhancing economics education through phenomenography, variation theory, and multiple representations

This study explores the intersection between phenomenography and variation theory in educational settings, focusing on their implications for teaching economics. Phenomenography, a research approach aimed at understanding how individuals perceive and conceptualize phenomena, provides insights into learners' diverse interpretations of concepts. Variation theory, derived from phenomenography, guides instructional design by emphasizing the importance of experiencing variations in critical aspects of the learning material. The study investigates whether employing multiple representations enhances knowledge transfer, learning outcomes, and concept variation. The findings suggest that integrating variation theory into economics classrooms can optimize students' understanding by directing attention to critical aspects of concepts through varied instructional strategies.

The Impact of a Dialogic Intervention on a Chinese Rural Teacher and Students' Stances Towards Texts

ABSTRACTIn language arts classrooms, dialogic teaching encourages diverse text interpretations, fostering discussions that enhance students' literacy skills like reasoning. However, adopting a dialogic stance poses challenges for both teachers and students. The study investigated the impact of a tailor‐made dialogic intervention on a Chinese rural teacher and students' stances towards texts. Chinese rural students shifted from efferent and instrumental stances to a more critical‐analytical stance, indicating a profound change in how rural students interacted with texts through exploratory talk, highlighting the potential of dialogic teaching practices to foster deep engagement with reading materials. However, after the intervention ended, the teacher reverted to a monologic approach due to limited dialogic texts and time constraints. The findings underscore the potential of dialogic teaching for engaging rural students, yet highlight the need for sustained teacher training and suitable texts. Future research should focus on cultivating and maintaining students' growth mindset effectively in rural settings.

Transcending Individual Traditions: Zhang Taiyan’s Interpretation of Zhuangzi’s Notion of Chengxin

This article examines the nuanced interpretations of chengxin 成心 in the Zhuangzi 莊子, a foundational Daoist text, across different philosophical traditions. Historically, Daoist thinkers like Guo Xiang 郭象 and Cheng Xuanying 成玄英, along with Neo-Confucian scholars such as Lü Huiqing 吕惠卿 and Lin Xiyi 林希逸, have provided differing perspectives on the notion of chengxin. They regard it as either a source of subjective bias or an expression of heavenly principle. The core focus of this study is Zhang Taiyan’s 章太炎 innovative interpretation of chengxin as seeds (bijas) within ālaya-vijñāna (storehouse consciousness), integrating Yogācāra Buddhist concepts with traditional Daoist philosophy. The study conducts a textual analysis of Zhang’s Qiwulun Shi 齊物論釋, comparing his interpretation with earlier commentaries on the Zhuangzi. It is argued that Zhang’s approach is profoundly influenced by the Buddhist doctrine of non-duality, which underscores the interconnectedness of all phenomena. While Zhang’s interpretation has faced criticism from contemporaries and later philosophers for misunderstandings of Yogācāra theory and Kantian philosophy, it employs the method of geyi 格義 (matching concepts), not to impose one tradition over another, but to foster a dialogical process where the insights from each tradition mutually inform and transform one another. This article highlights the interpretative openness of the Zhuangzi, which invites diverse interpretations, and demonstrates how Zhang’s approach enriches this tradition by synthesizing various philosophical and religious frameworks. Zhang’s methodology remains relevant, fostering cross-cultural and inclusive philosophical dialog.

Exploring the Visual Communication of Illustration Narrative in Brand Promotion Through the Symbolic Meaning of Thorn Elements

Abstract: In todays market, the use of visual representations is increasingly prevalent, with illustrations becoming a key promotion tool. Due to their ability to deliver immediate and powerful impact on viewers, illustrations are now a top choice for companies in advertising. Various styles and techniques of illustration have evolved, enriching the artistic language of advertising; different combinations of elements can evoke diverse reactions and interpretations among audiences. This paper aims to establish a framework for the use of illustration in advertising by analyzing a specific element and its symbolic meanings. It begins with a discussion of the fundamentals of symbolism in illustrations, followed by a detailed analysis of thorn as an artistic concept. The paper concludes by demonstrating how these strategies can be applied in market, offering guidance for future product design and promotions.

A Comprehensive Geophysical Exploration of Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits: An Example from the Huaniushan Lead–Zinc–Silver Polymetallic Deposit in Gansu, China

The Huaniushan lead–zinc–silver deposit is a hydrothermal sedimentary exhalative deposit (SEDEX), and the mining area has complex geological conditions, with the main tectonic structure being the Huaheitan–Shuangfengshan Fault (F3), which controls the distribution of strata and magmatic rocks. Since the discovery of the Huaniushan lead–zinc–silver deposit, diverse interpretations of its genesis and metallogeny have been proposed, making it challenging to establish a definitive geological explanation. Moreover, using a single geophysical exploration method relies on limited rock physical parameters, making it difficult to effectively characterize underground structures. The combined use of multiple geophysical methods can effectively integrate the geophysical characteristics of different rock physical parameters, reducing the multiplicity and uncertainty of the inverse interpretation of geophysical data. The comprehensive interpretation of three-dimensional inversion based on various geophysical data, the construction of geological–geophysical models on geological grounds, the establishment of hidden ore exploration and positioning, and the rapid evaluation of geophysical technological systems are the current research trends in mineral exploration. In light of this, in this study, we conducted research on the three-dimensional inversion interpretation of gravity and magnetoelectric exploration data of the Huaniushan sedimentary exhalative lead–zinc–silver polymetallic deposit and constructed a three-dimensional geological–geophysical model of the study area based on the obtained three-dimensional physical structure of the underground density, magnetization intensity, resistivity, and polarizability of the study area, in combination with related geological and drilling hole data. Finally, we comprehensively interpreted the favorable mineralization sites in the study area.

Clinical assessment strategies for competency-based education in prosthetic dentistry.

Reflective practice is viewed as a theoretical and pedagogical concept in higher education having several diverse approaches and interpretations. The most important aspect of reflective practice is that it is a necessary quality assurance aspect of higher education which should occur recurrently and at different stages of the program. It usually entails an evaluation of advanced instructions which has become the norm in an educational setting, in order to improve the learning outcomes. Reflective practice must therefore be seen as a tool which allows continuous improvement, modifications, and changes to educational approaches, which include theoretical and clinical assessment strategies. Academics in prosthetic dentistry at a research-led university reflected on their current assessment strategies used in the senior undergraduate dental program as part of a quality assurance process and its global comparability. This paper aims to share and explain the importance of reviewing assessment strategies in higher education, especially in such a clinical program using reflective practice as a framework. Different assessment strategies used over a 5-year period are explored and their different structures, expectations, and appropriateness for a clinical program are reported from the literature. The concerns were addressed in a cyclical manner within this framework, and Blooms and blueprinting implemented where appropriate. We conclude that without a validated definition and framework for regular reflective practices, and guidelines to modify the included assessment strategies, the quality assurance within a competency-based dental program may be compromised.

Using Illustrated Children’s Book to Strength Fracted / Cracks Identity of (the Israeli) Children

Illustrations in children's books serve as powerful aesthetic devices to address complex emotions and ideologies, particularly in war-torn regions. These visual narratives act as catalysts for moral, value-based, and political discussions, offering a wordless medium that invites diverse interpretations based on the observer's perspective. This approach creates an open dialogue where there are no absolute right or wrong answers. Children's literature, through its illustrations, becomes a significant agent of socialization. These books impart cultural values, ideological concepts, and political behavior patterns, functioning as tools for establishing culturally responsive pedagogy. The images discussed, while originating from Israeli children's books predating the 2023 conflict, possess a timeless and universal quality that transcends their immediate context. Illustrations in children's books can either complement or diverge from the accompanying text, offering varying degrees of precision or poetic license. They carry cultural connotations that encompass symbols, traditions, beliefs, behaviors, and values unique to a particular society, conveying information beyond the apparent narrative. The inherent power of illustration lies in its ability to communicate directly with young children, often without the need for adult mediation. In preschool literature, illustrations serve multiple functions: they parallel written words, demonstrate abstract concepts, provide concrete representations of characters and settings, emphasize or contradict textual elements, and expand the narrative through visual elements not present in the text. Moreover, illustrations possess a psychological-therapeutic function, contributing to indirect treatment techniques. Like all visual representations, they embody simplified messages and shape recognition, conveyed formally and tangibly, with each element having both conscious and unconscious effects on the Therapeutic visual qualities in illustrated books aim to capture emotional nuances, intensify expressions of feeling, and convey concepts that may be challenging to express verbally. This is achieved through original solutions such as symbolism and creative visual metaphors. In conclusion, illustrations in children's books, particularly those addressing complex themes like war and fear, offer a unique and powerful medium for fostering understanding, encouraging dialogue, and providing emotional support. Their ability to transcend linguistic and cultural barriers makes them invaluable tools in shaping young minds and addressing challenging societal issues.

Women in Ministry: Re-Reading 1 Corinthians 14:33-35 in the 21st Century Context

<p class="abstracttextDILIGENTIA">First Corinthians 14:33-35 reveals one of the many controversies about the roles of women in ministry in the church today. Many scholars have given diverse interpretations of the verses. The verses have led many people, including many Christian denominations, to have some positions on women in ministry. The thrust of this article is to explore the correct interpretation of the verses based on some historical and biblical perspectives. The work adopted the historical and biblical exegesis method. Feminism theory was also considered in the work. The work concluded that 1 Corinthians 14:33-35 should not be interpreted literally. It must be interpreted within its context. It also concluded that women have their roles to play in the world and in the propagation of the gospel of Christ, regardless of attempts by men to relegate them to the background.</p>

Modern pollen–plant diversity relationships for reliable pollen-based reconstruction of past plant taxonomic and functional diversity: A case study in southwest Shandong, China

Pollen diversity provides insights into our understanding of past plant diversity, a wide variety of diversity indices have been used to characterize plant diversity from sedimentary pollen. However, studies reported inconsistent associations between pollen-plant taxonomic diversity, this could be partly accounted for by biases due to interspecies differences in pollen production, pollen diffusion/deposition, and poorly specified dispersal distance of pollen-source plants. It is therefore crucial to improve the interpretation of the sedimentary pollen diversity by systematic studies of palynological and floristic diversity associations in contemporary landscapes.To test the reliability of pollen assemblages as a proxy of plant diversity, we collected pollen and vegetation from 36 surface sites in southwest Shandong. We detected the correlation between pollen-plant taxonomic and functional diversity indices from different spatial scales.Our results show pollen-plant correlations vary in spatial scales for different indices, the Spearman correlation analysis indicates significant and the strongest correlations between pollen-plant Shannon index around the RSAP (0.399 < ρ < 0.520), while the Pielou’s evenness shows significant and the highest correlations (0.411 < ρ < 0.425) around and beyond the RSAP, but only weak positive relationships can be detected between pollen-plant richness. Functional composition based on whole plant height and specific leave area and functional dispersion based on combined traits of whole plant height, specific leave area, seed mass, and leave dry mass shows significant positive pollen-plant associations, indicating that functional diversity may improve the pollen-plant link.Our results confirm that pollen data performs well in presenting plant taxonomic and functional diversity, which provides a solid theoretical basis for quantitative reconstruction of the long-term plant diversity dynamics and response of ecosystem functions to the environment in the future. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the spatial scale of vegetation survey plays an important role in the representation of pollen diversity.