Diversity History Research Articles

Evolutionary plasticity and functional repurposing of the essential metabolic enzyme MoeA.

MoeA, or gephyrin in higher eukaryotes, is crucial for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis required in redox reactions. Gephyrin is a moonlighting protein also involved in postsynaptic receptor clustering, a feature thought to be a recent evolutionary trait. We showed previously that a repurposed copy of MoeA (Glp) is involved in bacterial cell division. To investigate how MoeA acquired multifunctionality, we used phylogenetic inference and protein structure analyses to understand the diversity and evolutionary history of MoeA. Glp-expressing Bacteria have at least two copies of the gene, and our analysis suggests that Glp has lost its enzymatic role. In Archaea we identified an ancestral duplication where one of the paralogs might bind tungsten instead of molybdenum. In eukaryotes, the acquisition of the moonlighting activity of gephyrin comprised three major events: first, MoeA was obtained from Bacteria by early eukaryotes, second, MogA was fused to the N-terminus of MoeA in the ancestor of opisthokonts, and finally, it acquired the function of anchoring GlyR receptors in neurons. Our results support the functional versatility and adaptive nature of the MoeA scaffold, which has been repurposed independently both in eukaryotes and bacteria to carry out analogous functions in network organization at the cell membrane.

Youth Appreciation of The Existence of Historical Buildings (Vredeburg Fort)

Yogyakarta is a city that has a diverse history and cultural heritage both physically and non-physically. Physically in the form of buildings - historical heritage buildings such as the Vredeburg Fort building which is one of the relics of VOC colonialism in the city of Yogyakarta since 1765. Now its existence has changed its function to become a historical heritage fort and its presence as a historical heritage building now greatly affects the sense of concern in the current era, especially the younger generation of the current era. As a result, the awareness of knowing and appreciating historical buildings is low due to the advancement of civilisation. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions of young people that lead to appreciation of Fort Vredeburg in the current era. The research method applied by conducting observations, data collection and questionnaire interviews. The result of this research is to reveal the form of appreciation from young people's perception towards Fort Vredeburg today.

Biogeographic history of pigeons and doves drives the origin and diversification of their parasitic body lice.

Despite their extensive diversity and ecological importance, the history of diversification for most groups of parasitic organisms remains relatively understudied. Elucidating broad macroevolutionary patterns of parasites is challenging, often limited by the availability of samples, genetic resources, and knowledge about ecological relationships with their hosts. In this study, we explore the macroevolutionary history of parasites by focusing on parasitic body lice from doves. Building on extensive knowledge of ecological relationships and previous phylogenomic studies of their avian hosts, we tested specific questions about the evolutionary origins of the body lice of doves, leveraging whole genome data sets for phylogenomics. Specifically, we sequenced whole genomes from 68 samples of dove body lice, including representatives of all body louse genera from 51 host taxa. From these data, we assembled >2,300 nuclear genes to estimate dated phylogenetic relationships among body lice and several outgroup taxa. The resulting phylogeny of body lice was well supported, although some branches had conflicting signal across the genome. We then reconstructed ancestral biogeographic ranges of body lice and compared the body louse phylogeny to phylogeny of doves, and also to a previously published phylogeny of the wing lice of doves. Divergence estimates placed the origin of body lice in the late Oligocene. Body lice likely originated in Australasia and dispersed with their hosts during the early Miocene, with subsequent codivergence and host switching throughout the world. Notably, this evolutionary history is very similar to that of dove wing lice, despite the stronger dispersal capabilities of wing lice compared to body lice. Our results highlight the central role of the biogeographic history of host organisms in driving the evolutionary history of their parasites across time and geographic space.

Viromes of Antarctic fish resemble the diversity found at lower latitudes.

Antarctica harbours some of the most isolated and extreme environments on Earth, concealing a largely unexplored and unique component of the global animal virosphere. To understand the diversity and evolutionary histories of viruses in these polar species, we determined the viromes of gill metatranscriptomes from 11 Antarctic fish species with 248 samples collected from the Ross Sea region spanning the Perciformes, Gadiformes, and Scorpaeniformes orders. The continent's shift southward and cooling temperatures >20 million years ago led to a reduction in biodiversity and subsequent radiation of some marine fauna, such as the notothenioid fishes. Despite decreased host species richness in polar regions, we revealed a surprisingly complex virome diversity in Ross Sea fish, with the types and numbers of viruses per host species and individuals sampled comparable to that of fish in warmer marine environments with higher host community diversity. We also observed a higher number of closely related viruses likely representing instances of recent and historic host-switching events among the Perciformes (all notothenioids) than in the Gadiformes, suggesting that rapid speciation events within this order generated closely related host species with few genetic barriers to cross-species transmission. Additionally, we identified novel genomic variation in an arenavirus with a split nucleoprotein sequence containing a stable helical structure, indicating potential adaptation of viral proteins to extreme temperatures. These findings enhance our understanding of virus evolution and virus-host interactions in response to environmental shifts, especially in less diverse ecosystems that are more vulnerable to the impacts of anthropogenic and climate changes.

Root exudation and rhizosphere microbial assembly are influenced by novel plant trait diversity in carrot genotypes

Root exudate composition can influence rhizosphere microbial recruitment and is tightly controlled by plant genetics. However, little research has profiled root exudate in vegetable crops or determined their role in rhizosphere microbial community and metabolite composition. It is also not well understood how root exudates and resulting rhizosphere dynamics shift across plant trait diversity and with the development of novel crop genotypes. To address these knowledge gaps, this study paired metabolomics and microbiome analyses to evaluate associations between the composition of exudates, soil bacterial and fungal communities, and soil metabolites across four genotypes of organically produced carrot of differential breeding histories, including two experimental genotypes. Plant genotypes modified soil microbial diversity and composition, and differentially recruited bacterial taxa. Bacterial rhizosphere recruitment from bulk soil was genotype and root exudate-mediated, while fungal recruitment was not. Moreover, root exudate composition was distinct in an heirloom genotype and a novel nematode resistant genotype, compared to other genotypes tested. Root exudate and rhizosphere metabolite composition was decoupled, and soil metabolites more strongly associated with fungal than bacterial communities. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that novel crop trait diversity and breeding histories hold consequences for the functional potential of soils through the diversification of root exudate mediated plant-microbe interactions.

Japanese health and physical education teachers’ positioning in teaching Japanese language learners in high school physical education

ABSTRACT Background In recent years, the number of Japanese Language Learner (JLL) students, or children who speak a language other than Japanese and require Japanese language instruction, has been rapidly increasing in Japanese schools. Successful inclusion of students who use Japanese as a second language in the classroom creates opportunities for all students to engage with multiple languages and learn new cultures, backgrounds, history, and aspects of diversity that help them strengthen their overall cognitive abilities [Sato, T., and S. R. Hodge. 2009. “Asian International Doctoral Students’ Experiences at Two American University: Assimilation, Accommodation, and Resistance.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2(3): 136-148]. In particular, physical education (PE) is considered an academic subject that can be a powerful tool to promote peace, tolerance, and understanding by bringing people together across boundaries, cultures, and religions by promoting the concepts of teamwork, fairness, discipline, and respect for the opponent in a game or activity [Beutler, I. 2008. “Sport Serving Development and Peace: Achieving the Goals of the United Nations Through Sport.” Sport in Society 11 (4): 359–369]. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain Japanese high school health and physical education (HPE) teachers’ positioning of themselves and others, as shown through a storyline, when they teach and assist Japanese Language Learner (JLL) students in academic and social contexts. Participants and setting Seven HPE teachers participated in this study by sharing their thoughts, opinions, and experiences related to teaching JLL students in PE. The teachers had between 3 and 23 years of experience teaching PE, and 2–9 years of experience teaching JLL students in high school PE. Research design This study utilized a descriptive-qualitative design using an in-depth, semi-structured interview approach [Seidman, I. 2019. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. 5th ed. New York: Teacher College Press]. A constant comparative analysis method was used to analyze the data. In this study, the process of constantly comparing data from several sources led to tentative categories that were compared to each other and to other data in order to construct categories. In this study, meaningful narrative phrases were those related to PE pedagogical content and teacher development. Findings Explainable by concepts in positioning theory [Harré, R., and L. van Langenhove. 1999. “The Dynamics of Social Episodes.” In Positioning Theory: Moral Contexts of Intentional Action, edited by R. Harré, and L. van Langenhove, 1–13. Oxford: Blackwell], three major interrelated and complex themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) teachers’ positioning in securing a safe learning environment for JLL students in PE, (b) teachers’ dilemma in assessing JLL students’ learning outcomes based on performance assessments and written exams in PE, and (c) teachers’ positioning in their responsibilities as both teacher and host parent. To enhance the quality of PE classes, school districts need clear and focused goals related to assessment and evaluation, instructional planning, and responsibilities involved in teaching JLL students.

P-181 Chromosome constitution and clinical outcome of blastocysts derived from morulae with different compaction patterns

Abstract Study question Do blastocysts with a diverse history of compaction pattern (complete or partial) have different chances to be aneuploid and to implant? Summary answer Embryos undergoing partial or complete compaction have comparable chances to be aneuploid. Euploid blastocysts with previous history of blastomere extrusion have reduced chances of implantation. What is known already Compaction at the morula stage is an essential requisite for blastocyst formation and involves blastomere flattening and establishment of tenacious cell-to-cell contacts. Incomplete compaction is associated with several upstream and downstream morphokinetic anomalies. It also affects blastocyst yield and quality and clinical outcome. However, evidence on blastocyst chromosomal constitution and implantation potential after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) is lacking. Study design, size, duration This retrospective cohort study assessed laboratory and clinical outcomes of 1206 blastocysts derived from 483 infertile patients undergoing ART treatment and PGT-A from January 2015 to July 2022. Three age groups (≤34, 35–38 and ≥39 years) were adopted for sub-analyses. Biopsied blastocysts were vitrified and subsequently used in single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfers (SVBT). Participants/materials, setting, methods Embryo development was monitored by time-lapse technology (TLT), also annotating abnormal cleavages and multinucleation. Patterns of morula compaction were assessed according to previously published categories: (i) full compaction, with all blastomeres undergoing compaction (FCM); partial compaction (partially compacted morula [PCM]), with (ii) blastomeres excluded from the outset (exc-PCM) or (iii) extruded after start of compaction (ext-PCM). Embryos were assessed in relation to embryonic and clinical outcomes. PGT-A data were obtained from trophectoderm biopsies. Main results and the role of chance Average maternal age of the overall patient population was 39.0 years. The full compaction pattern (FCM) was detected in 35.7% of all embryos. Partially compacted morulae showing excluded (Exc-PCM) or extruded (Ext-PCM) cells were also observed (54.4% and 9.9%, respectively) and collectively (64.3%) were the larger fraction (P < 0.0001, among all groups). Of 1206 analysed blastocysts, 551 were euploid, of which 366 were used in SVBT. Aneuploidy rate in the overall blastocyst population derived from FCM, Exc-PCM and Ext-PCM was 50.8%, 55.6%, and 60.0%, respectively (P > 0.05). However, in the younger maternal age group (≤34 years), the aneuploidy rate of the Exc-PCM group was higher compared with FCM (39.8% vs. 25.3%, P = 0.03). In the overall population, the Ext-PCM phenotype was associated with a lower implantation rate (FCM, Exc-PCM and Ext-PCM:47.8%, 44.7%, 55.6%, and 27,6%, respectively (P = 0.04), while miscarriage rates were comparable. Finally, transferred euploid blastocysts not classified according to maternal age implanted with comparable rates, irrespective of their morphokinetic history (abnormal division, multinucleation, no morphokinetic abnormalities). Limitations, reasons for caution The study is limited by its retrospective design. Having been obtained from a single centre, the data require independent validation Wider implications of the findings This study confirms and extends our previous findings on the implications of partial compaction. Importantly, it further consolidates the notion that the embryo can develop through atypical morphokinetic patterns while often preserving its genomic integrity and implantation ability. Trial registration number Not applicable

Reframing and Expanding Sonoran Archaeology

Archaeologists acknowledge that contemporary nation state boundaries were irrelevant to precolonial populations. Notwithstanding, the boundary between the United States and México both physically and ideologically impacts language, where archaeologists are trained, how knowledge is disseminated, and what research questions are asked. Sonora's archaeology is generally classified within the Southwest/Northwest culture area; however, English publications are rare when compared to literature from north of the international border. This has created misconceptions that Sonora is an unexplored landscape and undermines decades of diverse binational collaborations and internal research conducted by Centro INAH Sonora. It also stifles our understanding of cultural connectivity across the Southwest/Northwest. The articles within this special issue showcase diverse topics in Sonoran archaeology. They range from identifying Archaic and Early Agricultural occupations to exploring contemporary community-based archaeologies. In all cases, authors reframe Sonora within larger academic discourses and to expand our current knowledge of the region's diverse culture histories.

Sociopolitically and Trauma-Informed Public Health Practice With Latinx Families: Conceptual Framework and Best Practices.

Public health practitioners working with Latinx families in the United States must consider the historical contexts of colonization and slavery that have created conditions of violence, displacement, and social and economic marginalization throughout Latin America. Although shared experiences of colonization, dispossession, and migration affect all Latinxs, diverse national histories and sociopolitical contexts, migration patterns, and intersecting identities (e.g., gender, social class, race) complicate efforts to develop a uniform approach to this heterogeneous population. We provide a critical analysis of (1) how past experiences contribute to collective trauma and motivate migration, and (2) how these experiences are replicated in the United States through immigration-related adversities that deprive and threaten children and families through marginalization, fear of detention and deportation, and family separation brought on by a parent's deportation. This knowledge is imperative to advance research, practice, and policymaking with US Latinx populations. We provide best practice recommendations for a sociopolitically and trauma- informed public health workforce interfacing with Latinxs in the United States. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S6):S485-S494. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307589) [Formula: see text].

The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Syzygium syzygioides (Myrtaceae: Myrtales) and Phylogenetic Analysis

Abstract Background: Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. and L. M. Perry is a common medicinal plant species known for its biologically active compounds. However, the chloroplast (cp) genome of S. syzygioides has not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine the complete cp genome sequence of S. syzygioides and investigate its phylogenetic relationships within the Syzygium genus. Methods: Leaf samples of S. syzygioides were collected from Vietnam, and the complete cp genome was sequenced and assembled. Phylogenetic analyses were then conducted to examine the evolutionary relationships between S. syzygioides and other Syzygium species. Results: The cp genome of S. syzygioides was found to be 158,172 base pairs in length, with a GC content of 37.0%. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the cp genome data revealed that S. syzygioides is closely related to 10 other Syzygium species, including Syzygium buettnerianum, Syzygium bamagense, Syzygium grande, Syzygium megacarpum, Syzygium glomeratum, Syzygium claviflorum, Syzygium tsoongii, Syzygium fluviatile, Syzygium buxifolium, and Syzygium grijsii. Conclusions: This study provides the first report of the complete cp genome sequence of S. syzygioides, a medicinally important plant species in the Myrtaceae family. The phylogenetic analysis using the cp genome data sheds light on the evolutionary relationships within the Syzygium genus, which is the largest genus in the Myrtaceae. The new molecular data generated in this study can be used for the molecular identification and further phylogenetic investigations of Syzygium species, contributing to a better understanding of the diversity and evolutionary history of this economically and ecologically significant plant group.

Allopolyploidization events and immense paleogenome reshuffling underlying the diversification of plants and secondary metabolites in Oleaceae

AbstractOleaceae, a eudicot family with great species diversity, has attracted much attention from botanists because it contains many plants with important economic, medicinal, and ornamental values. However, the history of polyploidization and ancestral genome reshuffling of Oleaceae remains unclear. Here, we clarified an Oleaceae‐common hexaploidization (OCH) event occurring at ~53–61 million years ago (Ma) common in all Oleaceae plants and an Oleaceae‐recent tetraploidization (ORT) event occurring at ~18–21 Ma shared by the lineages of Syringa, Olea, Osmanthus, and Fraxinus. We found that high‐frequency polyploidization events drove the frequency of gene loss in Oleaceae genomes and extended the size of regions containing adjacent gene loss, thereby promoting the degree of genome fragmentation. We revealed that biased fractionation between the OCH‐ and ORT‐produced subgenomes is likely attributed to the origin of allopolyploidization in the OCH and ORT events. Significantly, through paleochromosome rearrangement comparisons, we proposed a "two‐step" genome duplication model for OCH and determined the duplicated orders of OCH tripled genome. We reconstructed 11 protochromosomes of the most recent ancestral Oleaceae karyotype (AOK) and elucidated the trajectories of immense paleochromosome reorganization of Oleaceae species from ancestral eudicot karyotype. Notably, we tracked the diversification history of secondary metabolite synthesis genes in the Oleaceae and explored the effects of paleogenome evolution on specialized metabolite synthesis. Our findings provide new insights into the polyploidization and paleogenomic evolution of Oleaceae and have important scientific significance for understanding the genetic basis of species and secondary metabolic diversity in Oleaceae.

Cenozoic history of the tropical marine biodiversity hotspot

The region with the highest marine biodiversity on our planet is known as the Coral Triangle or Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA)1,2. Its enormous biodiversity has long attracted the interest of biologists; however, the detailed evolutionary history of the IAA biodiversity hotspot remains poorly understood3. Here we present a high-resolution reconstruction of the Cenozoic diversity history of the IAA by inferring speciation–extinction dynamics using a comprehensive fossil dataset. We found that the IAA has exhibited a unidirectional diversification trend since about 25 million years ago, following a roughly logistic increase until a diversity plateau beginning about 2.6 million years ago. The growth of diversity was primarily controlled by diversity dependency and habitat size, and also facilitated by the alleviation of thermal stress after 13.9 million years ago. Distinct net diversification peaks were recorded at about 25, 20, 16, 12 and 5 million years ago, which were probably related to major tectonic events in addition to climate transitions. Key biogeographic processes had far-reaching effects on the IAA diversity as shown by the long-term waning of the Tethyan descendants versus the waxing of cosmopolitan and IAA taxa. Finally, it seems that the absence of major extinctions and the Cenozoic cooling have been essential in making the IAA the richest marine biodiversity hotspot on Earth.

Complex patterns of gene flow and convergence in the evolutionary history of the spiral-horned antelopes (Tragelaphini)

The Tragelaphini, also known as spiral-horned antelope, is a phenotypically diverse mammalian tribe comprising a single genus, Tragelaphus. The evolutionary history of this tribe has attracted the attention of taxonomists and molecular geneticists for decades because its diversity is characterised by conflicts between morphological and molecular data as well as between mitochondrial, nuclear and chromosomal DNA. These inconsistencies point to a complex history of ecological diversification, coupled by either phenotypic convergence or introgression. Therefore, to unravel the phylogenetic relationships among spiral-horned antelopes, and to further investigate the role of divergence and gene flow in trait evolution, we sequenced genomes for all nine accepted species of the genus Tragelaphus, including a genome each for the highly divergent bushbuck lineages (T. s. scriptus and T. s. sylvaticus). We successfully reconstructed the Tragelaphus species tree, providing genome-level support for the early Pliocene divergence and monophyly of the nyala (T. angasii) and lesser kudu (T. imberbis), the monophyly of the two eland species (T. oryx and T. derbianus) and, importantly, the monophyly of kéwel (T. s. scriptus) and imbabala (T. s. sylvaticus) bushbuck. We found strong evidence for gene flow in at least four of eight nodes on the species tree. Among the six phenotypic traits assessed here, only habitat type mapped onto the species tree without homoplasy, showing that trait evolution was the result of complex patterns of divergence, introgression and convergent evolution.

Maternal genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Indian riverine and swamp buffaloes: insights from complete mitochondrial genomes.

This study explored the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of riverine and swamp buffaloes in India, utilizing complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Through comprehensive sampling across varied agro-climatic zones, including 91 riverine buffaloes from 12 breeds and 6 non-descript populations, along with 16 swamp buffaloes of the Luit breed, this study employed next-generation sequencing techniques to map the mitogenomic landscape of these subspecies. Sequence alignments were performed with the buffalo mitochondrial reference genome to identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations and distinct maternal haplogroups among Indian buffaloes. The results uncovered the existence of 212 variable sites in riverine buffaloes, yielding 67 haplotypes with high haplotype diversity (0.991), and in swamp buffaloes, 194 variable sites resulting in 12 haplotypes, displaying haplotype diversity of 0.950. Phylogenetic analyses elucidated the genetic relationships between Indian buffaloes and the recognized global haplogroups, categorizing Indian swamp buffaloes predominantly into the SA haplogroup. Intriguingly, the haplogroup SB2b was observed for the first time in swamp buffaloes. Conversely, riverine buffaloes conformed to established sub-haplogroups RB1, RB2, and RB3, underscoring the notion of Northwestern India as a pivotal domestication site for riverine buffaloes. The study supports the hypothesis of independent domestication events for riverine and swamp buffaloes, highlighting the critical role of genetic analysis in unraveling the complex evolutionary pathways of domestic animals. This investigation contributes to the global understanding of buffalo mitogenome diversity, offering insights into this important livestock species' domestication and dispersal patterns.

Genetic diversity and population structure of threeline grunt Parapristipoma trilineatum (Perciformes: Haemulidae) in China and Japan based on mtDNA control region

Parapristipoma trilineatum is an edible and economically important marine fish with high farming potential; however, this fish has not been widely investigated. To understand the germplasm resources of this marine fish, we investigated the range of P. trilineatum from Maizuru, Japan, to Hainan, China. Using the mitochondrial control region as a molecular marker, we analyzed the population structure, genetic diversity, and population history dynamics of P. trilineatum. The control region exhibited high haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of 0.996 and 0.016, respectively. The genetic differentiation coefficients indicated low differentiation between Japanese and other populations. Additionally, based on the results of SAMOVA, AMOVA, and genetic differentiation coefficients, P. trilineatum can be divided into two management units in fishery resources management: China and Japan. Populations with high genetic diversity are useful as genetic breeding materials. This study provides a basis for the selection and breeding of P. trilineatum.

Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the rock oyster Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) within two Eastern Pacific biogeographic realms

Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the rock oyster Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) within two Eastern Pacific biogeographic realms

Exploring uncharted territory: new frontiers in environmental DNA for tropical fisheries management.

Tropical ecosystems host a significant share of global fish diversity contributing substantially to the global fisheries sector. Yet their sustainable management is challenging due to their complexity, diverse life history traits of tropical fishes, and varied fishing techniques involved. Traditional monitoring techniques are often costly, labour-intensive, and/or difficult to apply in inaccessible sites. These limitations call for the adoption of innovative, sensitive, and cost-effective monitoring solutions, especially in a scenario of climate change. Environmental DNA (eDNA) emerges as a potential game changer for biodiversity monitoring and conservation, especially in aquatic ecosystems. However, its utility in tropical settings remains underexplored, primarily due to a series of challenges, including the need for a comprehensive barcode reference library, an understanding of eDNA behaviour in tropical aquatic environments, standardized procedures, and supportive biomonitoring policies. Despite these challenges, the potential of eDNA for sensitive species detection across varied habitats is evident, and its global use is accelerating in biodiversity conservation efforts. This review takes an in-depth look at the current state and prospects of eDNA-based monitoring in tropical fisheries management research. Additionally, a SWOT analysis is used to underscore the opportunities and threats, with the aim of bridging the knowledge gaps and guiding the more extensive and effective use of eDNA-based monitoring in tropical fisheries management. Although the discussion applies worldwide, some specific experiences and insights from Indian tropical fisheries are shared to illustrate the practical application and challenges of employing eDNA in a tropical context.

Insights into the genetic structure and domestication patterns in cultivated populations of Neopyropia yezoensis

Neopyropia yezoensis is a commercially important seaweed that has been subjected to industrial cultivation for more than six decades, making it a longstanding and economically valuable marine resource. However, there is a paucity of genomic information on its genetic structure and underlying domestication patterns. We examined 124 N. yezoensis samples collected from China and Japan, and identified 1,004,593 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our results indicated that the genetic background of the cultivated population in China is complex, with evidence of germplasm mixing within the same cultivation area. We identified the genomic signatures and SNP hotspots of domestication related to growth, reproductive regulation, and improved stress resistance, thereby highlighting potential target genes for future nori breeding programs. Finally, two SNP loci, which are significantly associated with length, were identified through a genome-wide association study and were located within the region of selective sweeps in cultivated populations. Functional analysis indicated that one of the SNP loci might be involved in the regulation of flavin metabolism and transport. Our results will help elucidate the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of nori, and guide future breeding and conservation strategies.

Keberagaman Gender di Indonesia (Analisis Wacana Pemberitaan Gender pada Suku Bugis)

Indonesia has had a diverse history of homosexuality and transgenderism for a long time. This contradicts general public knowledge, which assumes that this influence originates from the Western world. This research aims to find out more about news about gender diversity in the Bugis tribe in Indonesia. News is taken from online media Kompasiana.com and Goodnewsfromindonesia. Id, and Bbc.com. These three media were chosen because they have the same reporting theme. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative study using Teun A. Van Dijk's discourse analysis. This research shows that the three news items fulfill the elements of discourse as text, except for the rhetorical elements in the Kompasiana.com and Bbc.com news. The three news stories both use inductive pattern explanations. The results of the analysis found that the context of gender diversity in the Bugis tribe includes roles, behavior, thought patterns, and emotional characteristics inherent in humans. Apart from that, the news also reminded the government to pay more attention to the traditions of the Bugis tribe because the culture of Indonesian society is decadent and must continue to be preserved. Keywords: Gender; Homosexual; Diversity; Bugis Tribe

Genetic diversity and population structure of Physella acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) in Thailand using mitochondrial gene markers: COI and 16S rDNA

Physella acuta is a freshwater snail native to North America. Understanding the phylogeography and genetic structure of P. acuta will help elucidate its evolution. In this study, we used mitochondrial (COI and 16S rDNA) and nuclear (ITS1) markers to identify the species and examine its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of P. acuta in Thailand. Phylogenetic and network analyses of P. acuta in Thailand pertained to clade A, which exhibits a global distribution. Analysis of the genetic structure of the population revealed that the majority of pairwise comparisons showed no genetic dissimilarity. An isolation-by-distance test indicates no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances among P. acuta populations, suggesting that gene flow is not restricted by distance. Demographic history and haplotype network analyses suggest a population expansion of P. acuta, as evidenced by the star-like structure detected in the median-joining network. Based on these results, we concluded that P. acuta in Thailand showed gene flow and recent population expansion. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genetic variation of P. acuta in Thailand.