Multicultural Research Articles

NHS-Galleri trial: Enriched enrolment approaches and sociodemographic characteristics of enrolled participants.

Certain sociodemographic groups are routinely underrepresented in clinical trials, limiting generalisability. Here, we describe the extent to which enriched enrolment approaches yielded a diverse trial population enriched for older age in a randomised controlled trial of a blood-based multi-cancer early detection test (NCT05611632). Participants aged 50-77 years were recruited from eight Cancer Alliance regions in England. Most were identified and invited from centralised health service lists; a dynamic invitation algorithm was used to target those in older and more deprived groups. Others were invited by their general practice surgery (GP-based Participant Identification Centres in selected regions); towards the end of recruitment, specifically Asian and Black individuals were invited via this route, as part of a concerted effort to encourage enrolment among these individuals. Some participants self-referred, often following engagement activities involving community organisations. Enrolment took place in 11 mobile clinics at 151 locations that were generally more socioeconomically deprived and ethnically diverse than the England average. We reduced logistical barriers to trial participation by offering language interpretation and translation and disabled access measures. After enrolment, we examined (1) sociodemographic distribution of participants versus England and Cancer Alliance populations, and (2) number needed to invite (NNI; the number of invitations sent to enrol one participant) by age, sex, index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and ethnicity, and GP surgery-level bowel screening participation. Approximately 1.5 million individuals were invited and 142,924 enrolled (98% via centralised health service lists/invitation algorithm) in 10.5 months. The enrolled population was older and more deprived than the England population aged 50-77 years (73.3% vs 56.8% aged 60-77 years; 42.3% vs 35.3% in IMD groups 1-2). Ethnic diversity was lower in the trial than the England population (1.4% vs 2.8% Black; 3.3% vs 5.3% Asian). NNI was highest in Black (32.8), Asian (28.2) and most-deprived (21.5) groups, and lowest in mixed ethnicity (8.1) and least-deprived (4.6) groups. Enrolment approaches used in the NHS-Galleri trial enabled recruitment of an older, socioeconomically diverse participant population relatively rapidly. Compared with the England and Cancer Alliance populations, the enrolled population was enriched for those in older age and more deprived groups. Better ethnicity data availability in central health service records could enable better invitation targeting to further enhance ethnically diverse recruitment. Future research should evaluate approaches used to facilitate recruitment from underrepresented groups in clinical trials.

Monster of the Night: Identifying Pakistani Gender-Based, Religious, and Cultural Influences on Sleep Paralysis Among University Students.

The present study hasexplored the folk knowledge about the phenomenon of sleep paralysis in Pakistani society. The research aimed to gain a nuanced glimpse focusing on three major factors, culture, religion, and gender, that influence the lived experiences of those who face sleep paralysis. In this qualitative research,to have a holistic perception of indigenous knowledge about it, we selected both male and female participants who have experienced sleep paralysis. The findings indicate that there is an influence of Pakistani culture and religion regarding the experiences of the people with sleep paralysis, and gender is linked with the folklore on creatures that were linked to fairy tales and Islamic teachings. The study also revealed that Pakistani ethnic diversity has created a pool of versatility for identifying different experiences regarding sleep paralysis. These experiences were not just a part of the medical situation but portrayed the multicultural facets that are embedded in the individuals throughout their lives. Lastly, the study suggeststhat there is a complexity within the interactions between culture, religion, and gender on sleep paralysis. This needs to be further investigated to create culturally appropriate therapies that may have a favorable effect on both physical and mental health outcomes.

Students as subjects. Resistance, youth agency, and inclusive education through participatory action research

This article explores the importance of student voice in fostering equity and inclusion within schools. The study explores the efforts of 16 Spanish secondary school students who, through a year of online meetings, developed a guide for students to make their schools more inclusive. The group consisted of young individuals of diverse social classes, abilities, nationalities, ethnicities and genders, among others, who engaged in a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) process to collectively analyse and reconstruct their realities, forming a resistance group. Four years on, they stand as a benchmark in activism for inclusive education, where, despite the ongoing oppressive reality, their positions have undergone significant changes. Research, as a tool for educational change, enables students to transition from being “objects” of an exclusionary school to subjects with agency.

From soil to soul: teaching about Islam through gardens

ABSTRACT Religious diversity in the UK is evident in its compulsory Religious Education (RE) curriculum, which includes the study of Islam and Muslims. An analysis of UK RE textbooks highlights a predominant theological approach to studying Islam focusing on faith pillars, worship spaces, rituals and orthopraxy. However, the civilisational, artistic and humanistic entry points to the study about Islam are rarely, if ever, brought to the forefront in such curriculum materials. By situating the study about Islam as part of world civilisations one may observe the complexities and diversities within the Muslim traditions. This paper argues that teaching about Islam, through the case study of gardens, can provide humanistic and artistic entry points that can orient students to cultural, geographic, and ethnic diversities that exist within the traditions. Gardens in Muslim societies, past and present, vary in cultural forms, symbolism, and social functions. Focusing on their built environment and believers’ associated meanings, the paper explores thematic areas for secondary RE classrooms. The recent trends in Islamic Studies and secondary education help the study in examining existing representations of Islam in the RE Agreed Syllabi within the UK mainstream school context, proposing a new future direction.

Diagnostic properties of differing BP thresholds for adverse pregnancy outcomes in standard-risk nulliparous women: A secondary analysis of SCOPE cohort data.

In 2017, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) lowered blood pressure (BP) thresholds to define hypertension in adults outside pregnancy. If used in pregnancy, these lower thresholds may identify women at increased risk of adverse outcomes, which would be particularly useful to risk-stratify nulliparous women. In this secondary analysis of the SCOPE cohort, we asked whether, among standard-risk nulliparous women, the ACC/AHA BP categories could identify women at increased risk for adverse outcomes. Included were pregnancies in the international SCOPE cohort with birth at ≥20 weeks' gestation, 2004 to 2008. Women were mostly of white ethnicity, in their 20s, and of normal-to-overweight body mass index (BMI). Excluded were pregnancies ending in fetal loss at <20 weeks' gestation, and those terminated at any point in pregnancy. Women were categorized by highest BP during pregnancy, using ACC/AHA criteria: normal (BP <120/80 mmHg), "Elevated BP" (BP 120 to 129 mmHg/<80 mmHg), "Stage-1 hypertension" (systolic BP [sBP] 130 to 139 mmHg or diastolic BP [dBP] 80 to 89 mmHg), and "Stage-2 hypertension" that was non-severe (sBP 140 to 159 mmHg or dBP 90 to 109 mmHg) or severe (sBP ≥160 mmHg or dBP ≥110 mmHg). Primary outcomes were preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal care admission. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and diagnostic test properties were calculated for each outcome, according to: each BP category (versus "normal"), and using the lower limit of each BP category as a cut-off. RRs were adjusted for maternal age, BMI, smoking, ethnicity, and alcohol use. Of 5,628 women in SCOPE, 5,597 were included in this analysis. When compared with normotension, severe "Stage 2 hypertension" was associated with PTB (24.0% versus 5.3%; aRR 4.88, 95% confidence interval, CI [3.46 to 6.88]), birthweight <10th centile (24.4% versus 8.8%; aRR 2.70 [2.00 to 3.65]), and neonatal unit admission (32.9% versus 8.9%; aRR 3.40 [2.59 to 4.46]). When compared with normotension, non-severe "Stage 2 hypertension" was associated with birthweight <10th centile (16.1% versus 8.8%; aRR 1.82 [1.45 to 2.29]) and neonatal unit admission (15.4% versus 8.9%; aRR 1.65 [1.31 to 2.07]), but no association with adverse outcomes was seen with BP categories below "Stage 2 hypertension." When each BP category was assessed as a threshold for diagnosis of abnormal BP (compared with BP values below), only severe "Stage 2 hypertension" had a useful (good) likelihood ratio (LR) of 5.09 (95% CI [3.84 to 6.75]) for PTB. No BP threshold could rule-out adverse outcomes (i.e., had a negative LR <0.2). Limitations of our analysis include lack of ethnic diversity and use of values from clinical notes for BP within 2 weeks before birth. This study was limited by: its retrospective nature, not all women having BP recorded at all visits, and the lack of detail about some outcomes. In this study, we observed that 2017 ACC/AHA BP categories demonstrated a similar pattern of association and diagnostic test properties in nulliparous women, as seen in the general obstetric population. BP thresholds below the currently used "Stage 2 hypertension" were not associated with PTB, low birthweight, postpartum hemorrhage, or neonatal unit admission. This study does not support implementation of lower BP values as abnormal in nulliparous pregnant women.

A Strategic Approach to Shift Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Culture in Physical Therapy Education.

Efforts focused on racial and ethnic diversity in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs have been prioritized to increase enrollment of Underrepresented in Medicine (URiM) individuals. While increasing diversity is a positive step, this Program took strategic action to embed Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)-informed principles into all program areas. This holistic approach catalyzed a cultural shift that reflects a deepened commitment to the society we serve. This paper describes a multifaceted approach of a sustainable, adaptable DEI program focused on systemic change within the Emory University DPT Program. Development of DEI leadership frameworks, including faculty and staff education, led to programmatic changes in academic affairs, admissions, curriculum, and clinical education. Student-driven DEI-specific initiatives were implemented. Faculty/staff, student, and admissions assessments were conducted to understand the Program's current culture and guide DEI-related initiatives. Responses from the Anne E. Casey Assessment (34.55%) reflected institutional value on a race-informed approach to reducing racial inequities. Responses from the DEI Self-Assessment Worksheet revealed Program value for DEI principles in vision and leadership while needing more culturally responsive content and teaching practices. Student survey data from 2020 to 2023 indicated improving DEI climate and sense of belonging. Admissions data revealed a 73.3% increase in matriculated URiM students as a result of cumulative DEI efforts. This paper describes a DEI approach that fosters movement toward greater awareness of and commitment to social responsibility and institutional accountability, creating a more equitable, inclusive, and representative culture in physical therapy education.

Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Material in Peer-to-Peer Networks and Predictors of its Severity: Insights From Filenames.

The Internet has empowered millions of perpetrators who create and consume child sexual abuse material (CSAM), the current term replacing child pornography. In this study, we coded data from a random sample of 2980 filenames from files shared in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks from U.S. IP addresses in 2021. Most filenames referenced girls and just under half referenced children aged 5 to 12. A wide variety of child races, ethnicities and nationalities were referenced. Over half of filenames described a sexually abusive act, most of which referenced penetration. The abuse referenced was more severe when filenames referenced children under the age of 13, both girls and boys, incest, and/or children or youth of color. The findings underline the harm to children from CSAM, suggest the value of a racial justice perspective on CSAM, and support the need to search for CSAM as part of contact child sexual abuse investigations.

Antisemitism social work’s silence is deafening

ABSTRACT Social workers challenge social injustice. Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. Social workers’ social change efforts are focused primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice. These activities seek to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision-making for all people (National Association of Social Workers, 2021).

‘It sort of goes hand in hand the academic and the social’: teachers’ experiences working with the inclusion of immigrant students in mainstream lower secondary school classes in Norway

ABSTRACT Schools today are multicultural organisations that are expected to promote equitable education for all students, and where teachers play a significant role in promoting inclusion. Students from immigrant backgrounds must negotiate new cultures and languages in addition to striving for inclusion. Teachers’ experiences may contribute valuable new knowledge regarding inclusion in education, especially during adolescence, which is a vulnerable time. This study investigated Norwegian lower secondary school teachers’ (N = 7) experiences of inclusion when working with immigrant students who had been transferred from introductory classes into mainstream classrooms. Results of the qualitative content analysis indicated that teachers use strategies such as facilitation of academic participation to create social attractiveness to promote academic and social inclusion. Further research is required to determine how immigrant students’ social and emotional functioning might best be supported in addition to language acquisition, and teachers require enhanced approaches to actively promoting inclusion in lower secondary school.

Continuous Professional Teacher Development Model in Yunnan Provincial Universities

This study investigates the Continuous Professional Teacher Development (CPTD) model within Yunnan Provincial Universities, addressing the challenges and identifying the factors that promote sustainable teacher development. Through a mixed-methods approach, 588 valid responses from a sample of 638 teachers and administrators were analyzed, complemented by semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal key dimensions impacting CPTD, including instructional leadership, school climate, professional collaboration, teacher autonomy, and administrative support. These dimensions align closely with the unique socio-educational landscape of Yunnan, characterized by ethnic diversity, geographic disparities, and institutional variations.The results highlight that instructional leadership and a positive school climate significantly enhance teacher engagement in professional development. Teachers emphasized the importance of autonomy in designing curricula and assessments, as well as collaboration within professional learning communities. The lack of tailored professional development programs and inadequate administrative support were identified as significant barriers. Recommendations include leveraging digital platforms, promoting inclusive professional learning communities, and aligning institutional goals with professional development initiatives. This research contributes to the existing literature by proposing a localized CPTD model that addresses the unique challenges of Yunnan Provincial Universities. It provides actionable insights for policymakers and educational leaders, emphasizing the role of collaborative practices and leadership in fostering sustainable teacher development.

Gender and ethnic diversity and wage gaps in the Canadian chiropractic workforce

BackgroundAs health systems worldwide continue to face health workforce challenges exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, chiropractors can play an important role in meeting increasing needs for rehabilitation services. However, limited evidence from some countries suggests the chiropractic workforce does not reflect the diversity of the population it serves. This observational study quantifies the chiropractor workforce in Canada in gender and ethnocultural composition and earnings, as tracers of equity and inclusion within this healthcare profession.MethodsWe used 2021 population census data with integrated administrative income tax records to identify and characterize chiropractic practitioners aged 25–54. Following a descriptive analysis, multivariate regression and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods were applied to assess gender and ethnic earnings differences, adjusting for a range of professional and personal factors.ResultsThe chiropractic workforce was underrepresented regarding women (44.5% versus 50.6% of the total population) and visible minorities (20.0% versus 26.5%). Despite similar levels of education, women’s (unadjusted) earnings averaged 77.1 cents for every dollar earned by men in pandemic-affected 2020, narrowing slightly from 76.7 cents in 2019. Regression results showed significant earnings differences by gender and by ethnocultural identity, adjusting for other factors. An unexplainable gender wage gap persisted in the decomposition analysis, with women earning 6% less than men due to factors that could not be explained by differences in age structure or part-time work, pointing to additional contributing but unmeasured structural dynamics.ConclusionSignificant earnings disparities by gender and ethnicity among chiropractors emphasize the need for equity-oriented initiatives in leadership opportunities and compensation structures, to help influence the attractiveness of the profession to new talent.

Supporting Transition Resilience Among Newcomer Groups (STRONG): Examining effectiveness and acceptability in urban public schools.

The Supporting Transition Resilience Of Newcomer Groups (STRONG; Hoover et al., 2019) program was developed to support mental health among newcomer refugee and immigrant students by (1) promoting positive adjustment during resettlement through a trauma-informed, strengths-based approach, contextualized to meet the needs of refugee and immigrant youth; and (2) improving access to services through school-based programming. The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability and effectiveness of STRONG on the mental health and resilience of refugee and immigrant students using a group randomized waitlist control design. A sample of 64 newcomer students (Mage = 13.9, SD = 3.11; 41% female) was recruited to participate in the STRONG program, representing 19 different countries of origin and diverse ethnicities (44% Latiné; 34% Asian; 13% Middle Eastern/North African; 8% African/Black). Additionally, teachers or administrators from each participating STRONG school completed interviews, while group facilitators (e.g., clinicians and bilingual teachers) were invited to participate in focus groups. This study provides preliminary evidence that STRONG supports newcomer mental health, with students in the immediate treatment group showing reductions in anxiety/depression and externalizing symptoms compared to the waitlist. Qualitative findings provide additional support for the acceptability and benefits of this intervention. However, coping efficacy unexpectedly decreased, and several interactions with school type (e.g., high school vs. elementary) emerged. Additional research is warranted to further evaluate this promising intervention for newcomer youth.

Photoreceptor metabolic window unveils eye–body interactions

Photoreceptors are specialized neurons at the core of the retina’s functionality, with optical accessibility and exceptional sensitivity to systemic metabolic stresses. Here we show the ability of risk-free, in vivo photoreceptor assessment as a window into systemic health and identify shared metabolic underpinnings of photoreceptor degeneration and multisystem health outcomes. A thinner photoreceptor layer thickness is significantly associated with an increased risk of future mortality and 13 multisystem diseases, while systematic analyses of circulating metabolomics enable the identification of 109 photoreceptor-related metabolites, which in turn elevate or reduce the risk of these health outcomes. To translate these insights into a practical tool, we developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven photoreceptor metabolic window framework and an accompanying interpreter that comprehensively captures the metabolic landscape of photoreceptor–systemic health linkages and simultaneously predicts 16 multisystem health outcomes beyond established approaches while retaining interpretability. Our work, replicated across cohorts of diverse ethnicities, reveals the potential of photoreceptors to inform systemic health and advance a multisystem perspective on human health by revealing eye–body connections and shared metabolic influences.

Representation and Quality of Acne-Related Content on Social Media

Acne is a common dermatological condition affecting individuals of all races and ethnicities, with most cases occurring in teenagers and young adults. Patients in these age groups frequently turn to online platforms for guidance, relying on videos on social media platforms like TikTok. This study evaluated the top TikTok videos' content quality (DISCERN score) about perceived racial/ ethnic diversity. Findings demonstrate that videos showcasing the skin of individuals of color tend to have lower scientific content and potentially feature the application of agents that would promote dyspigmentation and scarring. There is a need to improve acne-related social media posts to provide higher-quality content targeted at patients of color, focusing on safer therapeutics.

Unmasking Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in United States Chordoma Clinical Trials: Systematic Review.

Chordoma is a rare bone cancer with limited treatment options. Clinical trials are crucial for developing effective therapies, but their success depends on including diverse patient populations. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the reporting of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity in United States clinical trials exploring treatment for chordoma. A literature search was conducted through PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Epistemonikos, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for published US chordoma trials up until 19 August 2024. The data collected included trial characteristics and racial and ethnic data, as well as socioeconomic indicators when available. Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) and Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB2) analyses were adopted to assess the methodological quality. The N-1 Chi-squared (χ2) test was implemented to compare the reported racial and ethnic data with the most recent US Census Bureau data. Five trials involving 111 patients (median age: 63 years; 34% female) were included. Four studies (80%) were single-arm non-randomized studies with one study (25%) having a high methodological quality and three (75%) having a moderate quality based on the MINORS analysis. Most patients (91%, n = 82) were White/Caucasian, representing a proportion which was significantly higher than the reported 75% in the US population (p = 0.0005). Black/African American patients (2%, n = 2) were significantly underrepresented compared to the 14% in the US population (p = 0.0015). Regarding ethnicity, Hispanic/Latino patients (7%, n = 6) were significantly underrepresented compared to the 20% in the US population (p = 0.0021). No measures of socioeconomic status were reported. This systematic review highlighted the need for improved racial and ethnic diversity in chordoma trials and the better reporting of socioeconomic data. The underrepresentation of minority groups may obscure potential disparities in disease incidence, treatment access, and clinical outcomes.

Spatial variability of cultural landscape vulnerability and influential factors in ethnic villages of Southeast Guizhou

In Southeast Guizhou, a region of China rich in ethnic diversity, the cultural landscapes of ethnic villages are increasingly vulnerable under the pressures of urbanization and tourism development. This study assesses the vulnerability of 43 ethnic villages in Leishan County using the Vulnerability Scoring Diagram (VSD) model, which evaluates exposure, sensitivity, and coping ability. Analyses using spatial autocorrelation and geographic weighted regression reveal distinct spatial patterns of vulnerability, with the northern region exhibiting higher vulnerability indices than the southern region. The study identifies tourism development, protection policies, and financial investments as primary influencing factors of vulnerability, with varying degrees of impact across different geographical areas. The findings provide a robust framework for assessing and visualizing the vulnerability of cultural landscapes in ethnic villages, guiding the development of tailored protection strategies to mitigate risks and preserve cultural heritage.

The Intensity of Ethnic Chinese Political Communication on Active Political Participation in DKI Jakarta

Exploring the complexity of the political landscape in Jakarta influenced by ethnic diversity, with a focus on the significant role of the Chinese ethnic group in political dynamics. Starting from the foundation of ethnic diversity, the aim is to investigate the intensity of political communication within the Chinese ethnic group and its impact on public perception and political participation in Jakarta. Understanding the dynamics of political communication becomes increasingly crucial, especially in the context of the potential for the government and politicians to leverage these opportunities through appropriate approaches, creating a multicultural political contestation. This approach requires an understanding of various aspects, including intercultural communication, communication psychology, and the media's impact on policies.This research specifically explores public perception of political communication within the Chinese ethnic group, uncovering how political messages are understood by Jakarta's diverse society across different social and ethnic layers. The analysis encompasses levels of political participation, including participation in general elections and contributions to political organizations. To address the complexity, this research analyzes factors influencing political communication within the Chinese ethnic group, including social, cultural, economic, and political aspects, to understand the context shaping their political messages.Despite facing challenges in obtaining credible data, this research is expected to provide practical insights for the Chinese ethnic group, the government, and the general public in designing inclusive communication strategies and strengthening social harmony in Jakarta

A Plasma Proteomics-Based Model for Identifying the Risk of Postpartum Depression Using Machine Learning.

Postpartum depression (PPD) poses significant risks to maternal and infant health, yet proteomic analyses of PPD-risk women remain limited. This study analyzed plasma samples from 30 healthy postpartum women and 30 PPD-risk women using mass spectrometry, identifying 98 differentially expressed proteins (29 upregulated and 69 downregulated). Principal component analysis revealed distinct protein expression profiles between the groups. Functional enrichment and PPI analyses further explored the biological functions of these proteins. Machine learning models (XGBoost and LASSO regression) identified 17 key proteins, with the optimal logistic regression model comprising P13797 (PLS3), P56750 (CLDN17), O43173 (ST8SIA3), P01593 (IGKV1D-33), and P43243 (MATR3). The model demonstrated excellent predictive performance through ROC curves, calibration, and decision curves. These findings suggest potential biomarkers for early PPD risk assessment, paving the way for personalized prediction. However, limitations include the lack of diagnostic interviews, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID), to confirm PPD diagnosis, a small sample size, and limited ethnic diversity, affecting generalizability. Future studies should expand sample diversity, confirm diagnoses with SCID, and validate biomarkers in larger cohorts to ensure their clinical applicability.

Ethnic diversity and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from refugee-hosting areas

This study explores how forced migration affects ethnic diversity and conflict in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2005 to 2016. Using UNHCR data on refugee camp locations, we predict changes in local ethnic diversity. By integrating Afrobarometer and Ethnic Power Relations-Ethnicity of Refugees datasets, we analyze the link between refugee-induced diversity and conflict occurrence. Findings indicate that refugee-induced polarization increases the risk of local violence, while fractionalization has a mitigating effect. Notably, the number of refugees does not impact the likelihood of conflict; instead, alterations in ethnic diversity, especially polarization, emerge as the primary driver of conflict.

Gender and Racial Disparities in Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery Fellows: A Decade-Long Analysis.

Despite increasing diversity among medical students, pediatric orthopaedic surgery remains underrepresented regarding gender and ethnic diversity. Previous studies highlight notable underrepresentation of women and minorities in orthopaedic subspecialty fellowships. This study analyzed data from 2013 to 2023 on pediatric orthopaedic surgery fellows, collected through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and Graduate Medical Education Consensus. Self-identified race and gender data were used to assess trends over the decade. The analysis included 380 fellows, of whom 62.4% were male and 37.1% were female. Racial distribution showed 62.9% White, 9.2% Asian, 4.5% Hispanic/Latino/Spanish, 4.5% Black/African American, 0% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 0.53% multiple race/ethnicity, and 8.4% other. Notably, 37.1% of fellows were non-White. The study reveals persistent gender and racial disparities in pediatric orthopaedic surgery fellowships. Targeted recruitment and support for underrepresented groups, along with systemic changes to address barriers, are crucial for fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce. Enhanced diversity is essential for providing culturally competent care to the diverse patient population.