Divergent Ideologies Research Articles

The Hypothesis of Cultural Differences in Sino-Us Relation with International Political Conflicts

Conflicts and tensions among major powers are often seen as clashes of interests between entities with significant influence. Nevertheless, from a historiographical standpoint, one would challenge the validity of such a simplistic view. The themes of nations that have to be considered full are undeniably formed by comprehensive historical and cultural components. Hence, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate cultural disparities to have a comprehensive understanding of interstate conflicts. This research uses case studies and qualitative methodologies to conduct a comparative analysis of the ideologies and national value identities that underlie Chinese-American interactions during the last decade. It focuses on the cultural distinctions inherited from China and the United States in order to get a deeper understanding of these connections. This research posits that the concept of democracy is firmly ingrained in the cultural and political fabric of these societies, giving rise to divergent ideologies. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate that the cultural aspects of a country significantly influence its political evolution.

Brazil’s Foreign Policy and Security under Lula and Bolsonaro: Hierarchy, Racialization, and Diplomacy

This article outlines how Brazil’s state actors carry out racialized diplomatic performances, which coexist alongside the oppression of Black, Indigenous, and mixed-race Brazilians, and at times even affect their physical security. Moreover, these racialized diplomatic performances are a continuous feature of Brazilian foreign policy across the two presidencies compared here, but with important differences due to their divergent ideologies and policy goals. During the Lula (2003–10) administration, racialized enactments of national identity furthered Brazil’s commercial interests across the Global South while having a mixed impact on marginalized domestic populations. Invocations of Brazil’s position within global hierarchies, under Lula, allowed its Global South activism to advance alongside the violence Brazil’s security forces perpetrated during the MINUSTAH mission in Haiti and in Brazil’s favelas. Meanwhile, for the Bolsonaro (2019–22) administration, racialized appeals functioned as a method for minimizing and disavowing the political violence that occurred during his term. Bolsonaro employed Brazil’s hybrid national identity to downplay concerns over deforestation in the Amazon as external “neocolonialism” while centering the role of Christianity in his foreign policy. This article draws upon trade/commercial figures, public speeches, data from official visits, and other sources to illustrate these claims regarding hierarchy, racialization, and diplomacy.

“It could not have been more different.” Comparing experiences of hospital-based birth and homebirth in Ireland: A mixed-methods survey

ProblemInternationally, little is known about the experiences of the minority who have birthed both in hospital and at home. This group are in a unique position to provide experiential evidence regarding perceptions of care under each approach. BackgroundObstetric care within the hospital setting is the hegemonic approach to birth in western cultures. Homebirth is at least as safe as hospital birth for those with low-risk pregnancies, yet access is strictly regulated. AimTo explore how those who have experienced both hospital and homebirth maternity care in Ireland perceived the care received, and experienced birth in each setting. Methods141 participants who birthed both in hospital and at home between 2011 and 2021 completed an online survey. FindingsParticipants’ overall experience scores were significantly higher for homebirth (9.7/10) than hospital birth (5.5/10). In hospital, midwifery-led care scored significantly higher (6.4/10) than consultant-led care (4.9/10). Qualitative data revealed four explanatory themes: 1) Regulation of birth; 2) Continuity of care and/or carer and establishing relationships; 3) Bodily integrity and informed consent; and 4) Lived experiences of labour and birth at home and in hospital. DiscussionHomebirth was perceived far more positively than hospital birth experiences across all aspects of care surveyed. Findings suggest that those who have experienced both models of care have unique perspectives and aspirations about childbirth. ConclusionThis study provides evidence regarding the need for genuine choices for maternity care and reveals the importance of care which is respectful and responsive to divergent ideologies about birth.

Prevention and management of anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity: A review

Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin play a highly significant role in chemotherapy. These agents have been in use for about six decades now and have proven to be greatly effective. However, progressive cardiotoxicity has been outlined to be the greatest concern of these drugs during the treatment, especially with first time users. Although it is usually noticed in recent users, research has shown that it can occur after a longer duration due to the cumulation of the dose which is less studied as compared to the early onset studies. Despite the vast effort in terms of research that has been conducted to ensure safety, a specific treatment regimen is yet to be drafted due to divergent ideologies within the field.

Biography and Bernard Bailyn: The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson and the “Logical Obligation” of Historical Research

Biography and Bernard Bailyn: <i>The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson</i> and the “Logical Obligation” of Historical Research

‘A country can only have a foreign policy it can afford’: South Africa’s Economic Reaction to Zimbabwe’s Independence, 1980–1982

The largely cordial relationship between Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, established in the 1890s, instantly turned hostile at Zimbabwe’s independence in 1980. This reconfiguration, marked by Harare’s termination of diplomatic contact with Pretoria, was due to divergent ideologies between apartheid South Africa and the black majoritarian Zimbabwean government. Shying away from the orthodox approach that emphasises the security and military dimension of the breakdown of relations, the article utilises the lens of diplomacy and everyday interstate engagements to explore Zimbabwe’s anti-apartheid posture and its campaign against South Africa’s occupation of Namibia. It considers how South Africa attempted to exploit Zimbabwe’s overwhelming economic reliance on its trade and transportation networks and infrastructure to assert its power and force its northern neighbour to abandon its hostile stance. Relying largely on recently available archival material, I argue that Zimbabwe terminated political contact in order to force South Africa to change its domestic and regional politics while Pretoria adopted trade and transportation diplomacy as a stick with which to beat its obstinate neighbour.

Agroecology and the metropolitan biopolitics of food in Cape Town and Johannesburg

AbstractAs urban food systems erode the ecological foundations of society, researchers advocate multi‐level and adaptive governance to promote transitions toward sustainability. Agroecological discourse proposes transition to resilient, localized, and democratic city–region food systems, but neoliberal interpretations subvert radical aspirations. In the South African metropoles of Johannesburg and Cape Town, the governance terrain entails a concentrated industrial food system providing large, impoverished populations with unhealthy food derived from monocultures and transported along global value chains. Governing these urban food systems toward agroecological transition requires engagement with state governance mechanisms and rationalities. Considering state capabilities to promote agroecological transitions, the paper shows that fragmented institutional structures, policy patchworks, intersecting logics of control, and divergent ideologies constitute an ambiguous governance terrain posing major hurdles to transition. For metropolitan states to muster the will and assemble means for deep transformation of food systems and dominant state rationalities, a compelling alternative narrative must emerge. This requires persistent strategic engagement between officials and agroecological movements. To cultivate fertile political ground for seeds of deep, just transitions to take root, agroecology movements must grasp the nettle of metropolitan state capabilities.

Killing for God: Akers’ Social Learning Theory Applied to the Case of Daniel Lafferty

Akers’ Social Learning Theory (SLT), esteemed among the general theories of crime, provides an overarching framework for understanding the development of criminal attitudes and behaviors. This paper utilizes a case study approach to view a double homicide committed in the name of religious ideology through the theoretical lens of SLT. Examination of the subject’s upbringing sheds light on his vulnerability to influence and potential to do harm. In an era of increasingly divergent ideologies, the application of Social Learning Theory can illuminate the process of radicalization, help identify those at risk, and suggest potential points of intervention

On Borges’s B/baroque

Abstract This article examines Jorge Luis Borges’s ingenious, largely dehistoricized interpretations and imitations of seventeenth-century writers typically called Baroque. It contends that the aesthetic, epistemological, and metaphysical values Borges assigns to works by Cervantes, Góngora, Quevedo, Gracián, Marino, Browne, Pascal, Leibniz, Angelus Silesius, and Spinoza depend largely on his conservative notions of how style and, specifically, metaphor should work. While writers from the historical Baroque often require readers to embrace hermeneutic difficulty, Borges, despite the ingenious difficulty of his own writings, refuses to countenance this stance. This refusal turns also on Borges’s distinction between writing he fervently praises as “classic” and writing he ambiguously blames as “baroque.” The former serves as the explicit model for his own invention; but the latter implicitly, agonistically, informs much of his thinking and writing as well. Borges’s unwillingness to distinguish the historical Baroque from a recurring, eternal baroque is understandable, given his philosophy of art and history; however, it ignores how periodization can have the heuristic and conceptual function of finding unity in multiplicity, a unity that includes divergent styles and ideologies.

Proscription of terrorism in Nigeria: a comparative legal study

Nigeria is bedeviled with an upsurge of terrorism. The country has adopted legislative measures in curbing the menace by enacting the Terrorism Prevention (Amendment) Act 2013.Proscription is relatively new to the Nigerian legal system; there is paucity of information on proscription in Nigeria. Proscription as contained in the Act remains controversial because it raises fundamental questions about fundamental rights and the limits of executive power. The Nigerian proscription regime do not operate in isolation, it is important to make comparisons in order to evaluate its effectiveness. In this article, it is observed that: The Nigerian regime on proscription is similar to that of Australia. Canada, the UK and the US; The enactment of antiterrorism law in these countries was catalyzed by an upsurge in terrorism; Proscription regimes often devolve wide discretions to the executive, with few effective checks and balances; In Nigeria, there is an absence of parliamentary debates as found in some countries; Outlawing groups who have divergent political ideologies or religious beliefs has serious implications for the individuals that are directly concerned and questions human rights principles. In conclusion, the proscription regime in Nigeria should seek to make a balance between security and fundamental rights of citizens.

Proto-fascism and State impunity in Majoritarian India: An Interview with Teesta Setalvad

This interview with Teesta Setalvad was conducted in the wake of the February 2020 anti-Muslim violence in North East Delhi. Drawing on her vast experience as a human rights activist, journalist, and peace educator, Setalvad’s responses map the continuum — across years, anti-minority pogroms and ruling parties with divergent ideologies — of the cultures of hate, and the practices of state repression and impunity in a proto-fascist India. Setalvad offers an interrogation of the ideology of the Hindu right, delves into the historical trajectories of the rise of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). She also charts the repeating patterns of police and media complicity in fomenting anti-minority hate and critically analyses the contradictory role of the criminal law and the Constitution of India in both enabling and resisting communal violence. In conclusion, she offers hopeful strategies for keeping alive the promise of secularism.

Divergent Discourse in Disproportionality Research: A Response to Kauffman and Anastasiou (2019)

This article is in response to Kauffman and Anastasiou, wherein the authors initiate discussion regarding the cultural politics within special education identification and placement, particularly surrounding the issue of disproportionality. In this article, we identified four points of discussion regarding societal implications of disproportionality; the roles of (a) divergent ideologies; (b) access and advantage; (c) adult, adolescent, and child behavior; and (d) methodology in the debate on disproportionality in special education identification and placement. Furthermore, we highlight the problems with focusing too heavily on either one of these roles, without proposing viable prevention and intervention efforts to eliminate discriminatory identification and placement in the future. We encourage further discourse in the field that will lead to sound policy and improved practices within and for schools.

PO315 “Premature Coronary Artery Disease (PCAD) in Women: Demographic, Clinical and Angiographic Profile – Reflections From the PCAD Registry”

Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin play a highly significant role in chemotherapy. These agents have been in use for about six decades now and have proven to be greatly effective. However, progressive cardiotoxicity has been outlined to be the greatest concern of these drugs during the treatment, especially with first time users. Although it is usually noticed in recent users, research has shown that it can occur after a longer duration due to the cumulation of the dose which is less studied as compared to the early onset studies. Despite the vast effort in terms of research that has been conducted to ensure safety, a specific treatment regimen is yet to be drafted due to divergent ideologies within the field.The development of cardio-oncology, a branch of cardiology that specializes in the prevention or treatment of cardiac issues due to cancer treatment, has brought more understanding about molecular mechanisms behind anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). There have been divergent proposed mechanisms such as generation of ROS, calcium homeostasis dysregulation, autophagy and mitochondrial dynamism impairment. Interestingly, all these mechanisms converge on deregulation of mitochondrial function which needs wider research for verification that is yet to be conducted. Clinical symptoms evaluation, acquisition scans, systolic function detection by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging are the main ways of evaluating AIC.Our methodology involved a preliminary search on the PubMed, OVID Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases where keywords such as “DOX induced cardiotoxicity, anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity and cardiotoxicity prevention and management” were used.This review outlines the recent steps in the prevention and management of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and identifies research gaps that necessitate the need for further research. Our results suggest that great advancement has been achieved over the years but still there is need for more prospective researches that have involve more patients for consensus to be achieved. Also, there is need for translation of the knowledge into practice which is yet to be duly fulfilled.

‘The centre of the muniment’: archival order and reverential historiography in the India Office, 1875

In 1875, the civil servants and scholars George Birdwood and Clements Markham both submitted proposals to the India Office regarding the cataloguing and arrangement of its archive. These proposals had in common that they both involved the records of the early modern East India Company, and evinced an understanding of the archive as both a privileged repository of historical artefacts and a technology of imperial government. However, they articulated divergent ideologies of empire, ways of conceptualising the past and its materials, and understandings of the ways in which information and knowledge should be mobilised in an imperial context. This article analyses the two proposals in the light of their proposers' biographies, their politics, and their institutional and disciplinary commitments; and it notes each proposal's contribution to the production of a historiography which valorized early modern navigators, traders and mercantile communities as progenitors of the British imperial state. The proposals' troubled bureaucratic history emerges as an expression of conflicts of practice, ideology and administrative cultures within the India Office, and more broadly within the imperialisms of the time.

Impact of the Political, Economic, and Educational Contexts on Life Stories of Taiwanese EFL Teachers

Although numerous research projects have examined the lives of general education teachers, relevant studies in ESL/EFL are rare. The present study intends to fill this research gap, focusing on Taiwanese EFL teachers’ perceptions of the impact of the political, economic, and educational contexts on their lives. Thirty-eight EFL teachers in Taiwan, from diverse backgrounds, were involved in the study. Results showed that political contexts, such as divergent ideologies, and Taiwan’s capricious cross-strait relations with China, had influenced teachers’ careers. Economic contexts such as the economic depression, the M-shaped income distribution, and the relocation of labor-intensive industries to China have caused certain English language teaching markets to shrink and have had an impact on the life stories of EFL teachers. Educational contexts including the boom in universities and teacher education programs have also altered EFL teachers’ career paths. Overall, this study demonstrates that external contexts significantly affect some EFL teachers’ lives. More research can be conducted in different countries to shed light on this issue.

Czesław Miłosz i Jan Nowak-Jeziorański — protokół rozbieżności

CZESLAW MIŁOSZ AND JAN NOWAK-JEZIORAŃSKI—RECORDS OF DIVIERGENCES The article aims to discuss the context and reasons for the difficult relationship between Czesław Miłosz and Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, two prominent figures in Polish twentieth century history. The analysis of available material helps the reader understand that it was not just a personal conflict, but a clash of disparate visions of Polishness, divergent ideologies, as well as incompatible visions of patriotism, a particularly thorny issue in the Polish context. The factors discussed in the essay might explain why Czesław Miłosz was one of the few great Poles absent from Radio Free Europe.

Solidarity, dark solidarity, the commons and the university

Since the late 20th century, the Solidarity breakthrough of the Polish social movement has been a huge political success. Solidarity, as a specific idea, has become not only a social and political power, but also a more profound category of ethical discourse. Therefore, especially in terms of Polish public awareness, solidarity is one of the most popular theoretical notions, which is used in many different social contexts. Divergent political ideologies develop and use the language of solidarity as a tool to create divisions in society. The language of solidarity seems to create additional difficulties because it is used by conservative, neo-liberal and leftist parties. This language does not have its own identity or meaning. Considering the problems involved in the category of solidarity, the authors want to move the debate around this concept onto grounds for discussion about the university and the concept of the commons. Their research is located in the field of the philosophy of education, but they refer their reflections also to some empirical works.

Language and Cross-Cultural Construction: A Systemic Functional Interpretation of Hiroko Tanaka in Shamsie's Burnt Shadows

This study interprets and explains Hiroko Tanaka one of the major characters of Burnt Shadows from the perspective of cross-cultural construction by using Transitivity which is a major system for the explanation of experiential meta function at the level of clause in Systemic Functional Grammar. Shamsie’s Burnt Shadows (2009) covers five countries and fifty-six years. The novel is about diverse cultures and significant historical periods of the world represented through the intimate relations among the characters. Systemic Functional Linguistics describes language in four hierarchical levels, and the relation among these levels is that of realization/actualization of higher strata realized in the next lower level. This study exploits this realization from the lower level of lexico grammar up to the higher level of Semantics and fictional Context created within the novel. The results obtained by applying this analytical framework. Transitivity Concordance and Role Dynamism equip are searcher with some objective grounds (to some extent) for the subjective interpretation of a discourse. This study is not just segmentation or a paraphrasing identical to close reading; rather it is an interpretation of divergent ideologies that underpin cultural constructions. This approach proves that studying literature through its language is more rewarding than paraphrasing.

Persian Architectural Revivals in the British Raj and Qajar Iran

This essay traces the Persian artistic revival of two separate but interdependent communities: the Parsis of the British Raj and the reformist Muslims and Zoroastrians of Qajar Iran. The two communities, with their own distinct, though at times overlapping, art historical developments, conceived and erected architectural edifices from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1930s. In a typically nineteenth-century eclectic style, each aimed to appeal to a (differing) notion of the Persianate and, thus, to revive the grandeur of antique Iran at the service of divergent ideologies.

Bourgeois Politics and Ideology in Vincent Egbuson’s Womandela

With few exceptions, African countries have suffered perennial bad governance, bloody civil wars, and coups-d’état. The continent suffocates in the grip of political elites and military juntas. Capitalism as an economic system empowers a few who lord it over the weak majority. The ruling class also contributes to the suffering of the masses by flagrantly looting the nation’s treasury and flaunting it while the majority of the populace wallow in abject poverty. African writers problematize and diagnose this scenario and the Weltschmerz bedevilling African socio-political life, in a bid to offering lasting solutions, in the process experimenting with ‘home-made’ as well as ‘imported’ ideologies in the struggle for the African utopia. Vincent Egbuson, a ‘new-generation’ African writer, is indubitably a committed writer. In confronting the African socio-political malady in Womandela, he has adopted divergent ideologies to sharpen his social vision. The purpose of this study is, accordingly, to scrutinize the ideological bent of Egbuson’s novel and to determine its efficacy against the backdrop of the socio-political reality of contemporary Africa.