Divergent Claims Research Articles

(Not) Reading Orientalism

Since its publication in the late 1970s, Orientalism has been subject to a wide variety of not always friendly interpretations, prompting Edward Said to offer one or two additions, correctives, and sideswipes of his own. This essay looks-highly selectively, as it must-at recent patterns of reception for Orientalism, arguing that the book has been re-Orientalized by its readers, and might even be considered to be Orientalist itself. The essay will focus on provocative crossdisciplinary readings by Aijaz Ahmad, Meyda Yegenoglu, and David Cannadine, as well as on even more provocative responses to his own work, and to responses by others, from Said himself. It will consider the divergent claims made by appreciators and detractors of Orientalism, claims sometimes apparently made less on the strength of what has been than what hasn't been read.

Optimism and Activism: Establishing the Confucian Way Through Renxing

In recent years, there has been considerable controversy over the notion of xing as it appears in the Mencius and in the Xunzi. The controversy has mostly revolved around the questions whether xing refers to a universal human nature or not, and whether their notions of shan and e can be accurately characterized as ‘good’ and ‘evil’. In this paper, the issue will be approached differently, and the issue of xing’s universal or non-universal scope largely ignored as unproductive. Instead, it will be argued that a more productive approach is to view Mencius’ and Xunzi’s differing claims about the quality of xing of human beings as reflecting their different practical considerations of how best to establish the Confucian way. The Mencian emphasis, then, on the goodness of human beings is an attempt to resist cynicism and defeatism in a time in which wars and horrors were common, and to maintain a belief in the possibility of realizing a harmonious and peaceful society: Mencius underscores the optimistic spirit in the philosophy initiated by Confucius. On the other hand, Xunzi’s claim about the problematic or unruly tendencies in the human xing are possibly resistances to a kind of thinking that celebrates passive conformity to natural processes: Xunzi emphasizes the active element in Confucius’ thought. Optimism and activism are both integral features of the Confucian spirit. Hence it is misleading to regard Mencius and Xunzi as contradicting each other in their divergent claims about xing. Since their claims rather rest on different practical considerations, they merely emphasise different aspects of Confucius’ thought, and, taken together, rather complement each other.

English locative constructions

In this article, we set out to describe the general ‘lexicogrammar’ of English locative constructions within a broadly neo-Firthian theoretical frame. First, we look at the question of how the verb and its participants — nominal and prepositional — are structurally integrated with each other. To characterize the representational semantics of locative constructions, we develop Fawcett’s (1987) proposal that they express caused ‘circumstantial relations’. Both diachronic and synchronic data impose, we show, that English locative constructions also manifest a semantic extension into caused possessive relations, associated mainly with the statal passive of locative constructions with ‘container’-verbs. We then turn to the question of the main variants of the locative construction: the into/onto-variant versus the with-variant, and examples with container- versus content-verbs. Interesting but partly divergent claims about the relative markedness of these variants were made by Levin and Rappaport, and Pinker. We confront these with two corpus-based neo-Firthian descriptive heuristics: Halliday’s quantitative weighing of the terms in a system, and Sinclair’s collocational analysis of items in grammatical environments. The result is a pluridimensional characterization of the markedness of the variants. The with-variant is overall the most common and semantically more general variant because it subsumes a large number of statal passives, which attract meaning extensions into the possessive domain. With strict ‘action and event’ construals, however, the into/onto-variant is the unmarked one. Cross-classifying this dimension of variation is the semantic opposition between examples with content-verbs and examples with container-verbs, which are characterized by collocational orientation on the Locatum and the Location respectively.

From Secrets of Life to the Life of Secrets: Tracing Genetic Knowledge as Genealogical Ethics in Biomedical Britain

I argue that the facts of a ‘genealogical ethics’ are built up over time as local moralities of information disclosure and non‐disclosure. In the context of predictive genetic testing technologies, family members must discriminate between genetic information that they think is ‘good’ to know or make known, and knowledge that they think is ‘bad’ to tell and share with others. But attempts to deal with the kinship implications of genetic foreknowledge frequently entail unresolved processes of moral decision‐making, both within and across the generations. Seen as embodied experiences of moral reckoning, these genealogical knowledge dilemmas also implicate a myriad of interests and divergent claims beyond the life of any one person. This article considers why a specifically anthropological formulation of ‘genealogical ethics’ challenges the conceptual premiss of individual autonomy underpinning the ‘right to know’ debates of mainstream Western bioethics.

Violence and Translation

My writing on the events of September 11th is on two registers—the public event of spectacular destruction in New York and the private events made up of countless stories of grief, fear, and anticipation. 1 I hope I can speak responsibly to both, neither trivializing the suffering of the victims of the September 11 attack and those in mourning for them, as in the rhetoric of "deserved suffering" (as if nations and individuals were painlessly substitutable), nor obscuring the unspeakable suffering of wars and genocides in other parts of the world that framed these events. A recasting of these events into conflicting genealogies by the politics of mourning in the public sphere raises the issue of translation between different formulations through which these events were interpreted and, indeed, experienced. There are two opposed perspectives on cultural difference that we can discern today—one that emphasizes the antagonism of human cultures as in some version of the thesis on "clash of civilizations" and a second that underlines the production of identities through circulation and, hence, the blurring of boundaries. Both, however, are based on the assumption that human cultures are translatable. Indeed, without some power of self-translatability that makes it possible for one to imagine oneself using the categories of the other, human cultures would not be able to live on any register of the imaginary. The [End Page 105] [Begin Page 107] stark denial of this translatability on both sides of the present conflict concerns me most though I note that this is not to espouse a vision of justice that is somehow even-handed in distributing blame. My concern is of a different kind. I fear that classical concepts in anthropological and sociological theory provide scaffolding to this picture of untranslatability despite our commitment to the understanding of diversity. Obviously, there are specific issues at stake in this particular event of destruction, its time and its space, and the response casting it as a matter of war rather than, say, one concerning crime. But it seems to me that there is a deeper grammar at work here that invites us to investigate the conditions of possibility for this kind of declaration of war—as a genre of speech—to take place. One of the tenets of postmodern theorization is that the concrete and finite expressions of multiplicity cannot be referred back to a transcendental center—the grounds for judgment cannot be located in either the faculty of reason or in common corporeal experience. Although postmodern theory does not suggest that diversity must be valued for itself—indeed, it is part of the struggle of postmodern theory to provide for conversation and recognition of otherness without any predetermined criteria for the evaluation of divergent claims—it does raise important questions about the withdrawal of recognition to the other. I have suggested elsewhere that difference, when it is cast as non-criterial, becomes untranslatable precisely because it ceases to allow for a mutual future in language. 2 The shadowing of this into skepticism in which trust in categories is completely destroyed and our access to context is removed transforms forms of life into forms of death. Some such issue is at stake here in the Taliban's brutality against women on behalf of a pure Islam on the one hand, and a war waged on behalf of "Western civilization" on the other. After all it is the United States that spawned the very forces it is fighting as a defence against communism—the then enemy of freedom and values of Western democracy. 3 There are no innocent collectivities in the present war, despite the powerful deployment of the figure of the "innocent" killed on both sides of the divide. Elsewhere I have questioned the purity of the concepts that are put in play when claims are made on behalf of tradition, religious autonomy, modernity, or human rights. The translation of these concepts is not a matter of something external to culture but something internal to it. It is when a...

The Basic Goods Theory and Revisionism: A Methodological Comparison on the Use of Reason and Experience as Sources of Moral Knowledge

In Roman Catholic moral theology there is an ongoing debate between the proportionalist or revisionist school and the traditionalist school that has developed what is referred to as the ‘New Natural Law Theory’ or ‘Basic Goods Theory’ (BGT). The stakes in this debate have been raised with Pope John Paul II's encyclical Veritatis Splendor (1993) on fundamental moral theology that condemned ‘proportionalism’ or ‘teleologism’ as an ethical theory while utilizing many of the ideas, concepts, and terminology of the BGT, thereby implicitly endorsing that ethical theory. While absolute norms and intrinsically evil acts have frequently been the focus of debate between these two schools, what is it that divides them fundamentally, on the level of ethical method? It is the role and function of reason and experience as two sources of moral knowledge, in part, that distinguish these two versions of natural law on the most basic level. While the BGT has a strict hierarchy of the sources of moral knowledge that posits the hierarchical magisterium as the definitive interpreter of reason and experience, revisionists posit a more dialogical relationship between reason, experience, and the magisterium. On certain ethical issues (e.g., artificial birth control), the experience of the faithful as well as the rational arguments developed by revisionist Catholic moral theologians challenge some of the normative claims of the magisterium. This paper investigates the methodological use of reason and experience in each theory's interpretation of natural law and how and why these two sources of moral knowledge lead to fundamentally divergent normative claims on particular ethical issues.

The Politics of Border Disputes

TERRITORIAL BORDERS ON THE Arabian Peninsula have long been the source of bitter disagreements. The peninsular states - Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen - have periodically challenged their respective frontiers. Though disagreements over territorial demarcations simmered among the peninsular states for decades, in the aftermath of the 1990-1 Gulf War, challenges to the status quo intensified, with competing claims dramatically thrust onto the regional political agenda. The purpose of this article is to examine and explain the almost simultaneous ignition of brush fires all along the international frontiers on the Arabian Peninsula.At one extreme, resolution to outstanding border disputes was pursued violently. For example, armed confrontations occurred in 1992 and 1994 along the border between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, and in 1995, 1997, and 1998 between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. At the other extreme, competing territorial claims were hurriedly accommodated. For example, after ten years of negotiations to define their respective borders, Oman and Yemen eventually reached a preliminary settlement in 1992, and a final agreement in 1997. Between these extremes was much posturing and bargaining. The point is that, whether through armed conflict or diplomatic agreement, after years of inertia territorial issues were confronted with a heightened sense of urgency in the wake of war.NEW INTEREST IN OLD DISPUTES: CASES AND THEMESThe question of international frontiers on and near the Arabian Peninsula took on great saliency because the competition for economic resources and the search for political identity were complicated by the absence of a viable regional arrangement for security. In the early 1990s, various peninsular states accelerated their efforts to explore and develop oil reserves near politically sensitive boundaries, in part to offset a flat international market and the 'maturation of older fields.'(f.1) Most important, the Gulf War of 1991 was a catalyst that brought into sharp focus new political realities. Old tensions were exacerbated and new territorial understandings were pursed vigorously as the logic of territoriality gained potency in the political climate of 'self-definition and self-assertion.'(f.2) The new interest paid to old disputes was further intensified by the lack of an effective institutional mechanism by which to accommodate divergent claims, as is clearly demonstrated by comparing five on-going and three newly resolved territorial contests on and near the Arabian Peninsula. The complexity of tripartite frontiers that are 'resolved' only through bilateral agreements is addressed.(f.3)In the comparative analysis of the eight cases, three factors are addressed: historical lineage, contested issues, and mediators. The basis for progress in the disputes that have been resolved through interstate negotiations is also explored and the similarities are emphasized so as to allow more general patterns to emerge from the territorial challenges made by the states in the region, though differences are acknowledged. The eight disputes involve the following sets of actors: - Saudi Arabia and Qatar, over approximately fifteen miles of territory; - Saudi Arabia and Yemen, over land near the old division of North and South Yemen; - Iran and the United Arab Emirates, over the islands of Abu Musa and the Tunbs; - Bahrain and Qatar, over the Hawar Islands and surrounding reefs; - Iraq and Kuwait, over the islands of Warba and Bubiyan, and Umm al Qasr; - Oman and Yemen (finalized in May 1997); - Oman and the United Arab Emirates (settled in April 1993); and - Saudi Arabia and Oman (finalized in 1995).Individually, some of these disputes appear relatively insignificant; however, against the backdrop of regional and peninsular politics since the end of the Gulf War, they assume much more significance, and the status of international boundaries for future relations among the Arabian Peninsula countries is painted in starker colours. …

National Context, Social Change, and Sex Differences in Suicide Rates

Rejecting claims of either convergence or divergence in male and female suicide rates associated with changes in gender equality, I examine a hypothesis of institutional adjustment in which the sex differential in suicide rates first narrows and then widens with continued societal change. Further, I argue that among high-income nations, the degree of institutional adjustment varies with national context. Using aggregate data on age-specific suicide rates for men and women in 18 nations from 1953 to 1992, the analysis shows curvilinear effects of age, time, the female labor force participation rate, the divorce rate, and the marriage rate consistent with the institutional adjustment hypothesis. The analysis also shows that adjustment occurs more quickly among nations with collectivist rather than individualist institutions of social protection.

The internationalization process model through the lens of the global color picture tube industry

AbstractInternationalization theories from economics and international business disciplines suggest that products are launched, and production facilities established, sequentially in industrialized, newly industrialized, and finally, in developing countries. From a firm level perspective, operations management researchers have proposed descriptive models of generic roles of international factories. But little has appeared in the economics, international business, or operations management literature that compares these two views or provides much empirical evidence to support divergent claims. In this paper, we compare both perspectives and shed insight into factory roles through a detailed examination of data on plant practices and performance in the global picture tube industry. Our analysis suggests that existing theory and descriptive models do not possess enough explanatory power to adequately predict or describe the dynamics of product and production loci today. We highlight the need for a new theory by contrasting today's global business realities with those of yesteryears.

Positive Spin: Senate Campaigning on the Web

“I'm extremely excited to have a prescene [sic] on the Web.”The perpetual greeting from the campaign home page of Senator Carl Levin (1996) shows that as with the adoption of any new technology, Internet use by political candidates will undergo some early rough spots. The early stages of a technology also tend to prompt divergent claims about the merits of the new technology. Thus, while political scientist David Canon has praised campaign sites as a “positive development” for allowing the transmission of extensive information, Ted Becker, another political scientist, has been highly critical of the sites calling them “cyberfluff” (Skiba 1995). By systematically studying the content of 1996 Senate candidate home pages, this article offers some hope for reconciling the divergent claims about Internet campaigning.

Positive Spin: Senate Campaigning on the Web

“I'm extremely excited to have a prescene [sic] on the Web.”The perpetual greeting from the campaign home page of Senator Carl Levin (1996) shows that as with the adoption of any new technology, Internet use by political candidates will undergo some early rough spots. The early stages of a technology also tend to prompt divergent claims about the merits of the new technology. Thus, while political scientist David Canon has praised campaign sites as a “positive development” for allowing the transmission of extensive information, Ted Becker, another political scientist, has been highly critical of the sites calling them “cyberfluff” (Skiba 1995). By systematically studying the content of 1996 Senate candidate home pages, this article offers some hope for reconciling the divergent claims about Internet campaigning.

Autobiography and the Existential Self: Studies in Modern French Writing (review)

214 Biography 20.2 (Spring 1997) more a study of individual fixation, of the compulsive drives that enflamed and consumed Meyer Levin, than one of significantly larger biographical and cultural dimension. AMn H. Rosenfeld Terry Keefe and Edmund Smyth, Autobiography and the Existential Self: Studies in Modern French Writing. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. 206 pp. $35.00, ISBN 0-312-12593-3. We are drawn to autobiographical and intimate writings (for example, letters and diaries) in the hope of catching their authors in the act of revealing their real/existential selves. After reading Autobiography and the Existential Self, we realize that this hope is rarely, if ever, met. The self portrayed in autobiographical and intimate writings is as constructed as the self of the public persona. Though this point is made throughout this anthology, neither the authors nor the editors allow it to challenge their basic assumption—an existential self, a self that is spontaneous rather than constructed, fragmented rather than singular, and multiple rather than unified, exists and can be used to discern the degree to which the self given to us by an author is existentially lived or artfully constructed. This commitment to the idea of an existential self, and to the distinction between an existential and an essential self, is not, however, supported by an analysis of arguments or texts. Neither is it required by the project of the anthology, for though Edmund Smyth's Introduction tells us that the volume is centered on the writings of Sartre and Beauvoir, Terry Keefe's Conclusion claims that the essays in the collection are only loosely linked with the French existentialist thought of the 40s. Given the divergent claims of the Introduction and the Conclusion, the point of bringing these particular essays together is unclear. Further, the effect of uncritically adopting the dualist paradigm of an existential versus a constructed self is to position existentialism as the mean between the extremes of ontological essentialism and Postmodern constructivism. Existentialism thus emerges as the philosophy of common sense. Whether this taming of existentialism's challenge to the familiar categories of the bourgeois world is an example of the processes Marcuse described in One Dimensional Man, or a consequence of uncritically adopting the early Sartrean concept of the self, the effect is the same: a thinking that was once (and still has the potential to be) provocative is rendered banal. Whatever the claims and counterclaims of the introduction and the conclusion, the organization of the anthology into a Part I that Reviews 215 deals with Sartre and Beauvoir, and a Part II that deals with those who at one time or another were a part of their circle, invites us to read the collection as centered on Sartre and Beauvoir. The essays in Part I raise several interesting questions regarding the relationship between author and text, text and audience, and the writing, written, and lived self. In "The War Diary as Autobiography: Sartre 1939-40," Michael Scriven introduces us to the distinction between the existential self and the constructed ego by analyzing the differences between the existential self's spontaneous deconstructive writing (Les Carnets) and the ego's totalized and stabilizing writing (Les Mots). Scriven attributes these differences to questions of audience and age. Les Carnets, he tells us, is the work of a younger man in transition who is writing for himself, in order to catch himself in the act of transformation. Les Mots, Scriven says, is the work of an older man writing for an audience and concerned to preserve a specific representation of himself for posterity. Edmund Smyth reads Les Mots differently. He claims that it disrupts the teleology of the narrative and reveals Sartre's existential self as a composite of texts, voices, and words. For Smyth, writing for the other does not lure an aging Sartre to bad faith. Whatever their differences, however, Scriven and Keefe agree, the existential self can be written. Other contributors to the volume are not so sure. Terry Keefe's and Emma Wilson's essays, for example, claim that Beauvoir always wrote with Sartre in mind and that as the object of the gaze, she never reveals her existential self...

Which norms matter? Revisiting the “failure” of internationalism

International relations theorists have in recent years shown an interest in international norms and rules not equaled since the interwar period. This contemporary literature is, of course, quite different—i.e., better—than that of the 1920s and 1930s: it has greater intellectual depth, empirical backing, and explanatory power. The promise of this research, bolstered by the opportunities of the post–cold war era, is that norms encouraging free trade, protecting the environment, enhancing human rights, and controlling the spread and use of heinous weapons may have a substantial impact on the conduct and structure of international relations. But pessimists also exist. Some have taken up the stick E. H. Carr skillfully shook at idealists in an earlier period, arguing that the anarchic power-shaped international arena is not so malleable and that international norms and institutions have relatively little influence. On the one hand, we are pointed to the centrality of international norms; on the other, we are cautioned that norms are inconsequential. How do we make sense of these divergent claims? Which is right?

Primordialism and ethnic political mobilisation in modern society

Abstract This article will focus on class and ethnicity as factors influencing political mobilisation in modern, liberal‐democratic societies. My aim is to treat political mobilisation as a dependent variable and to compare the conditions under which (a) class consciousness and affiliation and (b) ethnic consciousness and affiliation are able to predict such mobilisation. The concept of primordialism, which holds that group attachment and identity, especially in pre‐modern or traditional societies, are natural, perhaps even biological, will serve as the point of departure. After reviewing the relevant literature and identifying the main, divergent claims, I will seek to provide a reconciliation and synthesis of the two which shows how a modified understanding of ethnic primordialism can be fruitfully combined with considerations of economic or class interests to explain political mobilisation in modern society.

The Controversy Over Western Measures of Soviet Defense Expenditures

A retired CIA analyst of the Soviet economy presents a comprehensive and in-depth comparison of diverse Western estimates of the size and rate of growth of Soviet military expenditures from the mid-1950s through 1990. Analyzing the explicit criteria and implicit assumptions that underlay the compilation of these estimates, the author evaluates the relative veracity of divergent claims. The article then examines alternative claims about the impact of Gorbachev and giasnost' on our understanding of Soviet defense expenditures, and explores the extent to which Soviet leaders themselves knew how much they were spending in this area. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P27, P24, P52.

Convergence or Divergence in Final‐Offer Arbitration in Professional Baseball

Many labor relations practitioners and theorists believe that final‐offer arbitration by a neutral third party encourages union and management officials to resolve their bargaining differences. However, decision scientists have found that there is no median convergence between the parties. Using professional baseball in our model, we test the assumption that major league owners tend to maximize expected monetary value (EMV), finding that claims of divergence are invalidated in dispute management contexts where there is a broad range of other motivations for settling. Decision models offer even further support for the use of final‐offer arbitration in such settings.

The Popular Sector Response to an Authoritarian Regime

The emergence of base-level organizational activity in Chilean poblaciones (shantytowns) beginning in the late 1970s under a repressive military regime is one of the most puzzling social and political phenomena in Latin America today. On one hand, such organizational activity represented an attempt to restructure the social fabric of society virtually destroyed by the progressive dismantling of the state's social welfare apparatus in a highly restrictive environment. On the other hand, its emergence reflected both the cessation of traditional political party activity under authoritarian rule and an attempt by the urban poor to re-create a public space for the expression of the interests of the lower classes, or popular sectors. The violence unleashed by the 1973 military coup had gradually led to a shift in the locus of political activity to the base level. The sudden reappearance of political parties as important political actors in 1983 in the wake of the dramatic and unprecedented wave of national protests only complicated the prospects for a transition to democracy in Chile. New and old political actors had to reconcile divergent claims in order to mount an effective opposition to an entrenched, personalistic military regime intent on transforming not only Chile's political system but Chilean society as well. This article will argue that the emergence of organizations in the poblaciones of Santiago was conditioned by factors relating both to the authoritarian regime itself and Chile's preauthoritarian heritage. After examining

Acquisition and Retention of Reading Performance on Two Response Dimensions as Related to ‘Set’ and Tachistoscopic Training

In the past decade reading has r e c eived in creased attention on all educational levels. This ap pears to result partially from a growing awareness of the role of reading in meeting personal needs and social aims, but primarily from the strategic rela tionship it bears to scholastic success. Educational leaders are becoming aware of the perennial nature of the reading problem. In recog nition of its importance many have added special r e medial reading courses to the curriculum in the be lief that this will alleviate reading problems. Reading programs have become broader and more flexible because of the variety of materials and types of instruction. In an attempt to enrich and supplement reading instruction many schools are u tilizing mechanical devices extensively in their pro grams. Among the more commonly used are the metronoscope, reading rate controller, reading ac celerator, readingfilms, metronome, and the tachis toscope. From an examination of the literature con cerning the use of these devices it appears that the tachistoscope has stimulated somewhat more conjec ture than most other devices often found in reading improvement programs. During World War H this particular device received wide recognition when it was utilized in training programs of the military forces. Subsequent articles and reports of the po tentialities of this device quickly attracted the atten tion of educators and its use in school and industry increased rapidly. Since its introduction into the classroom, it has been utilized in a wide variety of teaching fields with divergent claims of its success . However, the most striking claims for its, merit have been made in the field of reading. Upon the basis of studies found in the literature, schools have accept ed the value of the tachistoscope and have purchased this device, more or less, as a cure-all for many of the infirmities existing in various reading programs. As the tachistoscope continues to be employed in reading improvement programs the question is fre quently asked, What results can be expected from its use that would not likely occur without it? Al though definite claims have been made that reading improvement has been promoted by the tachistoscope, the crux of the controversy seems to lie in whether the improvement was primarily due to the device or whether the improvement should have been accredit ed to concomitant or secondary factors in the training. The value of tachistoscopic training continues to be affirmed by some teachers and questioned by others. Definite claims have been made that reading improvement has been promoted by this instrument (1, 2, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 15), however some controversy arises as to whether the improvement is primarily due to the tachistoscopic technique or to a secondary factor, set (3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14). While some research has been done, the bulk of its evaluation comes merely from classroom use, and teacher and student testimonies. Tachistoscopic training raises more questions than it answers and as McClusky (l:iii) has so aptly stated: It should serve as a stimulus to students in search of problems for research.

Results of Shock Therapy Evaluated by Estimating Chances of Patients Remaining in Hospital Without Such Treatment

The problem of estimating objectively the value of any new form of treatment is constantly presenting itself in all branches of medical work. In the case of shock therapy applied in the treatment of mental disease, the task is especially difficult. Standards of initial severity and degrees of improvement in mental diseases are subject to very wide interpretations. Disagreement on questions of diagnosis is common even among psychiatrists who employ the same terminologies. Thus, it is not surprising to find that widely divergent claims have been made about the value of shock treatment in mental diseases. In most of the large surveys, patients have been classified as (i) Recovered, (ii) Much improved, (iii) Improved, or (iv) Unimproved after shock treatment, but little unanimity about the results has emerged. In Table I, the figures given by Malzberg (1938) and Pollock (1939) for New York State and those for Ohio, given by Bateman and Michael (1940), are compared with figures obtained in a survey of the Ontario Mental Hospitals in 1941.