Diurnal Population Research Articles

Abstract 338: Temporal Characteristics of a Smartphone Alert System for CPR in a Mid-Sized Metropolitan Area

Introduction: Smartphone alert systems (SAS) mobilize trained volunteers to initiate CPR prior to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival. Among the potential factors affecting the probability of a successful response is time; time of day, day of the week, and season each present plausible barriers to response. We sought to examine the temporal characteristics of an SAS in order to better understand this relationship between time and system performance. Methods: Operational records were obtained from the PulsePoint deployment in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA for the period June 2016 to May 2023. PulsePoint sends alerts including nearby AED locations to volunteer responders within a 400m radius of public cardiac arrest events. Case data included alert time and number of responders and AEDs within range of the event. We associated each PulsePoint event with an 8-hour Timeframe (TF) {1 (00:00-07:59), 2 (08:00-15:59), and 3 (16:00-23:59)}, a day of the week, and a season. For each, we calculated the median number of associated responders and AEDs, and the total number of events. We then compared each across each time variable with a Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: There were a total of 2354 events in the capture period. Alerts were least common on Sundays (12.4%) and most common on Tuesday (15.6%). Alerts most frequently occurred in TF2 (45.6% vs TF1: 18.3, TF3: 36.1) and were similar between seasons. Weekday alerts had a higher median number of responders than weekend alerts {3 (1-5) vs 2 (1-4), p=0.004}. Responder count was lower for TF1 than TF2 and TF3 {2 (1-4) vs 3(1-5) vs 3(1-5), p < 0.001}. Count of proximal AEDs did not vary by any of the temporal characteristics. Conclusion: Both event frequency and number of notified responders were associated with day of the week and time of day. Either feature is more complicated than meets the eye, and may include associations with diurnal population movement cycles, overall patterns in emergency services utilization, and responder device configuration preferences. All could be influential in optimizing such SAS deployments.

Using local co-location quotient and niche-based model to assess fire risk in urban environments: A case study of Beijing, China

Accurate knowledge and identification of the spatial distribution of fire incidents are vital for effective urban fire safety management. While the complexity of the physical environment poses challenges in obtaining precise fire risk distribution. To address this, we propose a novel approach that leverages the species distribution prediction model, focus on examining the spatial association between fires and physical environment, as well as the application of niche-based model for fire risk prediction. By utilizing the local co-localization quotient (LCLQ), we found that 8 out of 9 types of point of interest (POI) in Beijing, China, exhibit a spatial association with fire incident locations. Based on this relationship, we incorporate the impactful POI and fire data into MaxEnt, a species distribution prediction model, to predict the distribution of fire hazards. Additionally, we perform a comprehensive fire risk assessment by incorporating diurnal population data. Our experimental results demonstrate that the MaxEnt model achieved a maximum AUC value of 0.78 when employing a POI density search radius of 500 m. Furthermore, the high-resolution results show good integration with other geographical data. The utilization of LCLQ and niche-based model improves the efficiency and resolution of fire risk assessment, enhancing fire risk assessment practices and management.

Quantification of ecosystem services supply-demand and the impact of demographic change on cultural services in Shenzhen, China

Previous studies on the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) mainly focused on inter-annual changes, and no studies have explored the impact of demographic change on the ES supply and demand on fine-grained time scales. Thus, taking Shenzhen as an example, the status of ES supply and demand, as well as diurnal population changes and their impacts on cultural services were analyzed at different time periods using mobile phone signaling data, ecological supply-demand ratio (ESDR), Geo-Informatic Tupu, InVEST model and buffer zone. The results showed that the population declines successively on workdays, weekends and holidays, and that the daytime population is greater than the nighttime. Water yield services can basically meet the demand in terms of quantity and spatial distribution, however, carbon sequestration and cultural services showed the opposite results. The main type of ESDR changes in cultural services are the mutual conversion of deficit and balance, and these are concentrated in areas with high forest coverage and small populations, but frequent population changes. In addition, when the fixed population is too large, the use of time-varying population data will conceal the impact of demographic changes on ES supply and demand, and other data are needed for auxiliary analysis. Overall, this study provides a new research perspective for the ES supply and demand and can provide a theoretical basis for refined sustainable urban management.

The Seasonal Population Dynamics of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and the Relationship between Meteorological Factors and the Diurnal Flight Intensity of the Adults in Romanian Oak Forests

To control a forest pest, it is necessary to understand the biotic and/or abiotic factors that can lead to population regulation. Such knowledge is even more critical if the pest is an invasive alien species. This is the case for Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832), commonly known as the oak lace bug (OLB), an alien insect species that has invaded oak forests on a large scale, both in Romania and other European countries. In this study, we set out to examine the relationship between adults of this species and meteorological factors, such as air temperature and humidity. The study lasted for two years (2019–2020) and was performed on three plots in Romania, in Ilfov, Giurgiu, and Călărași counties. In the first year, the seasonal dynamics of the OLB populations and the meteorological factors potentially influencing those were studied, whilst in the second year, the dynamics of the diurnal activity of the insect population were examined. We found that Corythucha arcuata experienced two population peaks—in July and August—and a diurnal population dynamic that reached a maximum at midday. Data analysis indicated that, for most of the time, the adult activity was influenced by both temperature and humidity. In addition, the population dynamics were not constant over the course of the day, preferring relatively high temperatures and low humidity but not exceeding certain thresholds of thermal discomfort.

Resource constancy and diurnal population variances drive coexistence among avian scavengers at urban slaughterhouses in Nsukka region, Nigeria

AbstractSpecies that share dietary resources can segregate into different spaces at time scales. It has, however, been proposed that species have to co‐evolve to achieve such segregation; otherwise, competition might result. We explored the strategies that support the coexistence among avian scavengers at urban slaughterhouses in Nsukka. A total of 41 field observations were conducted across five slaughterhouses at two diurnal time scales, and the avian scavengers utilising the butchery wastes therein were estimated using the point‐count method. In addition, interaction among the species was monitored. Hooded vultures [Necrosyrtes monachus (Temminck, 1823)] and pied crows [Corvus albus (Müller, 1776)] were common at the slaughterhouses with the abundance of the latter being significantly higher than the former. The two species relatively exhibit different active feeding times although not exclusively amidst the regular available resources. The two species coexist, and no antagonistic behaviour was recorded. Generalised linear mixed models showed that the number of animals slaughtered on daily basis and percentage vegetation cover positively influenced abundance of hooded vulture and vice versa for pied crow. Our results highlight that intraguild species can coexist if resources are in constant supply and the species involved maintain some sort of inverse diurnal population variance at the foraging sites.

Temporality of urban space: daily rhythms of a typical week day in the Prague metropolitan area

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to reveal, describe, explain, and map variations in diurnal population in the metropolitan area of Prague. We use an alternative data source to traditional census-based cartographic presentations and employ location data from mobile phones to identify types of daily rhythm that shape the region at different times during a typical weekday. These rhythms are influenced especially by residential and commercial suburbanization and the consequent dynamic development of new working centres, services, and leisure-time facilities within the metropolitan region. The main output consists of three maps. The first map contains a typology of the main functions – residential, work, transportation, and services – and is used as the main analytical tool for sorting settlements, resulting in classification of nine types of settlement in all. The other two maps show a plastic image of the day- and night-time populations of the metropolitan area.

Integrated design of emergency shelter and medical networks considering diurnal population shifts in urban areas

This article addresses an emergency shelter and medical network design problem by integrating evacuation and medical service activities and considering diurnal population shifts to respond to large-scale natural disasters in urban areas. A multi-objective mixed-integer programming model that incorporates the characteristics of diurnal population shifts is developed to determine the configuration of the integrated emergency shelter and medical network. An accelerated Benders decomposition algorithm is then devised to solve large-scale problems in reasonable time. A realistic case study on the Xuhui District of Shanghai City in China and extensive numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution method. Computational results suggest that more emergency shelters and emergency medical centers should be established when accounting for diurnal population shifts than when diurnal population shifts are not considered. The accelerated Benders decomposition algorithm is significantly more time efficient as compared with the CPLEX solver.

Assessment of heat exposure in cities: Combining the dynamics of temperature and population

Urban populations are typically subject to higher outdoor heat exposure than nearby rural areas due to the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Excessive Heat Events (EHEs) further amplify heat stress imposed on city dwellers. Heat exposure largely depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of temperature and population, however, few studies considered their concurrent variations. To better characterize exposure to heat in the context of long-term urban climatology and during excessive heat events, this study focuses on the dynamics of ambient temperature and population and proposes an open-data-based approach for spatiotemporal analysis of urban exposure to heat by using air temperature estimated from satellite observations and commute-adjusted diurnal population calculated primarily on the Census Transportation Planning Products. We use the metropolitan area of Chicago, U.S.A. as a case study to analyze the urban heat pattern changes during EHEs and their influence on population heat exposure diurnally. The intra-urban spatiotemporal analysis reveals that the population's exposure to heat changes fast as the nighttime temperature increases and the EHEs increase the spatial exposure impact due to the ubiquitous higher nocturnal temperature over the Chicago metropolitan area. “Hotspots” associated with a higher temperature and greater number of urban residents are identified in the heat exposure map. Meanwhile, the spatial extent of high ambient exposure areas varies diurnally. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamic heat exposure patterns in urban areas. The approaches presented in this article can be used for informing heat mitigation as well as emergency response strategies at specific times and locations.

Temporal patterns in Pacific white-sided dolphin communication at Barkley Canyon, with implications for multiple populations

Acoustic data collection is a cost-effective approach to evaluating activity patterns of otherwise challenging-to-study offshore cetaceans. However, manual analysis of acoustic data is time-consuming and impractical for large data sets. This study evaluates diel and seasonal patterns in Pacific white-sided dolphin communication through automated analysis of 20 months of continuous acoustic data collected from the Barkley Canyon node of Ocean Networks Canada’s NEPTUNE observatory, offshore of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. In this study, cetacean signals are manually annotated in a sub-set of the data, and 94 time and frequency features of these and other sounds are extracted and used to train random forest classifiers targeting Pacific white-sided dolphin pulsed calls. The performance of binary and multiclass models with various forest sizes, minimum leaf sizes, and confidence thresholds for Pacific white-sided dolphin classification are compared through nested 10-fold cross-validation to select the best model. Vocalizations are classified with the resultant classifier, manually verified, and examined for seasonal and diel patterns. Pacific white-sided dolphins are shown to be vocally active during dawn and day in spring and summer and at dusk and night year-round with reduced overall activity in fall and winter, suggesting both consistent nocturnal and migratory diurnal populations.

Dynamic, Interactive and Visual Analysis of Population Distribution and Mobility Dynamics in an Urban Environment Using the Mobility Explorer Framework

This paper investigates the extent to which a mobile data source can be utilised to generate new information intelligence for decision-making in smart city planning processes. In this regard, the Mobility Explorer framework is introduced and applied to the City of Vienna (Austria) by using anonymised mobile phone data from a mobile phone service provider. This framework identifies five necessary elements that are needed to develop complex planning applications. As part of the investigation and experiments a new dynamic software tool, called Mobility Explorer, has been designed and developed based on the requirements of the planning department of the City of Vienna. As a result, the Mobility Explorer enables city stakeholders to interactively visualise the dynamic diurnal population distribution, mobility patterns and various other complex outputs for planning needs. Based on the experiences during the development phase, this paper discusses mobile data issues, presents the visual interface, performs various user-defined analyses, demonstrates the application’s usefulness and critically reflects on the evaluation results of the citizens’ motion exploration that reveal the great potential of mobile phone data in smart city planning but also depict its limitations. These experiences and lessons learned from the Mobility Explorer application development provide useful insights for other cities and planners who want to make informed decisions using mobile phone data in their city planning processes through dynamic visualisation of Call Data Record (CDR) data.

産業医の有効な医療保健指導に寄与する施設配置に関する研究

The purpose of this study is to analyze distance of action to health care in working place and to obtain knowledge to cooperation with enterprise and the medical institution from facility placement and boronoi diagram. From the analysis that assumes distance where cumulative percentage becomes 75% in high diurnal population atio district to be movement tolerance, the clinic of the movement tolerance was the shortest, and fitness were long. The use of the clinic is unaffected in the regional variation. But the use of fitness is affected by the regional variation of working place that depends on diurnal population ratio.

Evacuation planning in the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand: a spatio-temporal approach for emergency management and transportation network decisions

AbstractAuckland is the largest city in New Zealand (pop. 1.5 million) and is situated atop an active monogenetic volcanic field. When volcanic activity next occurs, the most effective means of protecting the people who reside and work in the region will be to evacuate the danger zone prior to the eruption. This study investigates the evacuation demand throughout the Auckland Volcanic Field and the capacity of the transportation network to fulfil such a demand. Diurnal movements of the population are assessed and, due to the seemingly random pattern of eruptions in the past, a non-specific approach is adopted to determine spatial vulnerabilities at a micro-scale (neighbourhoods). We achieve this through the calculation of population-, household- and car-to-exit capacity ratios. Following an analysis of transportation hub functionality and the susceptibility of motorway bridges to a new eruption, modelling using dynamic route and traffic assignment was undertaken to determine various evacuation attributes at a macro-scale and forecast total network clearance times. Evacuation demand was found to be highly correlated to diurnal population movements and neighbourhood boundary types, a trend that was also evident in the evacuation capacity ratio results. Elevated population to evacuation capacity ratios occur during the day in and around the central city, and at night in many of the outlying suburbs. Low-mobility populations generally have better than average access to public transportation. Macro-scale vulnerability was far more contingent upon the destination of evacuees, with favourable results for evacuation within the region as opposed to outside the region. Clearance times for intra-regional evacuation ranged from one to nine hours, whereas those for inter-regional evacuation were found to be so high, that the results were unrealistic. Therefore, we conclude that, from a mobility standpoint, there is considerable merit to intra-regional evacuation.

Discrete choice in commuter space: Small area analysis of diurnal population change in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region

Considerations of metropolitan commuting have often related to urban space as a continuum, and to commuting itself as a process. This approach has led to escalating complexity in the measurement, modeling and analysis of commuting, often with no commensurate results. The present study extends an alternative approach that considers commuter space of a metropolis as a discrete set of small areas. Each small area throughout the metropolis is a nighttime location of some households and, as a possible discrete destination choice of individuals within households, each subarea is also a daytime location of some persons. Each subarea, therefore, may be thought of as attaining two values, corresponding to its daytime (e.g., noontime) and nighttime (e.g., midnight) populations. The diurnal demographic shift of subareas, as a set of binary events, or toggles, between daytime and nighttime populations, is associated with commuter access throughout the metropolis. Diurnal shift offers structural simplicity aimed at estimating small-area daytime populations across a metropolitan region that might suitably precede and complement conventional continuum considerations of commuting. Using data for the Tokyo Metropolitan Region, we identify average household size as the nighttime indicator of small-areas, and daytime population density as their daytime indicator. The potential for the estimation of daytime populations across metropolitan regions where daytime population data are unavailable, is underscored by the clear tendency towards inverse relation of these two indicators of diurnal shift.

Visualizing Diurnal Population Change in Urban Areas for Emergency Management*

There is an increasing need for a quick, simple method to represent diurnal population change in metropolitan areas for effective emergency management and risk analysis. Many geographic studies rely on decennial U.S. Census data that assume that urban populations are static in space and time. This has obvious limitations in the context of dynamic geographic problems. The U.S. Department of Transportation publishes population data at the transportation analysis zone level in fifteen-minute increments. This level of spatial and temporal detail allows for improved dynamic population modeling. This article presents a methodology for visualizing and analyzing diurnal population change for metropolitan areas based on this readily available data. Areal interpolation within a geographic information system is used to create twenty-four (one per hour) population surfaces for the larger metropolitan area of Salt Lake County, Utah. The resulting surfaces represent diurnal population change for an average workday and are easily combined to produce an animation that illustrates population dynamics throughout the day. A case study of using the method to visualize population distributions in an emergency management context is provided using two scenarios: a chemical release and a dirty bomb in Salt Lake County. This methodology can be used to address a wide variety of problems in emergency management.

The Diurnal Cycle of Regional Commuter Systems: North Wales, 1991

Places of household residence and places of commuter destination are considered in a contiguous system of subareas constituting a region. An intrahousehold distribution of household members, by subarea of their commuting destination, is considered for each subarea of residence. A household composition matrix is constructed in reference to the average number of commuters to subareas of destination, per household at a subarea of residence, across all subareas. The matrix is a linear transformation from the spatial distribution of households onto the spatial distribution of daytime population, over all subareas of the region. Diurnal population change throughout the region is rendered by this transformation. A linear optimization model extending this transformation formalizes general conditions that relate the diurnal population system to household choice of residence and work. Further, the division of the region into subareas is assumed to be such that the average household in each subarea contains at least one person who remains in the subarea during day and night. Under these conditions, the diurnal system is shown to be analogous to the Leontief input-output model. An example of eleven counties of North Wales, along with an exogenous area of northwestern England, drawn from the 1991 census of the United Kingdom, illustrates the formal relationships.

Biosurveillance and GIS: Application of Geospatial Information Science to Biological Defense

ABSTRACT Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed geospatial applications to plan and train for response to terrorist attacks involving aerosolized biological agents and for rapid post-event analysis and impact assessment. The planning applications have been used to assist with the deployment of air samplers in U.S. cities across the country as part of BioWatch and other federal programs. Post-event analytical applications are used to help identify where and how much biological agent might have been released, and who may have been exposed to the bioagent. The applications integrate atmospheric dispersion and source inversion models within a geographic information systems framework. To provide both a full-featured interactive user environment and a rich extensible development framework, the mature capabilities of commercial geospatial technologies are employed. The biodefense applications and some of their unique features, such as sensor siting, source inversion models, and the diurnal population database, are described, along with reconstructed results from the application of these capabilities to an actual environmental background event.

Identification of predators using a novel photographic tethering device

Tethering prey is often used to help determine the impact of predators in aquatic communities. In this study, a novel photographic tethering device was used to make digital recordings of predation events on juveniles of the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Predation of lobsters was significantly higher during the day (76%) than at night (33.4%). This was consistent with a SCUBA survey that found greater numbers of diurnal predators than nocturnal predators at the study site. However, the abundance of predators was not consistent with the number of predation events for individual species as recorded by the photographic tethering device. The snapper, Pagrus auratus, was the most abundant species at the study site (45% of all diurnally active fishes), but was only responsible for 12% of predation events during the day. In contrast, wrasse species were responsible for the greatest number of predation events during the day (60%), yet made up only a small proportion of the diurnal fish population (25%). The results of this study indicate the importance of determining the identity of potential predators, through the use of a photographic tethering device, for increasing the value of results generated from tethering experiments.

Variable adhesion and diurnal population patterns of epiphytic yeasts on creeping bentgrass

Irrigation and an in vitro agitation assay were used to determine the percentage of the epiphytic yeast community (Cryptococcus, Pseudozyma, Rhodotorula, and Sporobolomyces) adhering to the phylloplane of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris (Huds.) Pers.). Colony-forming units (cfu) of total epiphytic yeast populations (adherent and nonadherent cells) and of adherent populations (cells not removed by agitation) were determined by leaf washing and dilution plating. In an in vitro assay, 40.0% and 57.1% of the yeast adhered to the leaves, whereas, in initial field trials the percentage of adherent yeasts ranged from 40.0% to 71.9% of the total population. Adherent yeast cfu on leaves in the morning were significantly lower on bentgrass (8.0 x 103 to 3.1 x 104 cfu.cm(-2)) compared with total yeast cfu (1.4 x 104 to 4.7 x 104 cfu.cm(-2)) on the nonirrigated control. No differences in yeast populations were observed between irrigated and nonirrigated plots 2 h after the 0900 treatments. Yeast populations followed a diurnal pattern, with larger cfu recovered from bentgrass leaves in the morning and significantly lower populations recovered in the afternoon. At 1400 the adherent yeast were 83.1%-100% of the total yeast population recovered from the leaves. The relative adhesiveness of the epiphytic yeast community on bentgrass leaves is dynamic with nonadherent cells making up a larger percentage of the population in the mornings than the afternoons.

First confirmation of a native bird‐pollinated plant in Europe

The pollination of Anagyris foetida L. (Fabaceae), a Mediterranean species that is a relict of the Tertiary, was studied in two populations of SW Spain over a three‐year period. Numerous censuses of birds and insects were carried out, the floral nectar was quantified, and specific tests were performed to determine the pollinators' pollen load, the pollen's effective transfer to the pistil, and spontaneous self‐pollination. The most important pollinators were three species of passeriforms –Phylloscopus collybita Vieillot, Sylvia atricapilla L. and S. melanocephala Gmelin– a result coherent with findings in populations of S and E Spain. The negligible existence of insect visitors and pollinators of A. foetida flowers could be explained by the early flowering of this species during the autumn–winter, coinciding with the coolest and wettest months of the year (cold, high winds, almost daily mists that persist until nightfall, and above all, abundant rainfall). The pollen loads carried by the birds were high, as were also the loads transferred to the pistil. The fruit‐set of bagged flowers was very low, evidence of the plant's need for the birds as pollinators. This is the first proof of the existence of a native European bird‐pollinated plant, since besides its peculaliarities (flowers odourless, pseudotubular, with no landing platform, pendulous, diurnal populations were mainly pollinated by three passeriform species.

Responses to Predicted Global Warming inPieris rapaeL. (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Nocturnal Versus Diurnal Temperature Change on Fitness Components

Global warming is expected to increase nocturnal environmental temperatures. We determined how elevated nocturnal versus diurnal temperatures alter fitness components in the imported cabbageworm (Pieris rapae L.). Full-sib families of P. rapae caterpillars were split into control, increased nocturnal, and increased diurnal temperature treatments. We found significant variation among families for relative growth rate, development rate, and pupal mass. Some families had a positive correlation between pupal mass and development rate, whereas others had a negative correlation. On average, we found a faster development rate caused by the nocturnal treatment and a smaller pupal mass caused by the nocturnal and diurnal temperature treatments. We found no significant effect of the temperature treatments on relative growth rate. An exponential growth model suggests that, despite the decreased pupal mass associated with the increased nocturnal temperature regimen, the faster development rate would cause the nocturnal population to multiply more quickly than the control or diurnal populations.