Diuretic Properties Research Articles

Optimized Enzymatic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Verbascum nigrum L.: A Sustainable Approach for Enhanced Extraction of Bioactive Compounds

Verbascum nigrum, commonly known as black mullein, is widely used in traditional medicine for its expectorant, mucolytic, sedative, and diuretic properties. This study aimed to develop and optimize a standardized method for extracting phenolic compounds from V. nigrum using enzymatic pretreatment followed by solvent extraction. Enzymatic treatment does not rely on harmful solvents and is a low energy-intensive process, making it a suitable green technology for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The research explored the use of different lignocellulolytic enzymes, including pectinase, cellulase, α-amylase, and xylanase, to break down plant cell walls, enhancing the release and bioaccessibility of active compounds. The two-step extraction process proposed combined enzymatic pretreatment and hydroalcoholic extraction, resulting in a considerably improved yield of phenolic compounds (24 mg/g DM). Analytical characterization using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled with a diode-array-detector (DAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with DAD and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) revealed a higher concentration of target bioactive compounds in enzymatically treated extracts compared to traditional methods, including phenolic derivatives (e.g., caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and verbascoside), and flavonoids (e.g., luteolin). Up to 22 phenolic and flavonoid compounds were characterized. This study provides new insight into the potential of enzymatic extraction as a green and efficient alternative to conventional extraction methods, for the production of high-quality herbal products richer in (poly)phenolic compounds, highlighting its potential for industrial applications.

Comparison of In Vitro Biotransformation of Olive Polyphenols Between Healthy Young and Elderly.

Olive leaves are a rich source of polyphenols, predominantly secoiridoids, flavonoids, and simple phenols, which exhibit various biological properties. Extracts prepared from olive leaves are associated with hypoglycemic, hypotensive, diuretic, and antiseptic properties. Upon ingestion, a substantial fraction of these polyphenols reaches the colon where they undergo extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota. Host characteristics, like age, can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, potentially affecting the biotransformation of these compounds. Therefore, it can be hypothesised that differences in the gut microbiome between young and elderly individuals may impact the biotransformation rate and the type and amount of metabolites formed. An in vitro biotransformation model was used to mimic the conditions in the stomach, small intestine and colon of two age groups of healthy participants (20-30 years old, ≥65 years old), using oleuropein as a single compound and an olive leaf extract as test compounds. The bacterial composition and metabolite content were investigated. The study revealed that, while the same metabolites were formed in both age groups, in the young age group, less metabolite formation was observed, likely due to a reduced viable cell count. Most biotransformation reactions took place within the first 24 h of colon incubation, and mainly, deglycosylation, hydrolysis, flavonoid ring cleavage, and demethylation reactions were observed. A bacterial composition analysis showed a steep drop in α-diversity after 24 h of colon incubation, likely due to favourable experimental conditions for certain bacterial species. Both age groups produced the same metabolites, suggesting that the potential for polyphenols to exert their health-promoting benefits persists in healthy older individuals.

Polyporus umbellatus, A Precious Rare Fungus With Good Pharmaceutical and Food Value.

Polyporus umbellatus is a rare porous fungus that exhibits notable pharmacological activities. Particularly, due to its diuretic properties, it is considered an important source of targeted drugs for the treatment of kidney disease. Extensive research has been conducted on this fungus, focusing not only on its challenging cultivation techniques but also on its diverse array of medicinal ingredients, including polysaccharides and steroids. These active compounds demonstrate considerable variability and exhibit a wide range of medicinal properties. As a result, extracting, separating, and purifying these active compounds has become a subject of interest. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the types, structures, and physicochemical properties of these active compounds. Additionally, the medicinal effects of P. umbellatus are thoroughly examined, offering valuable insights into the utilization of its resources and the rational development of medical fungi.

Analysis of the metabolite profile of mistletoe leaves (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) as an Epiphyte on Lime Using the GC-MS Method

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq., a mistletoe species from the Loranthaceae family, can thrive as an epiphyte on various host plants, including lime trees. This mistletoe has potential as a herbal plant due to its bioactive properties, stemming from a diverse range of metabolites. Therefore, this analysis aims to identify different compounds and explore groups of compounds that may exhibit potential bioactivity in ethanolic extracts of D. pentandra leaves on lime, utilizing the GC-MS method. The analysis revealed a total of 68 detected metabolite compounds, comprising 51 main compounds that represent 90.49% of the total abundance. Notably, 16 dominant compounds were identified, including Melezitose (6.64%), 3-Methylmannoside (6.38%), ß-D-Mannofuranoside, methylated (4.76%), 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose (3.70%), Myo-Inositol, 4-C-methyl (31.29%), and Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (3.81%). In terms of abundance based on compound class, carbohydrates account for 65%, fatty acids for 15%, and phenols for 10%, with the remaining compounds comprising other classes. The unique compounds found in mistletoe leaves on lime exhibit various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibiotic, antiseptic, antihyperglycemic, antihistamine, antiandrogenic, antiarrhythmic, antiasthmatic, and diuretic properties. Further research is necessary to explore the bioactive compounds in mistletoe D. pentandra across various potential host plants and to conduct additional metabolomic analyses.

Genome Sequencing Providing Molecular Evidence of Tetrapolar Mating System and Heterothallic Life Cycle for Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Polyporus umbellatus Fr.

Polyporus umbellatus is a species whose sclerotia have been extensively employed in traditional Chinese medicine, which has diuretic, antitumor, anticancer, and immune system enhancement properties. However, prolonged asexual reproduction has resulted in significant homogenization and degeneration of seed sclerotia. In contrast, sexual reproduction has emerged as an effective strategy to address these challenges, with a distinct mating system serving as the foundation for the implementation of sexual breeding. This study presents the first sequencing and assembly of the genome of P. umbellatus, thereby providing an opportunity to investigate the mating system at the genomic level. Based on the annotated mating-type loci within the genome, monokaryotic offspring exhibiting different mating-types were identified. Through the integration of traditional mating tests, the tetrapolar mating system of P. umbellatus was distinctly elucidated. The resequencing of monokaryotic strains with four different mating-types, along with comparative analyses of mating-type loci, revealed the HD1 and HD2 (HD, homeodomain) genes determined the mating A types, and the PR4, PR5, and PR6 (PR, pheromone receptor) genes determined the mating B types. Meanwhile, this study offers a successful case study in the molecular investigation of mating systems. Additionally, the number of sterigma and basidiospores on each basidium was examined using scanning electron microscopy, while the nuclei of basidiospores and basidia at various developmental stages were analyzed through DAPI staining. This research clarifies the heterothallic life cycle of P. umbellatus. The findings of this study are expected to facilitate advancements in genetic research, breeding development, strain improvement, and the industry of P. umbellatus.

Chandraprabha Vati: A Timeless Elixir in Ayurvedic Medicine

Ayurveda is one of the types of medication which is largely based on plant drugs. It includes wider indications For health. Rasa Aushadhi is highly essential in Ayurveda because it is rejuvenating, long-acting, and works Even in minute quantities. Chandraprabha Vati is an ancient formulation used with a wide range of medicinal Activities, and it is a herbo-mineral preparation. It has a wide range of action and is recommended for all Diseases such as tumors, reproductive problems, urinary tract problems, hemorrhoids, and diabetes. There are A few formulas that exist under the name Chandraprabha Vati. Besides being a Rasayana, Balya, and Tridosha Shamaka, it speeds up the process. As it cures all types of disorders, be it male or female reproductive health Problems, it is called Sarvaroga Pranashini. Some studies have been done on reducing blood pressure and Blood sugar. As a Rasayana, it develops immunity and power. This research collects and analyzes numerous Chandraprabha Vati formulations from the ancient texts and describes their ingredients, dosages, applications, And actions. Chandraprabha Vati is mainly used for the treatment of kidney stones. The herbal components of This formulation possess the properties of diuretics, antioxidants, detoxifying principles, and anti- Inflammatory agents. The paper discusses Chandraprabha Vati in the clinical practice relating to renal calculus Disease, a very common uropathy caused due to the formation of solid aggregates in the kidney

A Comprehensive Review on the Ethnopharmacological Potential of <i>Inula racemosa</i>

Inula racemosa, Pushkarmool or Indian elecampane, is a perennial herbaceous plant indigenous to the Himalayan region and various parts of Central Asia. It is classified within the Asteraceae family and is characterised by its tall stature, prominent foliage, and clusters of yellow blossoms. It has traditionally been a staple in Ayurvedic medicine due to its multifaceted therapeutic attributes, including expectorant, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Through chemical analysis, key bioactive constituents such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone have been identified, underscoring their medicinal significance. Emerging research underscores the potential of I. racemosa extracts in addressing respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal maladies, and inflammatory ailments. Nevertheless, comprehensive investigations are imperative to delineate its pharmacological mechanisms and potential adverse reactions.

MUSA PARADISIACA (KADALI) PSEUDOSTEM AS A POTENT NUTRACEUTICAL IN KIDNEY DISORDERS- A REVIEW

Musa paradisiaca, is a tropical plant widely recognized for its nutritional and medicinal properties. While the fruit is celebrated for its carbohydrate-rich composition and essential vitamins, the pseudostem-often treated as agricultural waste-has garnered attention for its remarkable therapeutic potential. This review compiles and critically analyzes current evidence on the pharmacological effects of the banana pseudostem, emphasizing its role as a nutraceutical in managing diseases such as urolithiasis, diabetes, and nephropathy. The pseudostem exhibits anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-urolithiatic, and nephroprotective properties, with studies demonstrating its ability to reduce stone-forming markers, such as glycollic acid oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase, while preventing kidney stone deposition. In diabetes management, the pseudostem shows anti-hyperglycemic effects by modulating advanced glycation end-products and improving kidney function, positioning it as a potential plant-based alternative for diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, its nutraceutical applications extend to the development of functional foods and supplements, leveraging its rich nutritional profile of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, and essential minerals. By transforming the pseudostem from an underutilized byproduct into a valuable resource, Musa paradisiaca offers sustainable solutions for healthcare and agriculture. This review underscores the pseudostems potential in Ayurveda medicine, advocating its inclusion in dietary regimens and therapeutic formulations to address chronic conditions effectively.

Natriuretic and Saluretic effects of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb Seed Extracts in Rats

The study aimed to explore the diuretic effects of extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb seed, a member of the Caesalpiniaceae family, using an acute rat model. Dehydrated rats were administered single dose of the extracts, prepared in both aqueous and ethanol forms, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally. Additionally, rats were given 25 mg/kg of frusemide and hydrochlorothiazide as standard diuretic drugs orally, for comparative analysis. A control group received oral administration of normal saline at a dose of 25 ml/kg. The metabolic cages were used to house the rats in pairs and urine output was measured at intervals of 5 hours and 24 hours. The results showed that higher doses of both extracts substantially raised the volume of urine output. This diuretic effect was observed gradually within 5 hours and sustained throughout the 24 hour study period. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract exhibited a diuretic effect comparable to that of frusemide. Analysis of urine samples revealed a significantly elevated Na+, K+ and Cl- with the ethanolic extract of C. bonduc seeds. However, neither dose of the extracts significantly altered the pH nor specific gravity of urine during routine urinalysis. The findings suggest that extracts from C. bonduc seeds possess diuretic properties, supporting their traditional use in managing urinary problems. Further exploration is necessary to pinpoint the active phytoconstituents accountable for these observed effects.

Herbal Drug Use to Treat Urolithiasis: An Updated Review

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 12% of the world's population suffers from urolithiasis, a disorder that causes stones to develop in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (the urinary system). The illness increases the likelihood of developing chronic renal illnesses in addition to impairing kidney function. Three phases make up the mechanism for the production of stones: nucleation, growth, and aggregation of crystals. Because of their medicinal and antioxidant properties, as well as their active substances, medicinal plants have positive benefits on human health. The traditional medicinal herbs' diuretic qualities are increasingly being backed by scientific research. Urinary calculi patients complain of hematuria, discomfort, or infection. Individuals with tiny, non-obstructing stones or staghorn calculi have moderate, easily managed symptoms in addition to other symptoms. The illness increases the likelihood of developing chronic renal illnesses in addition to impairing kidney function. Therefore, a plant's or a herbal formulation's antiurolithiatic effect may be the result of a combination of its antioxidant, diuretic, and crystallization-inhibiting properties. Keywords: Urolithiasis, diuresis, herbal drug, calcium oxalate stone

Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal formulation in the management of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent reasons for prescribing antibiotics. Escherichia coli implicated in 75-90 % cases of UTI is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Finding alternative therapeutic agent for this infection is critical, for which herbal drugs may be an option. In Unani medicine, urinary tract infection (Ṭa'diya Majra-i-Bawl) is treated with herbal drugs possessing Da'fe Ufoonat (antiseptic), Muhallilat (anti-inflammatory) and Mudirrat (diuretic) properties. Polyherbal formulations of such drugs are expected to be beneficial in treating Escherichia coli infection. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a Unani polyherbal formulation aimed to develop a safe and efficacious drug for the treatment of urinary tract infection (Ṭa'diya Majra-i-Bawl) caused by Escherichia coli. This open-label, single armed clinical study was conducted on patients with clinical signs and symptoms of UTI and positive urine culture for E. coli. Patients were treated with the polyherbal formulation consisting of 50 % hydro-alcoholic extracts of Khar Khasak (Tribulus terrestris), Bhui Amla (Phyllanthus niruri), Kabab Cheeni (Piper cubeba), Beekh -i-Kasni (Cichorium intybus), Beekh-i-Karafs (Apium graveolens), Asl-us-Soos (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) in a dose of one capsule (500 mg) thrice a day orally with plain water for 42 days. Maximum (83 %) urine cultures turned out negative for E. coli after the completion of therapy. Polyherbal Unani formulation was found to be very effective for the treatment of Urinary tract infection. Clinical and microbiological cure was achieved in maximum number of patients and drug was very well tolerated without any adverse/side effect.

Natriuretic effect of 4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranoside from Boldoa purpurascens: in silico and in vivo studies

Aqueous leaf extracts of Boldoa purpurascens are widely used because of their diuretic, natriuretic, antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive properties. The major component of the extract is the flavonoid 4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D–xylopyranoside, but it is not known if this compound is responsible for the biological activity. The objective of this work is to develop effective in silico tools that allow predicting the possible activity of the flavonoid aglycone as an inhibitor of metalloproteases that regulate renal fluid excretion. First, a mathematical ligand-based classification model was developed, using an artificial intelligence and machine learning technique of support vector machines to find the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity. This showed good fit of the statistical parameters with an accuracy greater than 90%, offering a priori information of the flavonoid activity. Subsequently, the flavonoid aglycone was docked to the active site of the enzymes thermolysin (PDB: 6YMS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (PDB: 6TT4) and neprilysin (PDB: 6SUK) using the Extra Precision glide method (Glide-XP), showing conformations with binding energies lower than −5 Kcal/mol. In this study, possible interactions were determined at the catalytic site, where the coordination of negatively charged pharmacophoric groups with the zinc atom of these enzymes is observed. Finally, a preliminary in vivo evaluation was carried out using a diuresis-natriuresis model with sodium quantification in urine which revealed good activity profiles. These results are in correspondence with the ethnopharmacological use of the plant as a diuretic-natriuretic and for the treatment of hypertension.

Composition and Biological Activity of Flavonoid-containing Fractions of an Extract from Gratiola officinalis L.

Gratiola officinalis L. (hedge hyssop), a medicinal plant of the Scrophulariaceae family, has diuretic, purgative, and vermifuge properties. It is used as a herbal tea to treat chronic gastroenteritis, renal colic, jaundice, and intestinal worms. Previously, we have found that an extract from G. officinalis is nontoxic and has antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticachexic, and other properties. Our aims in this study were to separate the G. officinalis extract into individual fractions, to identify the most biologically active fractions, and to examine the chemical composition of these fractions and their biological activity toward A498 renal carcinoma cells. The G. officinalis extract was fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and each fraction was tested for antitumor activity. The active fractions were characterized by UV-visible electron spectral analysis, circular dichroism analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two antitumor-active fractions of a flavonoid nature were isolated and chromatographically purified. On the basis of the nuclear magnetic resonance data, the aglycone fragment of the main component of one fraction was found to be structured as 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxychroman-4-one, or 3',4'-dimethoxy-7- hydroxyflavanone. The antitumor effect of the most active fraction containing 7-O-glucoside of apigenin, glycoside 7,3'-di-O-luteolin and trace amounts of eupatilin against renal carcinoma A498 cells was manifested in its cytotoxic, cytostatic, apoptotic and autophagosomal activities. In addition, we found 3-(1-2)-glucoside of soyaspogenol B, which is a pentacyclic triterpenoid in the structure.

Changes in Blood Pressure of Hypertension Patients With Therapy Non Pharmacological Use of Celery Leaves

Background High blood pressure or hypertension is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can prevent or slow the onset of hypertension and reduce cardiovascular risk Apiin and mannitol content in celery leaves have diuretic properties that help draw fluid and support kidney function in removing excess fluid from the body. This process can significantly lower blood pressure in people with hypertension Objectives to determine changes in blood pressure in hypertensive patients with non-pharmacological therapy using celery leaves Quasi-Experimental design method with Pre-test and Post-test control group design. Samples were taken using Purposive Sampling technique as many as 30 people Research Results From the characteristics of respondents and based on statistical tests with the Wilcoxon Test in the intervention group Pre-test Post-test obtained Asymp. Sig. value of 0.890 Conclusion There is no significant change between the intervention group and the control group in the provision of non-pharmacological therapy using Celery leaves Suggestions For people with hypertension to always seek information in improving self-management in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension.

Insights into the Phytochemical Profile and Therapeutical Potential of Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal

Abstract: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (W. somnifera) is an herb commonly known by its English name Winter Cherry, and Ashwagandha in Hindi. It has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. It is a rich reservoir of bioactive compounds known as withanolides, namely, withaferin-A and withanolide-D. Its current research covers many aspects of human health, which include anti-stress, anti-tumor, 9immuno-modulatory, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, diuretic, anti-convulsant, neurotropic, adaptogenic, and cardioprotective properties. This overview W. somnifera traditional uses, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.

Integrating metabolomics with network pharmacology to reveal the mechanism of Poria cocos in hyperuricemia treatment

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHyperuricemia is a chronic condition characterized by persistently elevated uric acid levels, often leading to gouty arthritis and renal insufficiency. Poria cocos F.A.Wolf, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, possesses notable diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties and is widely used to treat edema, inflammation, viral infections, and tumors. Recent studies suggest that Poria cocos has the potential to lower uric acid levels and mitigate kidney damage, making it a promising candidate for hyperuricemia treatment. However, its pharmacological mechanisms require further exploration. Aim of the studyThis study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which Poria cocos alleviates hyperuricemia, using metabolomics and network pharmacology approaches. Materials and methodsHyperuricemia was induced in rats via a high-yeast diet combined with potassium oxonate. The effects of Poria cocos were assessed by measuring serum uric acid, creatinine, urea nitrogen levels, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, and renal tissue morphology. Non-targeted metabolomics was employed to identify differential metabolites and explore the metabolic pathways involved in its therapeutic effects. Network pharmacology was utilized to analyze potential targets and signaling pathways, which were validated through molecular docking and ELISA analysis. ResultsPoria cocos extract significantly reduced serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels, inhibited xanthine oxidase activity, and attenuated kidney damage. Metabolomics combined with network pharmacology identified xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase as key targets, while purine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis were identified as critical pathways. ELISA confirmed that Poria cocos suppressed xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase expression in hyperuricemic rats. Molecular docking further verified strong binding interactions between core compounds and key targets. ConclusionsPoria cocos alleviates hyperuricemia by modulating multiple compounds, targets, and pathways. Through network pharmacology and metabolomics, it reveals that Poria cocos selectively regulates xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase, influencing purine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide insights into its therapeutic mechanisms, supporting the clinical application of Poria cocos in treating metabolic disorders and kidney damage associated with hyperuricemia.

Evaluation of the Renal Protective Effects of Cyperus at Varying Concentrations in a Rat Model of Kidney Disorders

Cyperus plants are frequently utilized around the globe to cure a range of human ailments, including as stomach and intestinal issues, as well as for their diuretic, digestant, and lactodepurant properties. Cyperus is a very promising genus in the Cyperaceae family that is used for health supplementation. So current study aims to improving kidney health using different concentrations of (Cyperus) plant in kidney disorders rats. The experiment was conducted at an animal house. all rats were provided with a standard diet for a duration of one week. Subsequently, the rats were segregated into five groups, each consisting of 6 rats. The first group, serving as the control negative (n=6) and labeled as C-ve, were exclusively fed the basal diet for a duration of 28 days. Thirty rats were administered gentamicin to induce renal problems. The experimental groups were administered different concentrations of Cyperus (5%, 7%, and 15%). The findings indicated that group 5, consisting of rats with renal disorders that were fed with 15% Cyperus powder, had the highest blood glucose levels. Conversely, there were no significant variations seen in HDL levels among group 3 & group 4. While results found that Cyperus significantly reduced in urea and uric acid in kidney disorders rats. The results suggested to use Cyperus powder for kidney disorders rats.

Therapeutic Benefits of <i>Palash</i> (<i>Butea monosperma</i>): A Review of its Pharmacological Activities

One of humankind’s first recognized medicinal needs for long-term health is herbs, which form the basis of current medicine. Worldwide, there is a need and desire for nutritious diets with extra benefits. Palash is one such significant plant that can be found in various places. Since ancient times, the Fabaceae family plant known as Palash (Butea monosperma Lamk. Taub.) has been utilized for medicinal purposes. It can be used for festivals and God worships in most of India’s regions. The properties and modes of action of the plant’s bioactive components, which include flavonoids, steroids, and other kinds of phytochemicals, will determine how it could be used. Scientific studies using pharmaceutical preparations have demonstrated the medicinal benefits of traditional plant parts, including leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, roots, and gum. These preparations have been found to possess anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, wound-healing, and diuretic properties, among many other qualities.

Phytopharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Importance of Xanthium strumarium L: A Review

Xanthium strumarium L. (Family: Compositae), a medicinal plant that grows as a weed, has a wide distribution in the United States and Canada, Brazil, China, and Malaysia, including hotter regions of India. Traditionally, the herb has been used largely to treat various illnesses. The entire plant, particularly its leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds, has been used in conventional healthcare to treat a variety of conditions, including leukoderma, infections from bacteria and fungi, long-term malaria cases, rheumatism, tuberculosis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, urticaria, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea, constipation, and lumbago. In-depth information about the plant's pharmacological and botanical properties is included in this detailed account. The pharmacological properties and their antibacterial, anti-tumor, antitussive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, diabetic, antimitotic, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, CNS depressant, diuretic, contact dermatitis, insecticidal, and herbicidal properties are some of the highlights. Constituents found in all plant components, such as sesquiterpene lactones, glycosides, phenols, and polysterols, account for the majority of the pharmacological actions. Nevertheless, in order to validate conventional knowledge in the context of a sensible phytotherapy, future efforts should focus more on laboratory and in vivo investigations as well as clinical trials. Research requires quantification of individual ingredients and assessment of their pharmacological effects in humans due to the herb's multi-activity, especially its anti-tumor and anticancer properties, which have garnered a lot of attention.

In Silico Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Antimicrobial Triazole Derivatives: Insights from Synthesis, Computational and In Vitro Studies.

In the ongoing fight against bacterial resistance to antibiotics, this study focuses on synthesizing and evaluating 1,2,4-triazole derivatives to explore their potential as new antibacterial agents. 1,2,4-Triazole compounds are promising drug candidates with a wide range of therapeutic effects, including pain relief, antiseptic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiurease, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, and antimigraine properties. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were identified using their physicochemical properties and spectral techniques, such as IR and NMR. These compounds were then evaluated in molecular docking studies against antimicrobial activity in vitro and further supported by molecular dynamics studies. Compound 7, featuring a 6-chloro group on the phenyl ring, emerged as the most effective against Gram-positive S. aureus compared to the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Docking studies revealed high and comparable affinities for all ten ligands, with compounds 4 and 6 showing the best-docked activity against Penicillin Acylase mutants. Further, compounds 6 and 10 displayed significant affinity against D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (DDL) from Yersinia pestis during 100 ns MD simulation. Notably, compound 7 demonstrated the highest binding score to the 5C1P protein, suggesting its potential as a lead molecule for the development of potent and safer antimicrobial agents. This research contributes valuable insights into addressing the escalating challenge of bacterial resistance.