Disturbing Trend Research Articles

Synchronised disturbances in spruce- and beech-dominated forests across the largest primary mountain forest landscape in temperate Europe

Understanding temporal and spatial variations in historical disturbance regimes across intact, continuous, and altitudinally diverse primary forest landscapes is imperative to help forecast forest development and adapt forest management in an era of rapid environmental change. Because few complex primary forest landscapes remain in Europe, previous research has largely described disturbance regimes for individual forest types and smaller isolated stands. We studied the largest but still largely unprotected mountain primary forest landscape in temperate Europe, the Făgăraș Mountains of Romania. To describe historical disturbance regimes and synchronicity in disturbance activity and trends between two widespread forest community types, dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), we established 191 permanent study plots (70 beech; 121 spruce) across 11 valleys, thereby providing information at both stand and landscape levels. We used a dendrochronological approach to reconstruct and describe the spatiotemporal patterns of historical disturbances. We observed a diverse spectrum of disturbance severities and timing across the forest landscape. High-severity disturbances created periods of synchrony in disturbance activity at the landscape scale, while moderate- and low-severity disturbances were asynchronous and random in both spruce- and beech-dominated primary forests. We detected a peak of canopy disturbance across the region at the end of the nineteenth century, with the most important periods of disturbance between the 1890s and 1910s. At the stand scale, we observed periods of synchronised disturbances with varying severities across both forest types. The level of disturbance synchrony varied widely among the stands. The beta regression showed that spruce forests had significantly higher average synchrony and higher between-stand variability of synchrony than the beech-dominated forests. Synchronised disturbances with higher severity were infrequent, but they were critical as drivers of subsequent forest development pathways and dynamics across both forest types.Our results provide valuable insight into future resilience to climate-driven alterations of disturbance regimes in spruce- and beech-dominated mountain temperate forests in the Carpathians. We suggest that conservation efforts should recognize strictly protecting large continuous and altitudinally diversified forest landscapes such as Făgăraș Mts. as a necessary measure to tackle climate change and ensure temporal and spatial structural heterogeneity driven by a wide range of disturbances. The diverse and synchronous disturbance activity among two interconnected forest vegetation types highlights the need for complex spatiotemporal forest management approaches that emulate disturbance synchronicity to foster biodiversity across multiple forest vegetation types within forest landscapes.

Effects of deforestation and forest degradation on ecosystem service indicators across the Southwestern Amazon

The Southwestern Amazon (SWA) is home to one of the Earth́s remaining intact ecosystems and a key provider of continental atmospheric moisture flows. However, the integrity of this region is threatened by global changes in climate and local to regional changes in land-use and land-cover. Here, unlike most Amazonia-land-change research which has focused primarily on deforestation, we evaluated the effects of both deforestation and forest degradation on three Ecosystem Service Indicators (ESIs) – evapotranspiration (ET), land surface temperature (LST), and precipitation (P) – at the local and watershed scale across the SWA between 2003 and 2020. We computed annual and monthly ESI differences over distinct forest conditions and buffers around disturbed areas (degraded or deforested). We also determined the influence of forest disturbance trends on ESI trends at the pixel and watershed level through a Partial Mann-Kendall approach. The results show that ESI differences among different forest conditions are statistically-significant and more pronounced during the dry season. In comparison with intact forest, monthly P rates were up to 25 % lower over any type of disturbance; whereas ET rates were up to 15 % and 48 % lower, and LST rates up to 1.6 °C and 4.4 °C higher, over degraded and deforested areas, respectively. ET and LST edge effects were only significant within buffers around some of the most heavily disturbed areas. At the pixel scale, negative trends in ET and positive trends in both LST and P were more frequently explained by forest disturbances as these trends themselves become more pronounced. ET and LST trends determined by disturbances were generally located near roads, rivers, and human settlements; and surprisingly, we found that degradation more often influences these trends than deforestation, which we attribute to the practice of converting deforested areas into crops whose growing season ET and LST rates are similar to those in natural vegetation. At the watershed scale, the analysis suggested that the climate implications of degradation and deforestation have not scaled up to this level yet; however, literature has shown that even the local impacts we report here can have important implications for areas outside of the SWA, which emphasizes the importance of continuing to conserve this remote region.

ISE-Hate: A benchmark corpus for inter-faith, sectarian, and ethnic hatred detection on social media in Urdu

Social media has become the most popular platform for free speech. This freedom of speech has given opportunities to the oppressed to raise their voice against injustices, but on the other hand, this has led to a disturbing trend of spreading hateful content of various kinds. Pakistan has been dealing with the issue of sectarian and ethnic violence for the last three decades and now due to freedom of speech, there is a growing trend of disturbing content about religion, sect, and ethnicity on social media. This necessitates the need for an automated system for the detection of controversial content on social media in Urdu which is the national language of Pakistan. The biggest hurdle that has thwarted the Urdu language processing is the scarcity of language resources, annotated datasets, and pretrained language models. In this study, we have addressed the problem of detecting Interfaith, Sectarian, and Ethnic hatred on social media in Urdu language using machine learning and deep learning techniques. In particular, we have: (1) developed and presented guidelines for annotating Urdu text with appropriate labels for two levels of classification, (2) developed a large dataset of 21,759 tweets using the developed guidelines and made it publicly available, and (3) conducted experiments to compare the performance of eight supervised machine learning and deep learning techniques, for the automated identification of hateful content. In the first step, experiments are performed for the hateful content detection as a binary classification task, and in the second step, the classification of Interfaith, Sectarian and Ethnic hatred detection is performed as a multiclass classification task. Overall, Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) proved to be the most effective technique for hateful content identification in Urdu tweets.

The Prevention of Life-Changing Injuries and Fatalities

In the past two years, the Republic of Serbia has seen gains in workplace safety, particularly as regards total reported injuries. In 2020 there is a 22.63% drop in reported injuries compared to 2019, according to the Ministry of Labor, Employment, Social and Veterans Affairs Work Report for 2020 and 2019. Nonetheless, this trend should not overshadow another disturbing trend in the workplace – that the number of life-changing injuries and fatalities has been on a much slower regression. While it is encouraging that the total reported incident rate is decreasing, the next step for safety excellence and the one Serbian Ministry currently strives to achieve, is the elimination of life-changing injuries and fatalities in the workplace. The paper presents an overview of life-changing injury and fatality prevention and how it is addressed by using incident and near miss data. The presented analyses will add benefit to the prevention improvement of life-changing injuries and fatalities.

Detecting Spatiotemporal Differences in Cropland Abandonment and Reforestation Across the Three-North Region of China Based on Landsat Time Series

The Three-North region of China is an important ecological protection area. While the depopulation of rural areas and policy intervention have allowed cropland abandonment and reforestation (CAR), the spatial distribution and temporal differences underlying this landscape pattern have not been analyzed. CAR results in the gradual disappearance of the soil signal representing tilled or harvested crops, followed by a gradual increase in the interannual vegetation signal. This long-term gradual greening can be exploited to map the spatiotemporal distribution of CAR. In this study, Landsat-based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery (LandTrendr) was applied to the 1990–2020 Landsat-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series. The data were combined with a differential analysis of the phenological characteristics of the surveyed area to detect land surface greening trends. The relationship with actual information on CAR was then determined. The results showed widespread long-term greening in the Three-North region, covering up to 80% of the region) during the annual growth (May–June) and harvest (September–October) periods. Together, these two periods indicated 7.5% overall greening. The highest greening intensity was in areas where cropland undergone conversion to forest, which strongly suggested CAR as the succession type. The average accuracy of CAR mapping was ~80% (mapping accuracy of a greening intensity > 0.4 was as high as 87%). This study demonstrates the utility of our method in studies of driving factors of CAR and ecological benefits of secondary forest restoration.

Mediatization, Social Media, and Islamization: Exploring the Nexus of Influence and Violence in Contemporary Bangladesh Politics

Internet technology probably contains one of the most important discoveries of the contemporary era. Additionally, it is now undeniably evident that individuals are increasingly using social media platforms as their main mode of communication in day-to-day life. The phenomena of Islamization through the Internet and social media has seen a noteworthy upsurge in the current period of fast modernization, principally driven by the ubiquitous effect of mediatization. This effect may be seen not just in Bangladesh’s religious landscape but also in its political system. Religion’s influence on social media is startlingly similar to how it is used as a powerful factor in Bangladesh’s political dynamics. It is crucial to recognize that the procedure of islamization through digital platforms has also contributed to the spread of violence, which has primarily taken the form of targeted assaults on minority groups and those who support free-thinking beliefs. Further, it is crucial to take into account the elements at the national level that have influenced the disturbing trend of using social media as a weapon to incite violence. In order to promote the continuation of violence through digital channels, Islamist extremist organizations have carefully constructed these crucial elements, which are examined in this study. Additionally, this study seeks to bring the alarming trend of Islamist extremist groups blending politics and religion with ease while leveraging the potent mediatization power to instigate violence. This study seeks to clarify the methods used by these organizations to influence digital platforms for their evil ends through a number of thoroughly considered case studies. In the end, this essay makes the claim that political parties and Islamic extremist groups have a complicated and interconnected relationship, a dynamic that not only fosters but also promotes the inciting of violence through the strategic use of social media and digital communication channels.

Workplace bullying in the legal profession

The International Bar Association (‘IBA’) highlighted a disturbing trend of bullying within the legal profession in its 2019 report on bullying and sexual harassment in the legal profession, both internationally and in South Africa. The substantive forms of bullying (often described as victimisation, discrimination, or harassment) may overlap in the manner, mode or way in which bullying is perpetrated, and how bullying occurs may be grouped into several distinct categories: overt (or direct) forms, covert (or indirect) forms and, finally, so-called ‘mobbing’. This article investigates the current South African legislative framework addressing workplace bullying, including the indirect remedies available to victims in terms of (i) a claim of harassment as a form of unfair discrimination under s 6(3) of the Employment Equity Act; (ii) a claim for constructive dismissal under s 193 of the Labour Relations Act; and (iii) unfair labour practices as a remedy for workplace bullying or a claim of harassment in terms of the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act. After finding that these indirect remedies are inadequate to address workplace bullying in the legal profession, the article explores the conduct rules of the legal profession to establish how bullying is addressed in the legal sector and conducts a comparative analysis of the way in which bullying is addressed in the Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions to identify possible solutions to curb the scourge of workplace bullying in the South African legal profession.

Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism

Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism

Monitoring Ecological Changes on a Rapidly Urbanizing Island Using a Remote Sensing-Based Ecological Index Produced Time Series

Island ecosystems are susceptible to the considerable impacts of increasing human activities, landscape reconstruction, and urban expansion, resulting in changes in the ecological environment and urban ecological security issues. Remote sensing techniques can achieve the near-real-time ecological environment monitoring of these rapidly changing areas. The remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI), as a comprehensive remote sensing ecological environment index, was adopted to dynamically monitor urban ecological quality (EQ) over time in this study, combined with the Landsat-based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery (LandTrendr) algorithm. Annual composite images were generated using Landsat 5, Landsat 7, and Landsat 8 imagery to extract four metrics (Greenness, Moisture, Heat, and Dryness) to calculate RSEI from 1991 to 2021. The ecological quality in the study area was evaluated using a five-level classification (poor, inferior, medium, good, and excellent), and the changes in EQ on a pixel basis were identified by the LandTrendr algorithm. The results showed that (1) the average value of the RSEI ranged from 0.47 to 0.57 over 31 years, indicating that EQ was maintained at the medium level; (2) the distribution of different EQ levels had visible patterns, and an area of 47.87 km2 was affected by a poor EQ at least once in 31 years; (3) 38.22 km2 of this area experienced EQ poor disturbance once, and 3.05 km2 of the area had poor disturbance twice. Urban expansion, forest degradation, and policy are the main factors causing the reduction of the RSEI. The results demonstrate that combining time series of RSEI and LandTrendr can effectively monitor the changes of EQ, which is helpful to identify the spatial–temporal variation patterns of EQ and provide valuable information for policymakers and protection.

Impact of disturbance signatures on tree-ring width and blue intensity chronology structure and climatic signals in Carpathian Norway spruce

Tree radial growth is influenced by climatic and various non-climatic factors, which can complicate the extraction of climate signals from tree rings. We investigated the influence of disturbance on tree-ring width (RW) and latewood blue intensity (BI) chronologies of Norway spruce from the Carpathian Mountains to explore the extent to which disturbance can affect temperature signals in tree rings. Overall, ∼15000 high-elevation Norway spruce tree cores from 34 sites grouped into four regions (Slovakia, Ukraine, North and South Romania) were analyzed. The curve intervention detection (CID) method was applied to detect and correct identified disturbance trends. RW chronology structural comparisons were performed among disturbance-affected and disturbance-corrected chronologies for various spatial (regional / site) scales and sampling subsets. Structural comparisons were also performed for RW and BI chronologies developed from separate groups of series (i.e., disturbed, and undisturbed) for five sites exhibiting clear disturbance trends. Temperature sensitivity was assessed for all chronology variants of both parameters. We found that disturbance trends only affected RW chronologies at the site/subset scale with relatively small series replication and were not detected at the regional scale. Unlike RW, BI chronologies were generally unaffected by disturbance. BI data also contained much stronger growing season temperature signals, which appeared to be both spatially and temporally more coherent. Whereas highly replicated and spatially extensive datasets can help minimize or eliminate disturbance trends in RW chronologies, this potential influence should be considered when interpreting climatic signals in tree rings and reconstructing historical climate in weakly replicated periods. On the other hand, BI is a promising alternative tree ring parameter with stronger and more stable growing season temperature signals, whose seemingly disturbance-free chronology structure does not appear to suffer from this ecological bias, and therefore represents a more suitable parameter for dendroclimatological research.

Medico-legal dispute resolution: Experience of a tertiary-care hospital in Singapore.

IntroductionThe resource burden of healthcare disputes and medico-legal claims has been rising. A dispute resolution system operating at the hospital level could ameliorate this disturbing trend.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study on patient complaints and medico-legal cases received by the dispute resolution unit of an acute tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2015. We described the characteristics and analysed the resolution methodology and outcomes of all closed medico-legal cases.ResultsPatient complaints significantly increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% (p<0.01), while medico-legal cases and ex-gratia payments for case settlements decreased at CAGRs of 4.8% (p<0.05) and 15.9% (p = 0.19), respectively. Out of 237 closed medico-legal cases, 88.6% were resolved without legal action, of which 78.1% were closed without any ex-gratia payments or waivers. Of the 11.4% of medico-legal cases that involved legal action, 66.7% were settled without ex-gratia payments or waivers. The primary resolution modes were the Patient Relations Service (PRS)’s engagement of the complainants and facilitation of written replies. No cases were brought to court. Cases were more likely resolved without legal action when there was engagement by the PRS (p = 0.009). These cases incurred a lower median settlement value than those with legal action.ConclusionOur hospital-based dispute resolution system which addressed patients’ core dissatisfactions and providers’ perspectives, through a process of early engagement, open disclosure, and fair negotiations, was able to promote claims resolution before legal action was taken. This early dispute resolution strategy contained costs and maintained provider-patient relationships and complements system-level mediation and arbitration to reduce medico-legal litigation.

Object-based change detection for vegetation disturbance and recovery using Landsat time series

ABSTRACT Accurate characterization of historical trends in vegetation change at the landscape scale is necessary for resource management and ecological assessment. Vegetation disturbance and recovery are coherent spatial and temporal processes. Pixel-based change detection methods often struggle to provide reliable estimates of change events because they neglect spatial contextual information and are affected by salt-and-pepper noise. To address such problems, we propose a new approach, “object-based change detection of trends in disturbance and recovery” (Object-LT), which introduces object-based image analysis (OBIA) into the current framework of LandTrendr algorithm. We then applied this approach to detect vegetation changes during 2000–2020 in the ecologically fragile region of Guyuan, Ning Xia, China. Accuracy assessment indicated that Object-LT could accurately identify disturbance and recovery trends in vegetation with overall accuracies of 90.05% and 87.50%, respectively. Compare with pixel-based LandTrendr algorithm, Object-LT significantly improved user’s accuracy and removed salt-and-pepper noise. Spatial–temporal maps of vegetation change showed that the recovery area was 571.27 km2 while the disturbed area was 297.65 km2, accounting for 5.44% and 2.83% of the study area, respectively. This indicates a general vegetation recovery trend in the study area. Object-LT allowed for an accurate and comprehensive characterization of vegetation change over large areas, which contributes to a better understanding of change processes of vegetation landscape over time.

DELAYED LEAD PERFORATION OF THE RIGHT ATRIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA: A RARE COINCIDENCE

DELAYED LEAD PERFORATION OF THE RIGHT ATRIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA: A RARE COINCIDENCE

A forest type-specific threshold method for improving forest disturbance and agent attribution mapping

ABSTRACT Detecting forest disturbances and attributing their contributing agents with Landsat time series (LTS) images has advanced substantially in recent years; however, whether different forest types require individual disturbance indices or specific disturbance thresholds to accurately map forest disturbances and their causes over a vast region remains limited known. This study investigated the effectiveness of six spectral indices (SIs) and two threshold methods (a forest-specific threshold and a common threshold) for detecting forest disturbances among four forest types, namely, evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBFs), cold-temperate evergreen needle-leaved forests (CENFs), and subtropical evergreen needle-leaved forests mainly dominated by Pinus yunnanensis (SENF1) or Pinus kesiya (SENF2), across Yunnan Province with the Landsat-based Detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery (LandTrendr) algorithm and yearly Landsat time series (LTS) recorded from 1990 to 2020. A random forest (RF) model was applied to classify the forest disturbance agents from aggregated patches of disturbed forest pixels. The results indicated that the normalized burn ratio (NBR) outperformed the five other SIs and achieved consistently high overall accuracies (OAs; 93.04%±0.17% to 96.09%±0.28%) when mapping forest disturbances across all four forest types. The forest-specific NBR disturbance thresholds led to considerable increases in overall (0.14–3.92%), producer (0.25–13.47%) and user accuracies (0.88–3.01%). The total mapped area of disturbed forest was 9831.48 km2 (5.31%), of which approximately 79% occurred in the EBF and SENF1 distribution areas. Forest disturbances were predominantly caused by wildfires in CENF and SENF1 and by commodity-driven plantations in EBF and SENF2; these two agents together contributed approximately 93.15% of the forest disturbances in Yunnan province. These findings highlight that the optimal selection of SIs and forest-specific disturbance thresholds can significantly improve forest disturbance detection performance.

Tree mortality and carbon emission as a function of wildfire severity in south-eastern Australian temperate forests

Disturbance trends over recent decades indicate that climate change is resulting in increased fire severity and extent in Australia's temperate Eucalyptus forests. As disturbance cycles become shorter and more severe, empirical measurements are required to identify potential change in forest carbon (C) stock and emissions. However, such estimates are rare in the literature.The 2019–2020 wildfires burnt through 6 to 7 million ha of mainly temperate open Eucalyptus forest in south-east Australia, with top down emission estimates ranging from 97 to 130 tonnes CO2 ha−1. Study sites that had been assessed for all aboveground C pools prior to the wildfires, were burnt in January 2020 by wildfire that varied in severity. Here we quantify the impact of high and low/moderate fire severities on tree mortality, C loss and C redistribution and assess implications for future C storage in these temperate Eucalyptus forests.Higher fire severity resulted in greater overstorey tree mortality but not understorey or loss of dead standing trees than in low/moderate severity fires. High severity fires combusted almost twice as much C from live trees (42 Mg C ha−1) as low/moderate severity fires (25 Mg C ha−1), while C loss from dead standing trees was similar among fire severity classes (average 17 Mg C ha−1). Total aboveground C lost across study sites was 42 Mg C ha−1 for high and 47 Mg C ha−1 for low/moderate severity, with an average of 45 Mg C ha−1 equivalent to 15 % (high severity) and 14 % (low/moderate severity) of AGC.Extrapolating our findings to other tall to medium open Eucalyptus forests across Victoria revealed that 37.33 ± 12.25 Tg C (mean ± s.e.) or 152 ± 50 Mg CO2 ha−1 was lost to the atmosphere from the 0.9 million ha of these productive forests, equating to about 20 % of Australia's total net annual emissions.

The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review.

The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) arises from the interaction of prenatal factors; epigenetic regulation; neonatal factors; and factors that affect childhood and adolescence, such as early adiposity rebound (AR) and social and environmental influences. Thus, CVD risk varies between the group of low-risk metabolically healthy normal-weight subjects (MHNW); the intermediate-risk group, which includes metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal-weight subjects (MUHNW); and the high-risk group of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) subjects. In this continuum, several risk factors come into play and contribute to endothelial damage, vascular and myocardial remodeling, and atherosclerotic processes. These pathologies can occur both in prenatal life and in early childhood and contribute to significantly increasing CVD risk in young adults over time. Early intervention in the pediatric MUHO population to reduce the CVD risk during adulthood remains a challenge. In this review, we focus on CVD risk factors arising at different stages of life by performing a search of the recent literature. It is urgent to focus on preventive or early therapeutic strategies to stop this disturbing negative metabolic trend, which manifests as a continuum from prenatal life to adulthood.

Democratic Erosion in Comparative Contexts: Evidence from Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, and Pakistan

This article examines the state of democracy in the comparative contexts of Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, and Pakistan. Employing Larry Diamond’s regime categorization, the article identifies specific characteristics of the systems of governance in these countries and investigates their democratic conditions. This article makes two arguments using data from Freedom House and World Justice Project (WJP) and triangulating them with scholarly studies on relevant contexts. First, all four countries have suffered from a democracy deficit for an extended period and continue to face the same predicament. Second, there has been a disturbing trend of erosion in their democratic qualities during the 2010–2020 period. The article concludes that none of these countries is a politically closed authoritarian system. Nor is any of them a liberal democracy. Instead, all these countries bear the hallmarks of hybrid regimes, except Indonesia that turned out to be an electoral democracy.

Geo-political implications of the Belt and Road Initiative with special reference to India

The past decade has seen a disturbing trend of hyper-nationalism and a tectonic shift in global hierarchies from a unipolar to a multipolar world with China challenging the USA's pole position. After a sustained period of high growth, China has now achieved a dominant economic and military global position. To further consolidate its emerging global dominance, it has attempted to resurrect the fabled silk route by initiating Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) along the ancient Silk Route. However, China's attempts to gain dominance through BRI contradict and threaten India's national interests and therefore require analysis.This article presents de novo analysis of BRI's impact on India's maritime and land security and national interests. The choice of this theme is, therefore, of critical importance for global stability in general and for India's interests in particular. It critically examines China's opportunistic use of the present state of global volatility as an opportunity to gain geopolitical heft through BRI. It is abundantly clear from this study that the main intent of China behind the veil of BRI is to fulfill its ethnocentric aspirations by gaining a foothold in strategically important land and maritime geographical locations. The article identifies the challenges posed by BRI and enumerates its implications on India against the backdrop of China's attempts to wrest regional dominance by enticing India's neighbours into the debt trap. It finally carves out the strategy that India must adopt to secure its national interests. Economic, military, and diplomatic engagements at both regional and global levels have been discussed in the article to arrive at the most suitable approach for India.Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), Built Back Better World initiative (B3W), and other bilateral and multilateral mechanisms emerge as democratic and just alternatives for India to participate.

School-Based Mental Health Programs for Preadolescent Girls: Mitigating Social Contagion of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Current mental health disorder rates for preadolescent and adolescent girls demonstrate a disturbing trend, most notably a drastic increase in reports of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), especially in the age category of 10- to 14-year-olds. NSSI has become normalized in the adolescent population, and social contagion—the spreading of NSSI through peer and media influence—has become a significant concern. This article defines and discusses NSSI and social contagion and explores why preadolescent and adolescent girls may be particularly vulnerable to it. Further, current Canadian approaches to mental health promotion and primary prevention are reviewed, and an argument is made for the development and implementation of elementary school–based, gender-specific, comprehensive mental health programs. Incorporating interconnected evidence-based protective factors such as self-worth, self-compassion, emotion regulation, healthy relationships, communication, and family and school systems will provide young girls with valuable skills and knowledge to mitigate their engagement with NSSI and to resist social contagion.

Demystifying LandTrendr and CCDC temporal segmentation

• We reviewed LandTrendr and CCDC temporal segmentation approaches. • These methods have distinct spectral and temporal assumptions and fitting approaches. • Key considerations include scalability, sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy. • Conceptual and methodological comparisons support informed use and future development. Improved access to remotely sensed imagery and time series algorithms in combination with increased availability of cloud computing resources and platforms such as Google Earth Engine have significantly expanded the community of users processing and analyzing time series of satellite observations. Though individual time series analysis methods and their applications tend to be well-documented, comparisons of different approaches are beneficial to new users faced with the choice of different algorithms and parameterizations. We review two temporal segmentation approaches that have become increasingly prevalent in land cover mapping and monitoring: LandTrendr (Landsat-based detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery) and CCDC (Continuous Change Detection and Classification). We examine differences in the way these approaches use the temporal and spectral domains and compare model specifications and outputs. This review highlights previous work and applications, current limitations, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future integration and comparison of methods and map products, and is expected to benefit both user and developer communities.