Disturbed Sleep Patterns Research Articles

Senam Hamil dengan Kualitas Tidur Ibu Hamil di UPT Puskesmas Sooko Kabupaten Mojokerto

Pregnancy often causes disturbances in sleep patterns, both in terms of the duration and quality of sleep, this is caused by psychological and physical changes in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between pregnancy exercise and the quality of sleep of pregnant women at the UPT Puskesmas Sooko, Mojokerto Regency.The type of research used in this research is correlational. using cross sectional design. Independent variables of pregnancy exercise and the dependent variable on the quality of sleep of pregnant women. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling with a population of 32 respondents and a sample size of 30 respondents. Data were collected during February - March 2020, the instruments used were interviews and questionnaires. The analysis technique used the chi square test.The results of this study were 22 pregnant women who did not exercise (73.3%), 13 people who experienced poor sleep quality (43.7%)Test results The results of the Fisher's exact statistical test showed ρ = 0.04 and α = 0.05, it was stated ρ <α, so H1 was accepted, meaning that there was a relationship between pregnancy exercise and the quality of sleep of pregnant women.As it is known that pregnancy exercise affects the quality of sleep for pregnant women, it is necessary to improve services during ANC regarding pregnancy exercise services to improve the quality of sleep for pregnant women.

Importance of sleep quality in functional abdominal pain disorder in pediatric patients.

The incidence of sleep problems is increasing in children, and they are thought to contribute to pain in functional abdominal pain disorder (FAPD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the pattern of sleep disturbance in children with FAPD and identify the associated factors. We retrospectively analyzed patients aged 12-18years who were diagnosed with FAPD based on the Rome IV criteria. To assess sleep problems, we used the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-K). To evaluate factors associated with sleep disturbances, we used the odds ratios (OR) estimated in logistic regression models. Among the 66 patients evaluated, 57.6% (38/66) had a total PSQI-K score > 5, indicating a significant disturbance in sleep, 52.6% (20/38) had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 47.4% (18/38) had functional abdominal pain-not otherwise specified. The mean PSQI-K score was 7.2 ± 6.0, and longer sleep onset latency was noted (26.33 ± 19.44min) in all patients than healthy controls. Almost all PSQI-K subscales scores were elevated in patients with IBS. In univariate analysis, abdominal pain score > 7 and IBS were associated with poor sleep quality. In multivariate analysis, only IBS was associated with sleep disturbance. A relatively large proportion of patients with FAPD had sleep problems and these were more common in patients with IBS. Thus, interventions for improving sleep quality should also be considered in patients with FAPD with severe abdominal pain and IBS.

Association of Sociodemographic Parameters With Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Sleep Quality, Psychological Trauma, Mental Well-Being, and Resilience During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey From India.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess the traumatic impact of the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, mental well-being, and resilience among the general population of India.MethodsAn online cross-sectional survey was conducted in May-June, 2021 via Google Forms, which included adult individuals who were willing to participate in the study. The purposive and snowball sampling technique was used to ensure the principle of maximum diversity. Standardised tools [Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Impact of Event-Revised (IES-R), Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)] were used to collect data.ResultsA total of 1,109 responses were analysed for this study. Participants of different age groups (mean age: 32.98 ±14.72 years) and different sociodemographics were enrolled. The younger population group (18-34 years) was found to be the most affected among all the age groups. The findings revealed that 44.18% showed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms. About 48.87%, 65.56%, and 22.09% of the participants had significant depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms respectively, and 11.27% had disturbed sleep patterns. Mental well-being was found to be disturbed for 74.75% of the study population, out of which only 4.15% showed high resilience capacity.ConclusionThe associated collective psychological trauma mapped out by this paper is a pandemic in itself and needs to be addressed on a scale similar to the efforts being made to curb the physical symptoms of COVID-19.

Pemberian Infused Water Mentimun dan Labu Kuning Kukus pada Lansia Hipertensi dengan Gangguan Pola Tidur di Kelurahan Bulu

Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure more than 140 mmHg and diastolic more than 90 mmHg. One of the problems that occur due to hypertension is disturbed sleep patterns with interuption in the amount of time and quality of sleep. Non-pharmacological measures to treat sleep disturbances are the adminitration of infused water with cucumber and steamed pumpkin. The purpose of this study was to describe the nursing management of giving cucumber infused water and steamed pumpkin to hypertension elderly with sleep disorders. The research design was qualitative with a case study approach. The technique of taking research subjects is nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling approach. The results of the study obtained data on sleep patterns disorder using an insomnia rating scale, the subjects could not sleep, rarely took a nap, when sleeping at night woke up 1-3 times. Results Vital signs 140/90 mmHg-150/90 mmHg, N: 84-92 x / min, insomnia scale 16-18 (moderate insomnia). Nursing diagnosis is a disturbance in sleep patterns associated with changing sleep needs: changing ages and hypertension. Nursing planning by providing food and drinks that speed up sleep (cucumber infused water and steamed pumpkin). Researchers performed nursing actions for 5 days with 5 visits. The evaluation found the subject said sleep was not disturbed, feeling more refreshed after waking up. Conclusion: cucumber infusion water and steamed pumpkin can overcomeg sleep pattern disorders in hypertensive elderly.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to study the prevalence and pattern of sleep disturbances in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for original studies describing sleep abnormalities in children and adolescents with or without pre-existing neurobehavioral disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pooled estimates for various sleep abnormalities were calculated using a random-effect model. ResultsOf 371 articles screened, 16 studies were included. Among these, five studies were in preschool children, two were in children with pre-existing neurobehavioral disorders and the remaining were in school going children and adolescents. The outcome measures used for sleep were markedly heterogeneous across the studies.The pooled prevalence of any sleep disturbance in children during the pandemic was 54%(95%CI:50–57%). Interestingly, the prevalence in pre-school children was lower than pre-pandemic times (RR = 0.87; 95% CI:0.58–1.30) but this was not statistically significant. The pooled prevalence of children not meeting sleep recommendation was 49% (95%CI: 39–58%). ConclusionThe prevalence of sleep problems in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic is alarming. Pre-school children had a trend towards relatively fewer sleep disturbances due to home confinement measures in comparison with pre-pandemic times. Sleep duration recommendations were not met in nearly half of healthy children. However, these conclusions need to be seen in light of limited literature on the topic, few included studies done in heterogenous populations, and dubious quality of inferences drawn from these studies which were predominantly online surveys. Prospero registration idCRD42020213788.

Daily variation in sleep characteristics in individuals with and without post traumatic stress disorder

BackgroundSleep disturbances are common in individuals with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about how daily variation in sleep characteristics is related to PTSD. This study examined the night-to-night and weekday versus weekend variation in sleep duration, sleep quality, trouble falling asleep, and difficulty staying asleep in individuals with and without PTSD.MethodsParticipants (N = 157; 80 with PTSD, 77 without PTSD) completed daily self-reports of their nighttime sleep characteristics for 15 consecutive days. Linear mixed models were used to examine the associations between the 7 days of the week and weekday versus weekend variation in sleep characteristics and PTSD.ResultsIndividuals with PTSD reported shorter sleep duration, lower sleep quality, more trouble falling asleep, and more difficulty staying asleep than individuals without PTSD. The pattern of change across the week and between weekdays and weekends was different between those with and without PTSD for sleep quality and trouble falling asleep. Among those with PTSD, sleep duration, sleep quality, and trouble falling asleep differed across the 7 days of the week and showed differences between weekdays and weekends. For those without PTSD, only sleep duration differed across the 7 days of the week and showed differences between weekdays and weekends. Neither group showed 7 days of the week nor weekday versus weekend differences in difficulty staying asleep.ConclusionsOn average those with PTSD had shorter sleep duration, poorer sleep quality, and greater trouble falling and staying asleep. In particular, the day of week variation in sleep quality and trouble falling asleep specifically distinguishes those with PTSD from those without PTSD. Our findings suggest that clinical care might be improved by assessments of sleep patterns and disturbances across at least a week, including weekdays and weekends. Future studies should explore the mechanisms related to the patterns of sleep disturbance among those with PTSD.

Sleep: How is it affected in patients with DMD and their mothers?

To investigate whether children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have sleep disorders, and the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of mothers who are primary caregivers. Clinical data and gross motor functional status of 24 patients with DMD were measured using the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores were evaluated to determine their sleep features. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores were used to measure sleep quality, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were used to measure daytime sleepiness of 24 mothers. Sleep disturbances were observed in 62.5% (n = 15) of patients, 41.6% (n = 5) of those who were GMFCS I-II-III and in 83.3% (n = 10) who were IV-V level. A disturbed sleep pattern was observed in 3 (33.3%) of 9 patients who were younger than 10 and in 12 (80.0%) of 15 patients who were older than 10. Of mothers, 54.2% had low sleep quality, which was present in 83.3% of mothers with GMFCS IV-V children and 54.2% of those with GMFCS I-II-III children. Ten (41.6%) mothers had increased daytime sleepiness, which was present in 66.6% of mothers with GMFCS IV-V children and 16.6% of mothers with GMFCS I-II-III children. Sleep disturbances increase in parallel to loss of gross motor functions in patients with DMD, which has had negative impact on the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the caregiver.

Inverse correlation of fluctuations of cerebral blood and water concentrations in humans

Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures concentrations of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin in the brain. Recently, we demonstrated its potential also for measuring concentrations of cerebral water (hbox {cH}_{2}hbox {O}). We performed fNIRS measurements during rest to study fluctuations in concentrations of hbox {cH}_{2}hbox {O}, HbO and HbR in 33 well-rested healthy control subjects (HC) and 18 acutely sleep-deprived HC. Resting-state fNIRS signal was filtered in full-band, cardiac, respiratory, low-, and very-low-frequency bands. The sum of HbO and HbR constitutes the regional cerebral blood volume (CBV). CBV and hbox {cH}_{2}hbox {O} concentrations were analyzed via temporal correlation and phase synchrony. Fluctuation in concentrations of hbox {cH}_{2}hbox {O} and CBV was strongly anti-correlated across all frequency bands in both frontal and parietal cortices. Fluctuation in concentrations of {hbox {cH}}_{2}{hbox {O}} and CBV showed neither a completely synchronous nor a random phase relationship in both frontal and parietal cortices. Acutely sleep-deprived subjects did not show significant differences in temporal correlation or phase synchrony between fluctuations in {hbox {cH}}_{2}{hbox {O}} and CBV concentrations compared with well-rested HC. The reciprocal interrelation between fluctuations in CBV and {hbox {cH}}_{2}{hbox {O}} concentrations is consistent with the Munro–Kellie doctrine of constant intracranial volume. This coupling may constitute a functional mechanism underlying glymphatic circulation, which persists despite acutely disturbed sleep patterns.

Association between the Effects of High Temperature on Fertility and Sleep in Female Intra-Specific Hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster.

Simple SummaryGiven the complexity of the human reproduction system and the numerous limitations imposed on human studies, a fruit fly model was used to investigate whether the effects of high temperature on fertility and sleep correlate one with another. No evidence was provided for a causal link of temperature-sensitive sterility with sleep disturbance under high temperature in infertile females born from females of Canton-S strain and males of Harwich strain. However, sensitivity of sleep of these females to high temperature differed from that in fertile females born from females of Harwich strain and males of Canton-S strain and in males of either cross.Humans and fruit flies demonstrate similarity in sleep-wake behavior, e.g., in the pattern of sleep disturbances caused by an exposure to high temperature. Although research has provided evidence for a clear connection between sleeping problems and infertility in women, very little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this connection. Studies of dysgenic crosses of fruit flies revealed that an exposure to elevated temperature induces sterility in female intra-specific hybrids exclusively in one of two cross directions (progeny of Canton-S females crossed with Harwich males). Given the complexity and limitations of human studies, this fruit flies’ model of temperature-sensitive sterility might be used for testing whether the effects of high temperature on fertility and on 24-h sleep pattern are inter-related. To document this pattern, 315 hybrids were kept for at least five days in constant darkness at 20 °C and 29 °C. No evidence was found for a causal link between sterility and sleep disturbance. However, a diminished thermal responsiveness of sleep was shown by females with temperature-induced sterility, while significant responses to high temperature were still observed in fertile females obtained by crossing in the opposite direction (i.e., Canton-S males with Harwich females) and in fertile males from either cross.

A A Review on Ayurvedic concept of significance of Nidra in Lifestyle Disorders.

Many new disorders have come up in recent years due to rapid changes in lifestyle of people, collectively called as lifestyle disorders. According to the Ayurveda, man is said to be healthy whose Dosha, Dhatu, Mala & Agni are in the state of equilibrium along with mental, sensory and spiritual pleasantness and happiness. Ayurveda emphasizes on physical & mental fitness with prevention of disease & preservation of health in a comprehensive manner. There are many unhealthy practices followed by people in their day to day life which badly affect their health, one of them is lack of sleep or disturbed sleep pattern.
 “Early to bed & early to arise makes a man healthy, wealthy & wise.” This proverb has a great significance. Ayurveda believes in saying it. Trayopstambha ( Ahara, nidra, Brahmacharya) is key to health and disease on which our life and vitality is based. It focus on daily regimen (Dincharya) that can avoid lifestyle disorders. Nidra plays an important role in physical and mental health. Ayurveda has prescribed certain rules, in regard to diet and sleep, called seasonal regimen (Rutucharya). Present article emphasized on role of Nidra in promotion of maintenance of health and well being and prevention of lifestyle disorders.

Effect of the Information Support Robot on the Daily Activity of Older People Living Alone in Actual Living Environment.

Information support robots (ISRs) have the potential to assist older people living alone to have an independent life. However, the effects of ISRs on the daily activity, especially the sleep patterns, of older people have not been clarified; moreover, it is unclear whether the effects of ISRs depend on the levels of cognitive function. To investigate these effects, we introduced an ISR into the actual living environment and then quantified induced changes according to the levels of cognitive function. Older people who maintained their cognitive function demonstrated the following behavioral changes after using the ISR: faster wake-up times, reduced sleep duration, and increased amount of activity in the daytime (p < 0.05, r = 0.77; p < 0.05, r = 0.89, and p < 0.1, r = 0.70, respectively). The results suggest that the ISR is beneficial in supporting the independence of older people living alone since living alone is associated with disturbed sleep patterns and low physical activity. The impact of the ISR on daily activity was more remarkable in the subjects with high cognitive function than in those with low cognitive function. These findings suggest that cognitive function is useful information in the ISR adaptation process. The present study has more solid external validity than that of a controlled environment study since it was done in a personal residential space.

Diseases of Burnout during the Pandemic of the New Corona Virus in Intensive Care Physicians and Its Impact on Serving the Population: A Descriptive Bibliographic Review

The mental health issue during the COVID-19 pandemic must consider different populations: doctors / health professionals; general population and patients with mental disorders. When analyzing the stress-generating environment, such as intensive care units and emergencies, one must keep in mind the great demand for work and overload of professionals who are in this current pandemic scenario. Thus, this study aims to review the literature on the problems arising from the Burnout Syndrome in intensive care physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study constitutes a descriptive bibliographic review on information about the main mental health complications of intensive care physicians directly involved in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. The searches were performed in bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, Pubmed and Central, after the re-reading of each article, the data of interest were extracted and analyzed in a descriptive way for the composition of this work. Among the factors that modify the working environment of intensive care physicians working in the front line to combat COVID-19, are: limited hospital resources, threat of exposure to the virus as an additional occupational risk, longer shifts, disturbed sleep patterns, subsequent high dilemmas regarding duties with the patient versus fear of exposure to family members, increased workload, increased physical and mental fatigue, stress, anxiety and physical exhaustion. That said, measures must be taken to support intensive care groups in this phase of global public health. The measures include psychological counseling, organization of the workday, provision of personal protective equipment and training on safety measures. The present review showed evidence of how accentuated the cases of burnout and other emotional manifestations related to work stress worsened with the pandemic of COVID-19. Such emotional conditions have a negative impact on the care of patients undergoing intensive care units, as work stress causes illness, low motivation, unproductiveness and less self-confidence in their own work skills.

Oxidative stress in phenylketonuria—evidence from human studies and animal models, and possible implications for redox signaling

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the commonest inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Before mass neonatal screening was possible, and the success of introducing diet therapy right after birth, the typical clinical finds in patients ranged from intellectual disability, epilepsy, motor deficits to behavioral disturbances and other neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Since early diagnosis and treatment became widespread, usually only those patients who do not strictly follow the diet present psychiatric, less severe symptoms such as anxiety, depression, sleep pattern disturbance, and concentration and memory problems. Despite the success of low protein intake in preventing otherwise severe outcomes, PKU's underlying neuropathophysiology remains to be better elucidated. Oxidative stress has gained acceptance as a disturbance implicated in the pathogenesis of PKU. The conception of oxidative stress has evolved to comprehend how it could interfere and ultimately modulate metabolic pathways regulating cell function. We summarize the evidence of oxidative damage, as well as compromised antioxidant defenses, from patients, animal models of PKU, and in vitro experiments, discussing the possible clinical significance of these findings. There are many studies on oxidative stress and PKU, but only a few went further than showing macromolecular damage and disturbance of antioxidant defenses. In this review, we argue that these few studies may point that oxidative stress may also disturb redox signaling in PKU, an aspect few authors have explored so far. The reported effect of phenylalanine on the expression or activity of enzymes participating in metabolic pathways known to be responsive to redox signaling might be mediated through oxidative stress.

Light pollution: hidden perils in light and links to cancer

Light pollution is a rising global concern which impacts not only ecology but has a wide range of deleterious effect on human health as well. Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been linked to increased risk of cancers including shift workers at night. Apart from cancer, ALAN has been the cause of disrupted circadian rhythm, disturbances in sleep pattern, obesity, stress, alterations in the rhythmicity of gut microbiota and free radical damage. Melatonin, a wonder molecule dubbed as the hormone of darkness, appears to be involved in a plethora of physiological processes and abnormalities including control of sleep, circadian rhythms, retinal physiology, seasonal reproductive cycles, cancer development and growth, immune activity, antioxidation and free radical scavenging. Potential detrimental effects of artificial light are not known to all, hidden perils of light are yet to be brought in full public knowledge so that nighttime light can be dealt with effectively.

Non-Substance Addiction in Childhood and Adolescence–The Internet, Computer Games and Social Media.

Around 5.8% of adolescents and 2.8% of young adults have an Internet-related disorder. These figures underline the widespread concerns in our society regarding the potential dangers and risks associated with Internet and digital media use. Selective literature search for records on Internet-related disorders in children and adolescents. Internet-related disorders are now viewed as belonging to the behavioral addiction. Research has revealed similarities to substance-related disorders. There are often associations with other mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and personality disorders, as well as disturbed sleep patterns, increased risk taking, nicotine abuse, an unbalanced diet, and lack of exercise. Female adolescents are statistically significantly more often affected than male adolescents (7.1% versus 4.5%). The German STICA study, the first randomized controlled trial worldwide, demonstrated that cognitive behavioral therapy was effective compared with a waiting group (odds ratio 10.10, 95% confidence interval [3.69; 27.65]). Internet-related disorders have not yet been conclusively conceptualized and operationalized. Further work is urgently required to refine the concepts of both the illness and and its treatment.

Prevalence of Hypertension, Pre-Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Rural Field Practice Area of a Private Medical College in South-India

Introduction: Globally hypertension is responsible for majority of mortality and morbidity among the non-communicable disease burden. A Community based cross sectional study was carried out to find the prevalence of hypertension, pre-hypertension and associated risk factors in the rural field practice area of Saveetha Medical College between January to March 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: The sample size calculated was 203 and equal numbers of participants between the age group of 30 to 60 years were selected from each of the 6 villages in field practice area by Stratified Random sampling method. A semi- structured pretested questionnaire was used for data collection.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was found to be 29.4% and 28.9% respectively. Major determinants of hypertension were age, marital status, diabetes mellitus, excess salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, stress, family history of hypertension and disturbed sleep pattern. Increased odds of hypertension were seen in marital status, diabetes mellitus and excess salt intake.&#x0D; Conclusion: Interventional measures done in the pre-hypertensive stage prevents risk of developing hypertension. Regular screening for high blood pressure, lifestyle modifications, treatment with antihypertensive medication are required to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the community.

Prevalence and association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence among older adults: A community-based study in rural Puducherry, South India

Depression is more common among older adults, but there is a paucity of information about its association with spiritual intelligence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence among older adults. This community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 292 older adults in a rural area of Puducherry, India. A structured questionnaire was used to collect each participant's socio-demographic and behavioral factors; the presence of depressive symptoms was assessed by using Geriatric Depression Scale (short form), spiritual intelligence by the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24 questionnaire and activities of daily living by Katz Index of Independence scale. Proportion for prevalence estimate, bivariate and multivariable log binomial regression analysis were done. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 64.1 % (187/292; 95 % CI 58.3-69.3). Of total, 103 (35.3 %) had low, 92 (31.55 %) had moderate and 97 (33.2 %) had high spiritual intelligence. About 11 % (32/292) were partially or fully dependent. Depressive symptoms showed a significant association with marital status, education, sleep pattern, relationship with family members and spiritual intelligence in bivariate analysis. Depressive symptoms were high among those with low spiritual intelligence and disturbed sleep pattern with Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of 1.33 (95 %CI 1.26-1.4) and 1.06 (95 %CI 1.0-1.14) respectively. Majority of the older adults had depressive symptoms and significantly more among those with low spiritual intelligence and disturbed sleep. This study gives new evidence on spiritual intelligence among older adults in a community setting and the magnitude of association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence.

Reduction of Physical Activity Levels During the COVID-19 Pandemic Might Negatively Disturb Sleep Pattern.

BackgroundThe outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global panic and public concern due to its mortality ratio and lack of treatments/vaccines. Reduced levels of physical activity have been reported during the outbreak, affecting the normal daily pattern.ObjectiveTo investigate (i) the relationship of physical activity level with sleep quality and (ii) the effects of reduction physical activity levels on sleep quality.MethodsA Google form was used to address personal information, COVID-19 personal care, physical activity, and mental health of 1,907 adult volunteers. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the association of physical activity parameters and sleep quality.ResultsInsufficient physical activity levels were a risk factor to have disturbed sleep pattern [OR: 1.28, 95% CI (1.01–1.62)]; however, when the BMI was added to the analysis, there was no more statistical difference [OR: 1.23, 95% CI (0.96–1.57)]. On the other hand, we found that the reduction of physical activity levels was associated with negative changes in sleep quality [OR: 1.73, 95% CI (1.37–2.18)], regardless all the confounders [OR: 1.30, 95% CI (1.01–1.68)], unless when feeling of depression was added in Model 6 [OR: 1.28, 95% CI (0.99–1.66)].ConclusionDisruption in daily physical activity routine, rather than physical activity level, negatively influences sleep quality during the COVID-19 quarantine.

Growth parameters in children with atopic dermatitis in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Background: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. A disturbed sleep pattern, frequent potent topical and sometimes systemic corticosteroid use, and diet restriction, all of which could affect child's growth.Objective: This study determined height and weight impairment in children with atopic dermatitis.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study took children with atopic dermatitis ≤18 years, which was conducted in the "Erbil Dermatology Teaching Center." The patients' data included sociodemographic information, family history, drug history, and present complaints. The severity of the disease evaluated using SCORAD score. The weight was recorded using a medical electronic weighing machine, and standing height was recorded using a stadiometer.  Results: Among 100 children with atopic dermatitis, their mean of age was 6.84±1.8 years. Males and Females frequencies were 54 and 46, respectively. The family history of atopic dermatitis was positive in 73%. Generally disturbed sleep pattern was dominant, and almost all severe AD patients had disturbed sleep (87.5%). The severity of AD was classified by SCORAD score to mild (23%), moderate (69%), and severe (8%). Patients having their growth percentile for weight and height for age below 3rd percentile were 10% and 3%, respectively. Patients' weight and height for age below 25th percentile were 15% and 9%, respectively.Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis can affect the height and weight of the children inversely. The study sample's most dominant character was sleep pattern disturbances, which can affect both weight and height.

Inflammatory Cross-Talk Between Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Development of Insulin Resistance: Narrative Review

Obesity is characterized by increased infiltration of macrophages. Cytokines derived from these macrophages significantly induce inflammatory response and desensitize insulin action. Disturbed sleep pattern is also associated with release of the same kind of cytokines that could play a central role in the development of insulin resistance. A computer-based search of the literature indexed in PubMed was made using the keywords: glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, adipokines, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), sleep deprivation, and sleep loss. In this review firstly we include the studies that have measured the relationship of cytokines with sleep duration and insulin resistance, and finally, we analyze the relationship of sleep duration with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 are secreted by many cell types including macrophages, adipocytes, etc. They are released in response to many stimuli including sleep loss, tissue injury, and infection. Some evidence has suggested that these cytokines are molecular link between obesity, sleep disturbances, and insulin resistance, because similar types of alterations in plasma levels of these cytokines are found in patients with obesity and disturbed sleep having type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) or insulin resistance. We conclude that both sleep loss and obesity contribute to the onset of insulin resistance and DM-2 with the help of the same kind of cytokines. The mechanisms involved in the impaired glucose metabolism seem to act via a decreased efficacy of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and due to modified release of cytokines—especially IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 from adipocytes following obesity and poor quality of sleep. The aforementioned biomarkers could provide a minimally invasive means for early detection and specific treatment of these disorders.