Disturbance In Men Research Articles

Male body satisfaction: Factorial and construct validity of the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for men.

Given the centrality of body dissatisfaction in the manifestation of eating, exercise, and affective disturbances in men, measurement of this construct becomes essential. Across 2 studies with male undergraduates (Ns = 189 and 188), the psychometric properties, including incremental validity and factor structure, of the 25-item Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men (BPSS-M) were examined. Three factors--Upper Body, Legs, and Face--that included items measuring both muscularity and leanness were established. The factors were internally consistent and temporally stable (over 6 months), and support was found for their convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Further, we established that, after controlling for social desirability and drive for muscularity, body satisfaction contributes uniquely to men's experience of disordered eating, negative affect and mood, and psychological well-being. The BPSS-M yielded reliable and valid scores with undergraduate men, suggesting that it may be useful for understanding not only body satisfaction but disordered eating and affective disturbances as well.

Advertising Images of Men: Body Size and Muscularity of Men Depicted in Men’s Health Magazine

Abstract Despite an increasing incidence of body image and eating disturbances in men, research on men and the ways in which they are affected by the media remain greatly under-documented. Given the fact that men are not immune to media images and are increasingly objectified in the media (Rohlinger, 2002), some men may be under as much pressure as women to achieve cultural ideals of physical appearance depicted by the media. The media not only reflects cultural environments but it can also actively shape social norms as being recognized as an important socialization agent. In Western cultures, the male appearance ideal is leanness with defined musculature. Emphasis on muscularity for male body ideals has also been noted with children’s action toys (Baghurst, Carlston, Wood, & Wyatt, 2007). Although men are not targeted as obviously as fitness magazines target bodybuilders, men are increasingly targeted by advertisements in health and lifestyle magazines concerning how to improve their shape, tone their m...

Validation of 99m-Technetium Labelled Mebrofenin Hepatic Extraction Method to Quantify Meal Induced Splanchnic Blood Flow Responses Using a Porcine Model

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate a clinical diagnostic method to measure the total splanchnic blood flow (SBF) using the Fick principle and a tracer (99m-Technetium labelled mebrofenin) (Tc99-M) extracted by the liver(1; 2). The method was tested against an indicator dilution method independent of liver extraction using paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) as the indicator in a multi-catheterized porcine model. We also wanted to investigate whether Tc99-M was metabolized in any way in the intestines. Methods: Five permanent indwelling catheters were placed in the abdominal aorta, the inferior vena cava, the portal vein, the hepatic vein, and the superior mesenteric vein in 15 pigs (average weight 60 kg). Two weeks after surgery the SBF was measured by both methods and the portal blood flow, intestinal, and hepatic oxygen uptake, and net intestinal and hepatic fluxes of lactate, and glucose, were measured before and for 70 minutes after ingestion of a standard meal. The concentration of Tc99-M was measured in plasma from the hepatic vein, the portal vein, and the abdominal aorta for each sampling time. The placement of catheters was confirmed at autopsy. Results: The mean baseline SBF was 2961 and 2762 mL/min measured by PAH and Tc99-M, respectively, with a non-significant difference (p = 0.12) between the two methods. The SBF increased significantly after the meal to 3977 measured by Tc99-M and 3981 mL/min measured by PAH, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.98) between the two methods. Total splanchnic O2-flux was at baseline 7.19 ± 0.20 mmol/min and 9.81 ± 0.30 after feeding (p < 0.001), the intestinal O2-flux 3.75 ± 0.16mmol/min vs. 4.92 ± 0.13 mmol/min postprandial (p < 0.001). The arterial-portal difference in Tc99-M concentration was 0.21% of the arterial concentration (p = 0.48), indicating no net intestinal extraction or metabolism. Conclusion: The Fick principle is a robust technique for measuring the total SBF when compared to the indicator dilution method. Because there was no difference in the content of Tc99-M between the arterial and portal vein plasma, the SBF can be determined from an arterial and a hepatic vein sample. Tc99-M may potentially detect splanchnic ischemia and other perfusion disturbances in man.

The Relationship Between Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Severity and Sleep Disturbance in the CAMUS Trial

Bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms, including nocturia, significantly impact general health related quality of life in men, as does sleep disturbance. However, few groups have examined the relationship between urinary symptom severity and sleep disturbance. Men enrolled in a clinical trial of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) were studied at baseline. Lower urinary tract symptom severity, as determined by the American Urological Association symptom index and quality of life scores, and the degree of sleep disturbance were determined by the Jenkins sleep scale. Analysis was done, adjusting for baseline characteristics, to identify predictors of severe sleep disturbance. A total of 366 men with a mean ± SD age of 60.9 ± 8.3 years who had moderate-severe lower urinary tract symptoms (mean American Urological Association symptom index score 14.58 ± 4.6 points) and a mean Jenkins sleep score of 7.3 ± 4.7 points were included in analysis. Overall there were significant associations between the American Urological Association symptom index score and sleep disturbance severity. Multivariate analysis revealed that obstructive and irritative symptoms were significantly associated with severe sleep disturbance. Further analysis showed that lower serum prostate specific antigen and post-void residual urine volume were also significantly associated with the degree of sleep disturbance. Lower urinary tract symptom severity is a risk factor for severe sleep disturbance in men. While nocturia was significantly associated with sleep disturbance, other lower urinary tract symptoms were also independent predictors of sleep dysfunction.

Predictors of the Trajectories of Self-Reported Sleep Disturbance in Men with Prostate Cancer During and Following Radiation Therapy

To examine how self-reported ratings of sleep disturbance changed from the time of the simulation visit to four months after the completion of radiation therapy (RT) and to investigate whether specific patient, disease, and symptom characteristics predicted the initial levels of sleep disturbance and/or characteristics of the trajectories of sleep disturbance. Prospective longitudinal study. Two radiation therapy centers. Patients (n = 82) who underwent primary or adjuvant RT for prostate cancer. Changes in self-reported sleep disturbance were measured using the General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Trait and state anxiety were measured using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to answer the study aims. Self-reported sleep disturbance increased during the course of RT and then decreased following the completion of RT. Predictors of higher levels of sleep disturbance included younger age, higher levels of trait anxiety, higher levels of depressive symptoms, and higher levels of sleep disturbance at the initiation of RT. Sleep disturbance is a significant problem in patients with prostate cancer who undergo RT. Younger men with co-occurring depression and anxiety may be at greatest risk for sleep disturbance during RT.

Endocrine Disruptors and Water Quality: A State-of-the-Art Review

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are compounds which interfere with the hormone system and may adversely affect the health and reproduction of man and animals. These compounds comprise heavy metals and organic chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, plasticizers, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic estrogens as well as phyto- and mycoestrogens. In this review, an overview of most frequently asked questions is presented. These questions are: What are the sources of endocrine disruptors we find in the environment? What concentrations do we have in our wastewater? What happens in the wastewater treatment plant? Do we have EDs in other water bodies also? Is drinking water at risk? Why is it so difficult to prove whether EDs are harmful? Could sperm decline and fertility disturbance in man be due to EDs? Could breast cancer be due to exposure to EDs? What are alterations in wildlife and fish? What can be done?

Urgency Is an Independent Factor for Sleep Disturbance in Men with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The relationship between overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, other than nocturia, and sleep, has not been fully evaluated, although a close relationship between nocturia and sleep disturbance has been reported. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between OAB symptoms and several polysomnography (PSG) parameters in middle-age men with sleep disturbance, especially to clarify whether urgency as the hallmark symptom of an OAB is independently associated with sleep quality. A total of 32 men >40 years of age (mean age 58.0 ± 12.6), who had been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by PSG, were included in the present study. Their OAB symptoms were evaluated using the OAB symptom score (OABSS) before PSG. The relationship between the OABSS and several parameters, such as sleeping time, sleeping efficiency, sleep latency, percentage of rapid eye movement during sleeping time, and apnea/hypopnea index obtained from PSG, was evaluated. Multivariate analysis showed that only sleeping efficiency was an influencing factor on the total OABSS. Of the 4 subscores of OABSS, including frequency, nocturia, urgency, and urgency incontinence, multivariate analysis showed that the subscores of nocturia and urgency were independent influencing factors on sleeping efficiency. Nocturia correlated negatively with sleeping efficiency (Pearson's correlation 0.533, P <.01), and urgency also correlated negatively with sleeping efficiency (Pearson's correlation 0.492, P <.01). We found that urgency and nocturia were factors that independently affected sleep or were affected by sleep quality, although only the association of nocturia with sleep disturbance has been the focus of previous studies.

Male Sexual Dysfunction

Among all types of sexual disturbance in men, disturbances of sexual function are the most important in clinical practice. These are classified by the segment of the sexual reaction cycle in which they arise (appetence, arousal, orgasm, and resolution). Partial functional impairment must be distinguished from dysfunction causing significant suffering and requiring treatment. The authors' clinical experience is supplemented with a selective review of the literature on sexual dysfunction, its association with underlying diseases, and its impact on sexual and relational satisfaction. The sexual history (including the partner's sexual history, as far as this can be obtained) is of prime importance in the diagnostic evaluation of sexual disturbances. This evaluation must take the multidimensionality and multiple functions of human sexuality into account. Chronic frustration of the fundamental psychosocial needs for acceptance, closeness, and security is a very important factor that has been neglected until now by the prevailing conceptions of the etiology and pathogenesis of sexual disturbances. Their treatment involves a combination of elements from sexual medicine and psychotherapy, along with somatic medical and pharmacotherapeutic intervention, if needed. The goal of syndyastic sex therapy, a further development of the previous therapies, is to fulfill these fundamental needs and thereby to improve the patient's sexual function and deepen his satisfaction with the relationship in its entirety. It is essential to understand the different types of sexual disturbance in their biopsychosocial context as well as the significance of sexuality for the individual, and for the couple, with respect to reproduction, sexual pleasure, and bonding. Sexual disturbances are common, and patients therefore expect their physicians to be proficient in sexual medicine. The coverage of this subject in both undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in Germany needs to be improved.

Sexual impotence and some autonomic disturbances in men with multiple sclerosis.

Sexual impotence and some autonomic disturbances in men with multiple sclerosis.

C-reactive protein Levels and Sleep Disturbances: Observations Based on The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

To investigate whether sleep disturbances are associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at the population level. Elevated CRP levels have been found to accompany sleep disturbances, but evidence so far comes only from limited clinical and experimental studies; epidemiological studies are lacking. We utilized the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, whose participants have been followed up to the age of 31 years. The hs-enzyme immunoassay method was used to measure highly sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP) concentrations (4011 participants). Self-reported sleep disturbances were ranked from 1 (no problem) to 5 (severe disturbances). Multivariate analyses, after adjusting for confounders, revealed that hs-CRP levels in men in the sleep disturbance category "moderate, considerable and severe" (i.e., self-reported sleep disturbances rated 3, 4, or 5), were >18% (18.2%, 95% Confidence Interval 3.0% to 36.3%) higher than those in men with "no" sleep disturbance. In women, hs-CRP levels did not significantly differ between different sleep disturbance categories. Our results support the hypothesis that moderate-to-severe sleep disturbances in men are associated with slightly increased CRP levels at the epidemiological level. Further investigations are called for to see whether our results can be replicated in other databases.

Nocturia in men

Nocturia is a common source of sleep disturbance in men and can result from many different causes. A patient-generated frequency/volume chart, along with several simple mathematical formulas, is used to classify nocturia according to its principal aetiology. The categories are nocturnal polyuria (NP), reduced voided volumes, 24-h polyuria and a combination of the aforementioned factors. Identification of the precise type of nocturia can help direct treatment in the cause-specific manner. In particular, use of the antidiuretic desmopressin can be of benefit in those with NP and may also be useful as part of a combination treatment approach in nocturia of mixed aetiology.

The influence of surgical operations on components of the human immune system

Surgical operations have been shown to cause a variety of immunological disturbances in man both in vivo and in vitro. With few exceptions the overall picture is one of a generalized state of immunodepression in the postoperative period. The implications of these observations are that host defences may be compromised by surgical procedures, thus providing a 'fertile soil' for bacterial invasion and tumour cell metastasis at the very time when risks from invading pathogens and viable tumour cells are maximal. We have studied the effects of surgical operations on the immune system in 35 patients with benign disease. Surgical procedures were classified as either minor (n = 15) or major (n = 20). A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to identify peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Simultaneous estimations of plasma alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI), alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M), alpha-2-pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (alpha-2-PAG) and plasma suppressive activity (PSA) on stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes were performed before operation and on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 17 and 21. Circulating numbers of all lymphocyte subpopulations fell significantly following surgery, except for B lymphocytes which did not change. The magnitude, and duration of the reduction in cell numbers and the subpopulation affected was significantly related to the degree of surgical trauma, and returned to pre-operative values by postoperative day 7. Changes in alpha-1-PI, alpha-2-M, alpha-2-PAG and PSA were also significantly related to the degree of surgical trauma, and these plasma changes persisted longer than the cellular disturbances. Surgical operations induce a reversible depression of cellular immunity which precedes plasma suppressive activity in its return to pre-operative levels. Immunostimulating agents such as interferon and the interleukins deserve evaluation as prophylactic agents pre-operatively.

Sex differences in the polysomnographic sleep of young adults: a community-based study

Background and purpose In small, clinical samples, men have reduced slow wave sleep compared to women. Given the higher prevalence of sleep-related breathing disturbance in men, this study assessed sex differences in sleep in a large, non-clinical sample of adults and controlled for primary sleep disorders. Patients and methods Men and women, 31–40 years old, drawn from a longitudinal sample representative of southeast Michigan served as subjects. Each underwent a sleep study consisting of two consecutive 8-h nights of standard polysomnography (NPSG) and a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) the intervening day. Results Of the 439 eligible participants, 292 (66.5%) agreed to spend two consecutive nights and the intervening day in the sleep laboratory. Standard polysomnograms that monitored respiration and leg movements were collected each night, and on the intervening day the MSLT was performed. Men had more sleep-related breathing disturbance than women. After adjusting for this higher prevalence of respiratory disturbance, men still had a lower mean sleep efficiency (i.e. increased wake time) and a higher percentage of stage 1 sleep. Men and women did not differ in most other sleep parameters and did not differ in level of daytime sleepiness on the MSLT. Conclusions Sleep-related respiratory disturbance accounted for some of the sex differences in sleep. After correcting for respiratory disturbance, men still had lighter and less efficient sleep, but this was not associated with greater daytime sleepiness. Whether this reflects a sex difference in the functioning of the sleep homeostat will require further study.

Antiepileptic drugs alter reproductive endocrine hormones in men with epilepsy

Disturbances of reproductive endocrine hormones are more often found in men with epilepsy than in the general population. There is an ongoing debate whether this can be attributed to chronic use of antiepileptic drugs or to the epilepsy itself. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of endocrine disturbances in men with epilepsy compared with healthy controls, and to investigate whether there was a drug-specific effect of valproate (VPA) or carbamazepine (CBZ). Men with epilepsy, 20-40 years old, having used either VPA (n = 16) or CBZ (n = 19) as monotherapy for >2 years were included and compared with age-matched controls. Men with epilepsy (VPA + CBZ) had significantly lower FSH values and higher C-peptide values compared with controls. Regarding possible drug-specific effects, the VPA treated patients had significantly higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) levels and lower FSH and LH concentrations compared with the controls, whereas there were no differences in testosterone, testosterone/sexhormone-binding globulin (SHBG) ratio or androstenedione levels. Men on VPA also had significantly lower free carnitine/total carnitine, which may have implications for sperm motility, and also higher insulin and C-peptide concentrations. The CBZ treated patients had significantly lower testosterone/SHBG ratio than the controls. Compared with the CBZ treated patients, men on VPA had significantly higher DHEAS concentrations and lower levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as a lower free carnitine/total carnitine ratio. A marked age dependency was found in all three groups regarding several of the endocrine hormones. In conclusion, drug-specific endocrine effects of VPA and CBZ were found in men with epilepsy. Long-term VPA treatment leads to significant changes in DHEAS, FSH, LH, insulin, C-peptide and carnitine ratio. Long-term CBZ treatment leads to significant lower testosterone/SHBG ratio. A strict age matching were found to be of importance in the evaluation of endocrine function in men.

Outcomes associated with hypogonadism in men with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease is commonly accompanied by disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Such disturbances in men give rise to hypogonadism and low circulating testosterone levels. The deficiency in testosterone can contribute to clinical outcomes such as sexual dysfunction, decreased bone mineralization, malnutrition and decreased muscle mass, and anemia. The administration of androgens to nonuremic hypogonadal men is usually effective in treating such outcomes. By contrast, the response to therapy in uremic men tends to be much less predictable. This variability in response is not surprising, because these same clinical outcomes can be the result of other aspects of the uremic state or the comorbid conditions that are frequently present in men with chronic kidney disease. Although further studies are needed, testosterone therapy may prove most useful as an adjunct to other more general therapies designed to address the uremic state.

Outcomes associated with hypogonadism in men with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease is commonly accompanied by disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Such disturbances in men give rise to hypogonadism and low circulating testosterone levels. The deficiency in testosterone can contribute to clinical outcomes such as sexual dysfunction, decreased bone mineralization, malnutrition and decreased muscle mass, and anemia. The administration of androgens to nonuremic hypogonadal men is usually effective in treating such outcomes. By contrast, the response to therapy in uremic men tends to be much less predictable. This variability in response is not surprising, because these same clinical outcomes can be the result of other aspects of the uremic state or the comorbid conditions that are frequently present in men with chronic kidney disease. Although further studies are needed, testosterone therapy may prove most useful as an adjunct to other more general therapies designed to address the uremic state.

Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures

The current study reports the development and psychometrics of a figure rating scale with leanness and muscularity dimensions and a 13-item questionnaire assessing symptoms associated with muscle dysmorphia (MD). Three separate samples of men and women completed the muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory (MDDI), the bodybuilder image grid (BIG) or both to measure 1-week test–retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity and valid placement of BIG figures along interval scales of body fat and lean muscle mass. The MDDI and MDDI subscales (drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairment) had good reliability, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. The BIG had good to excellent test–retest reliability, good convergent and divergent validity and validity as an interval scale. Implications for characterizing body image disturbance in men and benefits and limitations of the measures are discussed.

Alpha-blocker test: alternative to pressure-flow study of bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor contractility in patients without an enlarged prostate.

We investigated whether the cause of urinary disturbance in men with a prostate volume < or =20 mL can be determined by analyzing the efficacy of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist (alpha-blocker) treatment. Thirty-five men who were >50 years of age, with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) > or =8 points, a quality of life (QOL) index > or =2 points and a prostate volume </=20 mL were enrolled in the non-enlarged prostate group. Twenty-six men who met the above conditions but who had a prostate volume >20 mL served as controls. The alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/day for 4 weeks. Results for the IPSS, QOL index, free flowmetry and pressure-flow studies were obtained before and after tamsulosin administration. In both groups, tamsulosin improved the IPSS and QOL index and the bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) was lowered without reducing the bladder contractility index (BCI). No parameter showed a significant difference in treatment efficacy between the two groups. In the non-enlarged prostate group, both the pretreatment BOOI and BCI correlated with the efficacy of treatment in improving maximum flow rate (Qmax). In the enlarged prostate group, BOOI and BCI did not correlate with Qmax. When Qmax was improved by > or =3.5 mL/s, the positive predictive value for both pretreatment BOOI >40 and BCI >100 was 100% in the non-enlarged prostate group. The alpha-blocker test is one method to assess the presence of bladder outlet obstruction and the state of detrusor contractility in men without an enlarged prostate.

Cancer Fear and Mood Disturbance After Radical Prostatectomy: Consequences of Biochemical Evidence of Recurrence

Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer often precedes any clinical sign or symptom of disease recurrence by several years. Thus, patients may have laboratory evidence of recurrence and do not know what it portends in terms of the future disease course. Little is known about the emotional consequences of biochemical recurrence. We compared cancer fear and mood disturbance in men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer versus those without recurrence. In addition, associations among urinary symptoms, cancer fear and mood disturbance were examined. A survey including the American Urological Association symptom index, a cancer fear measure and the Profile of Mood States was mailed to patients at a urology clinic at a tertiary care hospital in 1999. Of the sample of 270 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy 126 (47%) responded to the mailed survey. A total of 45 men with biochemical prostate cancer recurrence were compared to 81 patients without recurrence. Higher urinary tract symptoms were associated with increased cancer fear and mood disturbance (each p <0.05). Biochemical cancer recurrence was not independently associated with increased cancer fear and mood disturbance. However, men with biochemical recurrence and more severe urinary tract symptoms reported the highest levels of cancer fear and mood disturbance (each p <0.01). Psychological distress was highest in men with biochemical recurrence and elevated clinical symptoms. Urinary symptoms may be an important contributor to psychological distress in patients with prostate cancer who have biochemical recurrence.

Comparison of parameters to determine the cause of urinary disturbance in men with prostate volume less than 20 milliliters

International Journal of UrologyVolume 9, Issue 10 p. 560-560 Comparison of parameters to determine the cause of urinary disturbance in men with prostate volume less than 20 milliliters KOSAKU YASUDA, KOSAKU YASUDA Dokkyo University, School of Medicine, Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, JapanSearch for more papers by this author KOSAKU YASUDA, KOSAKU YASUDA Dokkyo University, School of Medicine, Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 September 2009 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2002.t01-1-00524.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume9, Issue10October 2002Pages 560-560 RelatedInformation