Districts Of Peru Research Articles

Estimating the prevalence of anemia rates among children under five in Peruvian districts with a small sample size

In this paper we attempt to answer the following question: “Is it possible to obtain reliable estimates for the prevalence of anemia rates in children under five years in the districts of Peru?” Specifically, the objective of the present paper is to understand to which extent employing the basic and the spatial Fay–Herriot models can compensate for inadequate sample size in most of the sampled districts, and whether the way of choosing the spatial neighbors has an impact on the resulting inference. Furthermore, we explore the question of how to choose an optimal way to define the neighbors. As such, our research focuses on studying the prediction accuracy of the aforementioned models, and on the sensitivity of the results to the definition of “neighbor”. We use the data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey of the year 2019, and the National Census carried out in 2017.

Social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded governments and diverse organizations to work on strategies to prepare and help communities. Increasing recognition of the importance of identifying vulnerable populations has raised a demand for better tools. One of these tools is the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The SVI was created in 2011 to identify and plan assistance for socially vulnerable populations during hazardous events, by providing disaster management personnel information to target specific areas. We aimed to evaluate and determine the social vulnerability in different provinces and districts of Peru in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic using an adapted version of the SVI index. Ecological, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted. We adapted the SVI and collected indicators related to COVID-19. We organized and analyzed the population data of the 196 provinces of Peru, using data from government institutions. We found a distribution of high and very high SVI in the mountainous areas of Peru. High and very high social vulnerability indexes, due to the presence of some or all the variables were predominantly distributed in the provinces located in the southern and highlands of the country. The association between mortality rate and social SVI-COVID19 was inverse, the higher the vulnerability, the lower the mortality. Our results identify that the provinces with high and very high vulnerability indexes are mostly located in rural areas nearby the Andes Mountains, not having a direct correlation with COVID-19 mortality.

Comparative Study of Rural Poverty and Quality of Life in Inhabitants of Two Districts in Peru

Poverty is a social problem that has affected millions of societies on the planet. Quality of life standards is as diverse as each person's perception of them. The objective of this research was to describe to what extent and how rural poverty affects the quality of life of the inhabitants in the districts of Ongón and Urpay-Pataz, 2022. The research methodology was applied, with a quantitative approach, and a non-experimental design with causal and cross-sectional correlational scope. The variables considered were rural poverty and quality of life. The population was made up of 1250 inhabitants of the district of Ongón and 2048 inhabitants of the district of Urpay-Pataz, 2022, and simple random sampling. The sample was was 340 inhabitants of both districts. The survey technique was used and the questionnaire as an instrument. There was a significant influence of rural poverty on the quality of life of the inhabitants in the districts of Ongón and Urpay-Pataz, which suggested a decrease in rural poverty contingent on an improvement in the quality of life of the population. Rural poverty among the inhabitants was at a good to a regular level associated with aspects of family farming, social protection, sustainable management, rural non-agricultural employment and integrated infrastructure packages in the districts, and access to health, food, and sanitation services. The quality of life of the inhabitants was located at a good level to regulate linked to physical, psychological, social, and environmental aspects, access to electricity services. The influence of rural poverty and the quality of life due to its physical, social, and environmental dimensions in the inhabitants of the district of Ongón and Urpay, Pataz, were evident.

Felicidad y Religión en dos Perúes

   This article examines the relationship between happiness and religiosity in two groups of districts in Peru. Although it is known that there is a positive relationship between happiness and religion, there has not previously been interest in studying this relationship at either end of the social pyramid. The subjects of this research are not only the rich and the poor but those who live in the poorest and richest districts. This article has two sections. The first explains how religion is practiced at both ends of the social scale. The second shows the relationship between happiness and religion. The paper states that rich people are happier than the poor even if the disadvantaged group is more religious.

Happiness and poverty in the very poor Peru: measurement improvements and a consistent relationship

Despite of poverty and extreme poverty estimations having decreased during the period 2006–2016 in Peru, from 49.1 to 20.7% and from 16.1 to 3.8%, respectively, the poor population still represents a latent concern for policy makers. Essentially, the main reason lies on the multidimensional problems of quality of life. Then, a research question yet unaddressed rises: Is it possible to find very poor people who feel happy? If so, what controls this relationship? The first main contribution of this study is the application of modern measurement theory to measure happiness. The short Oxford Happiness Questionnaire jointly with an ad hoc Multidimensional Poverty Index-MPI (8 items) were applied to a random sample of 537 household heads who live in the five poorest districts in Peru. Item response theory analysis was conducted to measure happiness scores. Findings reveal happiness scores and the MPI are negatively associated in the very poor Peru. Friendship, religiosity, and some relevant non-material characteristics of a family are the most important covariates of the relationship between these variables. In fact, the second contribution of this study represents the inclusion of variables associated to the quantity and quality of friendship as relevant controllers of happiness and poverty.

Complementary Municipal Elections in Post-Electoral Conflict Districts in Peru.

El presente articulo analiza el desarrollo de las Elecciones Municipales Complementarias 2019 en doce distritos en los que se declaro la nulidad del proceso luego de las Elecciones Regionales y Municipales 2018 en el Peru. De acuerdo a la legislacion electoral de este pais, la declaracion de nulidad de un proceso es competencia del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (JNE) y se produce debido a dos causales. En el primer caso, once distritos tuvieron que repetir su proceso electoral debido a que el conteo de votos nulos y en blanco, sumado o separado, superaron los 2/3 del numero de votos emitidos. Mientras que, en un solo distrito se declaro la nulidad del proceso debido a la inasistencia de mas del 50% de votantes producto de la no instalacion de las mesas de sufragio. Mas alla del argumento juridico sobre la nulidad de los procesos, es necesario considerar un factor como la violencia electoral que estuvo presente en todos estos distritos. El proceso electoral en estas circunscripciones fue interrumpido debido al descontento de los ciudadanos con el desarrollo del proceso y las amenazas de violencia electoral. Es asi como, es posible incluir a esta variable como un factor explicativo para la interrupcion de los procesos electorales. Asi, la presente investigacion desarrolla un analisis cualitativo, en base a la informacion recopilada por la Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales (ONPE). Este estudio hace especial enfasis en las dinamicas propias de la gestion electoral en distritos con alta probabilidad de sufrir conflictos electorales y describe la forma en que se interrumpieron las elecciones subnacionales en estas circunscripciones

An evaluation of the Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético program to promote access to liquefied petroleum gas in Peru

IntroductionOver 80% of rural households in Peru use solid fuels as their primary source of domestic energy, which contributes to several health problems. In 2016, 6.7 million Peruvians were living in rural areas. The Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético (FISE) LPG Promotion Program, which began in 2012 and is housed under the Ministry of Energy and Mining, is a government-sponsored initiative aimed at reducing use of solid fuels by increasing access to clean fuel for cooking to poor Peruvian households. MethodsWe conducted a mixed methods study incorporating data from publicly available records and reports, a community survey of 375 households in Puno (the province with the largest number of FISE beneficiary households), and in-depth interviews with community members and key stakeholders. We used the Reach, Effectiveness – Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to guide our data collection and analysis efforts. In a sample of 95 households, we also measured 48-hour area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). ResultsThe FISE LPG promotion program has achieved high geographical reach; the program is currently serving households in 100% of districts in Peru. Households with access to electricity may be participating at a higher level than households without electricity because the program is implemented primarily by electricity distributors. In a sample of 95 households, FISE beneficiaries experienced a reduction in kitchen concentrations of PM2.5; however, there were no differences in personal exposures, and both kitchen and personal exposures were above the WHO intermediate target for indoor air quality. Among the 375 households surveyed, stove stacking with biomass fuels was reported in >95% of both beneficiary and non-beneficiary households, with fewer than 5% reporting exclusive use. In-depth interviews suggest that the complexity of the enrollment process and access to LPG distribution points may be key barriers to participating in FISE. ConclusionThe FISE LPG Program has achieved high reach and its targeted subsidy and surcharge-based financing structure represent a potentially feasible and sustainable model for other government programs. However, the prevalence of stove stacking among FISE beneficiaries remains high. There is a need for improved communication channels between program implementers and beneficiaries. FISE should also consider expanding the mobile LPG network and community delivery service to reduce physical barriers and indirect costs of LPG acquisition. Finally, increasing the value of LPG vouchers to completely cover one or two tanks a month, or alternatively, introducing behavior change strategies to reduce monthly LPG usage, may facilitate the transition to exclusive LPG use.

Spatial analysis of gestational anemia in Peru, 2015

To establish regional prevalences of anemia in pregnant women receiving care at public clinics in Peru in 2015 and identify high-prevalence district conglomerates. An ecological study was carried out on data from pregnant women with anemia registered on the Nutritional Status Information System (SIEN) who received care in 7703 public clinics in 2015. Regional and district prevalences of gestational anemia were calculated. District conglomerates with a high prevalence of gestational anemia were identified using the Moran Index. Information was gathered from 311,521 pregnant women distributed in 1638 districts in Peru. The national prevalence of anemia was 24.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 24.0-24.3%), the rural prevalence was 30.5%, and the urban prevalence was 22.0%. The regions of Huancavelica (45.5%; 95% CI: 44.2-46.7%), Puno (42.8%; 95% CI: 41.9-43.7%), Pasco (38.5%; 95% CI: 36.9-40.0%), Cusco (36.0%; 95% CI: 35.3-36.8%), and Apurímac (32.0%; 95% CI: 30.8-33.1%) had the highest prevalences of anemia. The local Moran Index identified 202 high-priority districts (hot spots) (12.3% of total; 44 urban and 158 rural) located in Ancash, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad, Lima, Pasco, and Puno containing high-prevalence district conglomerates. Gestational anemia in Peru has its highest prevalence rates in rural and southern mountainous areas. The district conglomerates with high prevalence rates of gestational anemia coincide with the areas of high regional prevalence.

Índice de dispersión poblacional distrital (IDP) para la estimación de necesidades de recursos humanos en salud del primer nivel de atención

Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud de Perú (MINSA) viene implementando políticas y estrategias orientadas a garantizar el acceso a atención con equidad, oportunidad y calidad; para lo cual se requiere contar con recursos humanos (RHUS) suficientes y adecuadamente distribuidos en los diferentes niveles de atención. Así, es fundamental estimar la brecha de RHUS especialmente en el primer nivel de atención, incorporando en particular como criterio, la dispersión poblacional presente en el país. Objetivos: Diseñar, validar y aplicar un índice de dispersión poblacional distrital (IDP) que caracterice la dispersión distrital y aporte en la estimación de brecha de RHUS en el primer nivel de atención. Diseño: Estudio observacional y analítico, análisis multivariado. Lugar: Dirección General de Gestión del Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos MINSA, Perú. Participantes: Se consideró como unidad de análisis la totalidad de los distritos del Perú. Intervenciones: Análisis factorial exploratorio que considera variables demográficas, sociales, económicas y de acceso a los servicios de salud, obtenidas de los Censos de Población y Vivienda (2005 y 2007) y la Encuesta Nacional Continua (2006). Principales medidas de resultado: Índice de dispersión poblacional distrital. Resultados: El IDP fue estructurado y validado con la relación oficial de municipios rurales y la percepción de los operadores sanitarios de los Gobiernos Regionales del país. De las 1 831 municipalidades evaluadas, se clasificó los 1 277 distritos considerados rurales de acuerdo a la clasificación de Presidencia de Consejo de Ministros (PCM) como dispersos por la metodología; se identificó un 82% de concordancia. Conclusiones: El IDP diseñado y validado aporta en la estimación de brechas de RHUS para los servicios asistenciales del primer nivel de atención en el Perú.

Predictors of peer victimization among Peruvian adolescents in the young lives cohort.

Bully-victimization is a widespread public health issue with significant negative effects on both social function and psychological well-being. Existing research in Peru shows high prevalence of bullying. However, researchers have yet to fully understand the phenomenon of victimization in developing regions. The purpose of this study was to characterize victimization patterns over time, along with the predictors of victimization from a cohort of Peruvian adolescents enrolled in the young lives (YL) study. This study examined data from YL, a longitudinal study of poverty, health, and development, which examined data from the older cohort of children in Peru across three rounds (ages 8, 12, and 15 years). The sample consisted of 714 children from 74 communities that represent 20 districts in Peru. After adjusting for urban/rural setting, there remained a significantly lower wealth index for children who were bullied at ages 8 and 12 years. Exploratory analysis showed that although those in the lowest quartile of body mass index (BMI) were significantly more likely to be bullied at age 8 years, this association waned over time. A worse caregiver assessment of child's health compared with others was associated with a significantly greater risk of bully-victimization. At age 8 years, caregiver education was significantly lower among those bullied compared with those who were not bullied. This study showed several factors as the predictors of victimization in the early years, including being male and having low BMI, low socioeconomic status, and low parental/caregiver education. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine the extent to which these predictors vary in significance over time.

Association between socioeconomic household level and z‐score of BMI in children: results of a longitudinal study (624.14)

Improvements in socioeconomic conditions in countries in transition tend to be accompanied by increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Peru is experiencing important macroeconomic changes that are modifying living conditions of households, which may have affected the prevalence of obesity. To estimate the effect of socioeconomic status on children´s weight, we used data of Niños del Milenio, part of the Young Lives Study, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty representing the poorest 95% of districts in Peru. In 2002, 2052 children 6‐17 months were enrolled, visited and measured again in 2006 and 2010. We used mixed models to evaluate the association between BMI and household socioeconomic level, food expenditures, and maternal education. The BMI z‐score was significantly positively associated with household income terciles and maternal education level. These associations were strongest in the third round, and between the third and first income terciles (+0.31 + 0.05, p<0.000), and between level of maternal education (high school vs. elementary/no illiterate: +0.39 + 0.07, p<0.000). BMI z‐score in round 3 was higher in households that spent more on ultra‐processed food (third vs. first terciles: +0.24 + 0.05, p<0.000) and on foods eaten away from home (spent/no spent: +0.11 + 0.04, p=0.016). This study reinforces the importance of continued vigilance and policies to increase the availability and consumption of healthier foods to reduce childhood overweight and obesity.

Síndrome de rubéola congénita en diecisiete hospitales del Perú, 1998-2000

Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de casos de síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC) en Hospitales Nacionales e Institutos Especializados del Perú. Diseño: Transversal, descriptivo. Material y Métodos: Se revisó historias clínicas de niños hospitalizados entre enero de 1998 y junio de 2000 en 17 hospitales ubicados en 7 departamentos del Perú, niños que presentaron cuando menos alguno de los siguientes diagnósticos: catarata o glaucoma congénitos, retinitis pigmentosa, malformación cardíaca congénita o sordera neurosensorial. Resultados: De 91 102 diagnósticos de egresos hospitalarios en niños menores de 12 años, 361 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión para el estudio; de ellos, 187 (51,8%) tuvieron sospecha de síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC), 35 (9,7%) fueron casos probables y 5 (1,4%) confirmados. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron cardiovasculares (93,6%), del sistema nervioso central (29,6%) y oculares (18,6%); 11% de los niños tuvo más de una manifestación clínica. Conclusión: Existe evidencia de niños con SRC que han sido hospitalizados en 17 hospitales en el Perú.

The political economy of party building

This article theorizes the strategies used by parties to expand their support base, with a particular focus on the allocation of party goods. Here, we theorize that nascent parties with goods to hand out will favour a particular type of societal group, which we name private-gain-seeking groups. We utilize Peru’s party system collapse following Fujimori’s rule as an opportunity to test our hypotheses, which state that political parties will favour electorally volatile groups with restricted access to information or compromised opportunities to process it. Evidence for the hypotheses is found using data on the FONCODES allocation patterns of approximately 750 mayoral districts in Peru. The data suggest that groups expected to be favoured could end up receiving shares 34 percent greater than the least attractive groups.

The Impact of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Coffee Farmers’ Marketing Channel Choice: Evidence from Villa Rica, Peru

Villa Rica is one of the most important coffee-producing districts in Peru. In Villa Rica there are several marketing channels: intermediaries, private companies, cooperatives and associations. The intermediaries focus solely on higher prices while marketing organizations offer benefits to their members. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-economic characteristics that influence coffee farmers to join a formal organization vs. those who distribute their product through intermediaries. A survey of 60 producers was carried out in June 2011 in Villa Rica. A binary logistic model was used in order to show how these characteristics affect farmers’ choice of which marketing channel to use to distribute their product. The results demonstrated that farmers who are keen to receive technical assistance participate in the marketing organizations. These coffee marketing organizations should look for ways to improve the extension component through training and knowledge transfers to smallholder farmers.

The Impact of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Coffee Farmers’ Marketing Channel Choice: Evidence from Villa Rica, Peru

Villa Rica is one of the most important coffee-producing districts in Peru. In Villa Rica there are several marketing channels: intermediaries, private companies, cooperatives and associations. The intermediaries focus solely on higher prices while marketing organizations offer benefits to their members. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-economic characteristics that influence coffee farmers to join a formal organization vs. those who distribute their product through intermediaries. A survey of 60 producers was carried out in June 2011 in Villa Rica. A binary logistic model was used in order to show how these characteristics affect farmers’ choice of which marketing channel to use to distribute their product. The results demonstrated that farmers who are keen to receive technical assistance participate in the marketing organizations. These coffee marketing organizations should look for ways to improve the extension component through training and knowledge transfers to smallholder farmers.

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL ASEGURAMIENTO UNIVERSAL EN SALUD EN REGIONES PILOTO DEL PERÚ

In April 2009, the Law No. 29344: framework Law on universal Health Assurance was enacted, its implementation will be gradual in the number of insured as coverage of benefits and explicit guarantees. first will be implemented in nine pilot areas of the poorest provinces and districts of Peru, for which the State has made budgetary changes to allow its implementation.

Cataract in Latin America: findings from nine recent surveys

To review recent data on blindness and low vision due to cataract in Latin America. Presentation of findings from population-based prevalence surveys conducted between 1999 and 2006 in nine Latin American countries covering 30,544 people aged 50 years and older. Prevalence of cataract blindness in people 50 years and older ranged from 0.5% in Buenos Aires to 2.3% in four provinces of Guatemala. Low vision from cataract ranged from 0.9% in Buenos Aires to 10.7% in Piura and Tumbes Districts in Peru. Cataract surgical coverage (CSC) was good in Campinas, Brazil; low in Paraguay, Peru, and Guatemala; and moderate in the other areas. Good visual outcome after cataract surgery nearly conformed to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in Buenos Aires (more than 80% of operated eyes able to see 20/60 or better), but ranged from 60% to 79% in most of the other settings, and was less than 60% in Guatemala and Peru. "Unaware that treatment is possible," "contraindications," "cannot afford," and "fear of operation" were the most common explanations for failure to come forward for surgery. In Campinas, Brazil, cataract is fairly well controlled. In Buenos Aires, the visual outcomes after cataract surgery nearly meet WHO standards. In most countries in Latin America, however, cataract intervention needs to be intensified and visual outcome improved. Reducing the costs of cataract surgery and providing effective health education and adequate program management are essential to combat the expected increase in visual impairment due to cataract in the region.

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated precious metal mineralization at Purisima Concepcion, Yauricocha District, central Peru

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold ores lithologically and chemically similar to those of Carlin-type deposits of the western United States are present in the Yauricocha district, central Peru. The Purisima Concepcion deposit is located in the core of a steeply plunging anticline several hundred meters beyond large pipe-shaped Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au replacement orebodies in limestone bordering a late Miocene granodiorite stock. The central part of the stock is potassium-silicate altered and contains high-salinity fluid inclusions.Mineralized impure limestone is generally decalcified and silicified and appears to have been carbonaceous. Original laminated bedding and other sedimentary structures are locally preserved. Characteristic minerals include quartz, rhodochrosite, pyrite, calcite, sericite, and barite. Pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, plagionite (Pb 5 Sb 8 S 17 ), and altaite (PbTe) have been recognized locally. Although the chemical composition of the ores is generally similar to that of the Carlin deposit, rocks of Purisima Concepcion have higher Fe, Mn, Te, Ag, and Tl and lower Hg contents. Most of the Au-bearing rocks contain between 3 and 6 wt percent Fe, and Te ([asymp]4 ppm) and Mn ([asymp]4 wt %) are about two orders of magnitude higher than at Carlin. These elevated elemental concentrations are all epigenetic; there is no regional or local geologic or textural evidence for a syngenetic and/or diagenetic origin. The Ag/Au ratio of the ores is about 2.5. Gold correlates positively with Ag, As, Hg, Mo, Sb, Te, and Tl and Ag strongly with Mn. Porous, leached, but not silicified, beds tend to carry higher gold values than silicified rocks.The presence of enargite, tetrahedrite, and high S copper sulfide minerals in the replacement ores and of pyrophyllite, diaspore, alunite, anhydrite, and high-temperature (> or =400 degrees C), compositionally complex, hypersaline fluid inclusions in altered rocks bordering enargite veins in the stock, and the intense dissolution of limestone during deposition of the polymetallic ore-bodies suggest that the fluids initially had low pH and high f (sub O 2 ) and f (sub S 2 ) , values. The magmatic hydrothermal system may have been similar to that of Julcani and other enargite-tetrahedrite districts in Peru, with the differences in ore types at least in part reflecting the carbonate composition of the host rock at Yauricocha.The elemental chemistry of the Purisima Concepcion ores can be qualitatively explained by a process of hydrothermal differentiation in which selective precipitation of base metal and Ag sulfides and sulfosalts depleted the fluids in these components and produced a decrease in Cu/Zn, Cu/Pb, As/Sb, base metal/precious metal, and Ag/Au ratios. The moderate pH and low f (sub O 2 ) and f (sub S 2 ) values implied by the mineral assemblage of Purisima Concepcion presumably reflect in part the presence of carbonaceous material.Similar deposits can be expected elsewhere in the Western Cordillera of central and northern Peru where hydrothermal fluids related to Neogene stocks encountered impure carbonaceous limestone beds of the Pariatambo and Jumasha Formations and other units. Certain sedimentary rock-hosted, disseminated Au-Ag deposits elsewhere may have a similar genetic relation to porphyry, skarn, and/or limestone-replacement systems.

New World Prehistory

A PAMPHLET entitled "Cross Sections of New World Prehistory: a Brief Report on the Work of the Institute of Andean Research, 1941–42", by Wm. Duncan Strong, professor of anthropology at Columbia University, has been issued (Smithsonian Misc. Collections, 104, No. 2). The fields covered by the various investigators include eastern and western Mexico, El Salvador, Venezuela and the West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, various districts in Peru and the northern coast of Chile. Naturally the information from such a wide area of the Americas that can be given in some 42 pages accompanied by 33 plates is not very extensive; but a general survey like this is of value, and the large relative chronological chart from A.D. 100 to A.D. 1500 will doubtless prove useful to students more interested in the general prehistory of Central and South America than in its details. There is also a map showing the general location of the excavations undertaken by the Institute.

ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER

With a view to determining the mode of infection in Carrion's disease, a study of the blood-sucking insects found in the districts of Peru where the disease prevails has been carried out, through the cooperation of The Rockefeller Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation. The material studied included ticks, mites, midges, lice, fleas, bedbugs, mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, horse-flies, "sheep ticks," 3 species of Streblidae, and 3 species of Phlebotomus, including Phlebotomus verrucarum Townsend and two new species which have been named Phlebotomus noguchii and Phlebotomus peruensis. The insects were collected without the use of chemicals, were prepared for transportation in such a manner as to prevent drying, and were shipped under conditions of refrigeration to New York, where they were inoculated into monkeys. The plan followed was to inject saline suspensions of the crushed insects intradermally into rhesus monkeys and to make cultures of the blood of the animals at intervals of 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation. The only class of insects in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis could be detected were phlebotomi. No cutaneous lesions were induced in monkeys injected with the crushed insects, but in the case of four different lots of phlebotomi the blood of the animals so injected yielded cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis which produced typical verrucous lesions on inoculation into other monkeys. The morphology and cultural characteristics of the Bartonella strains obtained from phlebotomi proved identical with those of strains isolated from human blood and skin lesions. Monkeys which had recovered from infection with the phlebotomus strains resisted inoculation with a human strain of Bartonella bacilliformis, and, conversely, monkeys which had passed through an infection induced by the human strain resisted inoculation with the strains obtained from phlebotomi. The experimental observations described in this paper lead us to conclude that certain phlebotomi act as insect vectors of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The phlebotomi which have been shown quite certainly to carry the Bartonella bacilliformis are those of the species Phlebotomus noguchii. Phlebotomus verrucarum is also probably a vector, while Phlebotomus peruensis remains doubtful in this respect.