Districts Of Odisha Research Articles

Impact of Minor Irrigation on Agricultural Production: An Inter-Crop Analysis in Odisha

The study examined the impact of minor irrigation on agricultural production and evaluated the gap between IPC and IPU in the Keonjhar district of Odisha. For this rationale, data were collected from 210 farm households through the primary survey. In support of the analysis, the Cobb Douglas model and factor analysis were used. The results revealed that the input use efficiency had a positive and significant impact on paddy production the most in all the MIPs regions compared to the other crops. However, the study indicated that insufficient water availability was the major cause behind the gap between irrigation potential created and utilised. Thus, minor irrigation played a crucial role in enhancing agricultural production in hilly regions. With the enthusiastic participation of planners, effective working of Pani Panchayats, canals, and upstream control, NGOs' involvement can achieve selfsufficiency in agricultural production by encouraging minor irrigation projects in the hilly province.

A Study on Social Change of Tribal Women in Nabarangpur District of Odisha

The tribal communities in Central India are excluded in many ways from accessing and benefiting from the fruits of mainstream development. Within tribal groups, women are more marginalised and sidelined than men despite their multiple roles in the household. Women’s exclusion from the mainstream knowledge systems, market sphere and their limited access and control over the resources affects the overall development of tribal communities. Key for economic growth of tribal communities is the equal participation and promotion of women’s physical and economic rights. This necessitates for a purposive design of activities and institutional mechanisms for both socially inclusive economic empowerment and environmentally sustainable growth by building their knowledge and skills to restore agriculture based value chains for sustainable livelihood. The present article is an attempt to analyse and document the findings of an inclusive cashew livelihood model to address the geographical, social, technological and economic inclusion of 10,000 tribal women in the cashew supply chain and downstream market integration to improve their income in Nabarangpur district of Odisha state. It is found that by employing inclusive strategies, scientific technologies and participative approaches, the socially excluded women could be organised, engaged and integrated successfully by leveraging proven cashew-based livelihood model in the value chains and markets for increasing their income.

Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four malaria endemic states of India

BackgroundMalaria is a major public health problem in India and accounts for about 88% of malaria burden in South-East Asia. India alone accounted for 2% of total malaria cases globally. Anti-malarial drug resistance is one of the major problems for malaria control and elimination programme. Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the first-line treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in north eastern states of India since 2013 after confirming the resistance against sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. In the present study, therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and k13 polymorphism was assessed in uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria.MethodsThis study was conducted at four community health centres located in Koraput district of Odisha, Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh and Gondia district of Maharashtra state. Patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were administered with fixed dose combination (6 doses) of artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days and clinical and parasitological response was recorded up to 28 days as per World Health Organization protocol. Nucleotide sequencing of msp1 and msp2 gene was performed to differentiate between recrudescence and reinfection. Amplification and sequencing of k13 propeller gene region covering codon 450–680 was also carried out to identify the polymorphism.ResultsA total 376 malaria patients who fulfilled the enrolment criteria as well as consented for the study were enrolled. Total 356 patients were followed up successfully up to 28 days. Overall, the adequate clinical and parasitological response was 98.9% and 99.4% with and without PCR correction respectively. No case of early treatment failure was observed. However, four cases (1.1%) of late parasitological failure were found from the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. Genotyping of msp1 and msp2 confirmed 2 cases each of recrudescence and reinfection, respectively. Mutation analysis of k13 propeller gene showed one non-synonymous mutation Q613H in one isolate from Bastar.ConclusionsThe study results showed that artemether-lumefantrine is highly effective in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria among all age groups. No functional mutation in k13 was found in the study area. The data from this study will be helpful in implementation of artemether-lumefantrine in case of treatment failure by artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

Crop Yield Estimation at Gram Panchayat Scale by Integrating Field, Weather and Satellite Data with Crop Simulation Models

Advanced technologies can improve the operational implementation of the Indian national crop insurance scheme, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), particularly in terms of accuracy and timeliness of the crop yield estimates that are used to determine yield losses at the Gram Panchayat (GP) level. In this study, conducted as a pilot test for PMFBY during the kharif season of 2018, technologies based on the Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) were tested and implemented for estimating GP-level crop yields of bajra (pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum) in Firozabad District of Uttar Pradesh and rice (Oryza sativa) in Kendujhar District of Odisha. A combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar and optical data was used to map crop extent. Daily 2-km grids of input weather conditions were generated using a machine learning algorithm that incorporated station observations, satellite data, and reanalysis model outputs. Required crop biophysical estimates of leaf area index (LAI) and the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) were derived using daily cloud-screened MODIS 250-m data from the Terra and Aqua satellites and a modified MOD15 LAI/FPAR backup algorithm. A light-use-efficiency (LUE) model adapted from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) algorithm (MOD17-GPP/NPP) was then used to spatially estimate crop yields. Crop extent maps, daily climate and gap-filled FPAR and the LUE model were used to estimate above-ground biomass, which was accumulated over the growing season and converted to crop yields using a crop-specific harvest index. The estimated yields at 250 m were aggregated within each GP and compared with crop yield data from crop cutting experiments (CCEs) conducted in 142 GPs for rice and 42 GPs for bajra. Crop extent mapping was 96% accurate in rice and 80% in bajra when validated with field surveys. A comparison of modeled yields with CCE yields showed a promising performance by the model in both crops (rice: r = 0.80, root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 411 kg/ha, mean absolute error (MAE) = 359 kg/ha, percent error (PE) = 7, Observed mean = 1500 kg/ha; Bajra: r = 0.84, RMSE = 309 kg/ha, MAE = 262 kg/ha, PE = −12.8, Observed mean = 1859 kg/ha). Although the approach showed promising results for both crops, further progress is needed to ensure consistent and reliable results. Some of the needed improvements include incorporating a dynamic crop calendar, improved maximum LUE estimates, and harvest index values that represent crop varietals grown in India. Routinely conducted CCEs in different crops and seasons around the country could provide a valuable resource for improving these parameters and, ultimately, crop yield estimates.

Age Related Histomorphometrical Studies on the Major Lymphoid Organs of Chicken

Background: Hansli chicken is reared in Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts of Odisha. They play a vital role in the economic upliftment of poor, landless and marginalised people in the rural areas besides providing them with nutritious egg and meat for consumption.Methods: Hansli chicks and Vencobb broiler chicks were divided into three age groups viz. group I (up to 1 month), group II (1-3 months) and group III (3-6 months) with six birds in each age group. On 4th week, 12th week and 24th week, six birds from each breed were used for the study of histomorphometrical features of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Result: The average thickness of the capsule, cortex and medulla of thymus, average width of thymic lobule and average maximum diameter of Hassall’s corpuscles differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages. Similarly, the average thickness of the splenic capsule, average width of white pulp, average external transverse and internal longitudinal diameters of trabecular artery, average external longitudinal, internal longitudinal, external transverse and internal transverse diameters of central artery, average longitudinal diameter of capillary, average longitudinal and transverse diameters of splenic nodule, average thickness of PALS and PELS differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages. The average number of bursal follicles in larger and smaller plicae, average height and width of larger and smaller plicae, average length and width of bursal follicle, average height of columnar cell of pseudostratified FAE and IFE, average nuclear height of FAE and IFE columnar cells differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the birds at specific ages.

Community Perception Regarding Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Some Selected Areas of Ganjam District of Odisha State, India.

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health concern. Because of absence of effective therapy and vaccination to treat and prevent such vector-borne diseases, these initial cases have triggered strong concerns within medical communities, turning a bad dream into reality. To date, reducing the mosquito vector population remains the main strategy to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. In this connection, community-based perception recognized as an essential tool for long-term vector control management. In this study, a community perception survey was carried out in six selected study areas of Ganjam district of Odisha. A total of 3257 inhabitants from randomly chosen 600 no. of houses from 06 selected study areas were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire about various mosquito vector-borne diseases. As an outcome, we found that only 36% of people have basic knowledge and idea about vector-borne diseases, out of which only 14% know Anopheles as a causative agent whereas Aedes and Culex were very least concern. Regarding the source of knowledge, electronic media was the principal source of information, while the involvements of health personnel were least mentioned. Results of the current study indicates the necessity to plan health education program to bring important perceptions regarding vector-borne diseases at school and college level because the infrequent source of knowledge is the main cause of an increase in the disease incidence.

Intricacies in characterizing positivity in pooled sample testing for SARS-CoV-2.

The unprecedented demand for testing for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to an acute shortage and limited availability of test reagents for which pooling of samples has been recommended in areas with low prevalence. Considering the possibility of dilution factor in pool testing, an attempt was made to find out possibility of any true positive samples in pools with late amplification. The study was conducted on samples received from various collection centers in different districts of Odisha as well as from patients attending the screening clinic or admitted in COVID ward of the hospital. Nasal/nasopharyngeal/throat swabs received in viral transport media in cold chain were subjected to Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing in a Biosafety Laboratory level-2 by including uniform volume of four units (samples) per pool. All confirmed and probable positive pools in screening assay were de-convoluted and individual samples tested for confirmatory assay. Inclusion of an additional criteria of probable positive pool (Ct value >35 with non-sigmoid amplification curve or showing a line of amplification towards the end of the cycle) yielded 39 (15.5%) more true positive samples out of a total of 251 positive samples that would otherwise have been missed if only the classical criteria of positive (Ct within 35 with proper sigmoid curve) had been considered. The study highlights the importance of considering any indication of late amplification in the RT-PCR test to label a pool as positive to avoid missing any true positive sample in the pool.

Indian Tribal Educational System for the Santal Children of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha: A Psychosocial Analysis

The study on educational system of the Santals of Mayurbhanj is an interesting aspect of the tribal education of Odisha in Eastern India. Santals are the the largest number of people among the total tribal population of Odisha. Education of the tribal communities /societies has helped in preservation of social structure and goal achievement. The Santals are largely residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The development of education of the Santals of Mayurbhanj district is the main part of the tribal educational system of the state of Odisha. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different developmental programmes / schemes for education have been implemented through the Governments and Non Government agencies for the educational improvement of the tribal children of Odisha in general and Santal children in particular. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the people of Santal tribe/society are mostly residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. In fact, most of the tribes of Odisha in Eastern India have no written languages, but in case of Santala tribe, it has a written language with a specific ‘Ol Chiki’ script for the use of its own people. The Santal children of Mayurbhanj district are more interested in modern education in comparison to other tribal children of Odisha. At present the educated people of Santal tribe of Mayurbhanj have been able to organize their socio-cultural associations for preservation of their traditional culture. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational system for the Santal children of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha along with to highlight their receptive minds for receiving modern education for their moral as well as physical developments for entry into the main stream of the present / modern society. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been carefully utilised in the present article

Inter-conversion of Modulus and Compliance for Viscoelastic Soil

This technical note focuses largely on the rheological characteristics of soil behaviour. Since viscoelastic soil functions contain the same information of relaxation and creep properties, different methods of inter-conversion between creep compliance and relaxation modulus are discussed considering linear viscoelasticity. Relaxation test is performed on black cotton soil collected from Angul district of Odisha. The relaxation test data are used as an illustration for all the methods, and the creep behaviour of the soil is computed and compared. The range of viscosity in the specimen is captured and discussed.

Nexus between Climate Change and Agricultural Production in Odisha, India: An ARDL Approach

Climate change is an emerging issue particularly in agricultural research as it is observed that the climate change has unfavorably distressed the agricultural production in different regions in India. Therefore, the present study has empirically examined the relationship between climate change and agricultural production in the selected districts of Odisha, India using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model over the period 1993 to 2019. The study found that the climate variables have adversely affected the crops production in the districts of Odisha. In order to minimize the impact of climate change on crops production in the state, there must have implementation of various policies and adaptive strategies by the government and farmers.

Quality Assessment of Stillbirth Review: A Pilot Study in Ten High-Priority Districts in Odisha.

Background:Stillbirth rate has shown less or no improvement in developing countries. India was estimated to have the largest number of stillbirths globally in 2015. Systematic review of stillbirths is a strategy that helps in identifying gaps in the care of a pregnant mother, and is a useful and comprehensive indicator of the quality of maternity care.Objectives:The objective of this study was to assess the quality of maternal care, and factors causing stillbirth, and to provide some doable plans to reduce its incidence in the Odisha state.Materials and Methods:The stillbirth review was undertaken over 4-month timeline (August to November 2014) in ten high-priority districts (HPDs) of Odisha. It included development of tools, desk reviews, training of staffs, and data handling. The deaths were estimated from Annual Health Survey. It was compared to the estimated stillbirth of each district to get the underreporting/overreporting districts. A report was generated on stillbirth process indicators, and program indicators after completion of assessment.Results:In the selected HPDs of Odisha, 4689 stillbirths were observed during the study period. However, the labor room register stated the reason of death in only 408 cases (8.7%). Further, at the time of admission, a provisional diagnosis could be made for only 3038 (64.7%) cases, of which 11% diagnosed as safe delivery resulted in stillbirth.Conclusions:The present study could contribute to a larger extent to address some of the gaps in the stillbirth review process in Odisha.

Energy Budgeting of Paddy-Pulse Cropping System in Bhadrak District of Odisha and Assessment of Emission from Paddy Straw Burning

Energy auditing of an existing production system helps to assess its energy-use and energy efficiency. The average input energy of paddy-black gram (PB) cropping system (19,862.01 MJ.ha-1) was higher than paddy-green gram (PG) (18,972.34 MJ.ha-1) cropping system in Bhadrak, Odisha. Harvesting and transport operation required highest operational energy for PG (35.57%) and PB (41.20%) farms; while, threshing and winnowing consumed the second highest input energy with 21.34% and 22.71% for PG and PB farms, followed by land preparation with 21.87% and 20.10% respectively. Linear regression data of PG and PB systems showed significant effect (p<0.05) of predictors with R2 values of 87.70% and 82.20% for total output energy and grain energy, respectively; confirming a good fit among the data. The output energy of PB cropping system was 13.91% higher than that of PG cropping system. The PB cropping system, with energy utilisation efficiency (EUE) of 10.31 and 11.82, was more energy-efficient than PG system with EUE of 9.32 and 11.01 for “NC” and “C” farms, respectively. The net energy return of PBC farm was highest with 2,04,505.31 MJ.ha-1. Amongst various pollutants emitted from paddy straw burning in Odisha; CO2 (5,51,296.0 Mg.yr-1), CO (13,102.72 Mg.yr-1), and TPM (4,908.80 Mg.yr-1) had highest share. The quantity of major GHGs (N2O, CH4) released into the atmosphere through paddy straw burning was estimated as 26.43 Mg.yr-1 and 453.12 Mg.yr-1, respectively. Use of straw baler can prevent straw burning, and reduce emission from paddy fields by 2805.54 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 66.69 kg.ha-1 of CO, 5.96 kg.ha-1 of NOx, 24.98 kg.ha-1 of TPM. Alternatively, use of mulcher can also reduce emission from paddy fields by 2924.44 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 69.51 kg.ha-1 of CO, 6.21 kg.ha-1 of NOx, 26.04 kg.ha-1 of TPM. The cost of operation of a baler and mulcher were 8,617.0 ₹ ha-1 and 2,543.0 ₹ ha-1, respectively. Input energy and energy saved in paddy fields by baler were 820.0 MJ.ha-1 and 16,928.0 MJ.ha-1; and 266.0 MJ.ha-1 and 24,458.0 MJ.ha-1 by mulcher, respectively.

Floristic inventory of leafy vegetables with special reference to their ethnomedicinal uses in Balasore district of Odisha, India

Floristic inventory of leafy vegetables with special reference to their ethnomedicinal uses in Balasore district of Odisha, India

Educational Status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha in East India : A Psychological Analysis

Education in tribal societies has helped in maintenance of social structure and goal attainment for a sustained living. The Hill Kharias are the primitive tribal people of Mayurbhanj of the state of Odisha in Eastern India. The development of education of the Hill Kharia community/society of Mayurbhanj is the main aspect of the improvement of the primitive tribal communities of the state of Odisha. The Government of India issued directions vide the letter. No. 20018 5/81- ITDA dated 27th April 1980 for the identification of Primitive Tribal Groups, keeping in view the facts that attention to certain tribal groups’ backwardness. In India Hill Kharia is one of the primitive tribal groups living mainly in the forest and hilly covered areas of the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Mentally, the people of Hill Kharia tribe of Mayurbhanj are very weak, because of lack of proper education, awareness, adequate foodstuffs, for which they are backward in present society. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different development programmes for education have been implemented through the different govt. or Non govt. agencies. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the Hill Kharias are residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been used in the present article.

Hematological profile and pathology of theileriosis in cattle from coastal districts of Odisha

Hematological profile and pathology of theileriosis in cattle from coastal districts of Odisha

Nutritional food security of households through establishment of kitchen garden in mayurbhanj district of odisha

Nutritional food security of households through establishment of kitchen garden in mayurbhanj district of odisha

Gender Disparity in Employment and Wages in Rural Labour Market in Odisha: Some Survey Findings and Empirical Analysis

Gender disparity prevails through various attributes, including gender specificity of agricultural operations, discriminating women in terms of wages, and system of wage payments. This paper employed a t-test to investigate the degree of gender disparity in the rural labour market in Cuttack district of Odisha, covering one irrigated village, Bahalpada, and a non-irrigated village Erancha with a sample of 50 female labourers, 20 male labourers, and ten employers from each village, where irrigation was used as the indicator of agricultural development. The results indicated no significant difference in the days of work available to males and females in farm activities in the irrigated village Bahalpada; however, there was a significant positive difference in male-female labour days in agricultural work non-irrigated village Erancha. Despite non-significant differences in days of employment in farm activities, the gender-based wage differentials persisted and were more pronounced in the non-irrigated village than in irrigated villages.

Inputs management and various terminal products for the livelihood generation of Bandha Weavers of Cuttack district of Odisha

Inputs management and various terminal products for the livelihood generation of Bandha Weavers of Cuttack district of Odisha

Original

In the present study, an attempt is made to study the linear morphometry of Suktel River, a tributary of Tel River and its sub basins, that flows through Bolangir District of Odisha. Freely available SRTM Dem (30-meter resolution) has been processed to delineate the streams and the watershed. Its various linear parameters have been delineated using Arc GIS 10.3. The results show that Suktel basin is a sixth-order normal basin having a dendritic drainage pattern. It confirms to Horton's Law of stream number and lacks structural control as implied by its bifurcation ratio that ranges between 3 and 5. It is in the stage of late maturity with the high volume of surface discharge.

Role of financial inclusion in poverty alleviation in Odisha

Objectives: This study dwells on the role of financial inclusion in poverty alleviation. The alleviation of poverty is implemented by combining direct tools and indirect tools. Traditional solutions have not been as effective and sufficient to tackle poverty. Indirect tools include improving access to credit, promoting savings to the poor. Methods/Statistical analysis: We use district level branch banking and development indicators data for 30 districts of Odisha during the discrete period 1992 to 2011, since official poverty data for district levels are not released. Findings: When controlled for PDDP, number of bank branches plays a significant role to reduce poverty. We find that an increase of Rs. 10,000/- in PDDP can cause a fall in poverty by 4%, an increase of 10% in Rice Yield can cause fall in poverty by 1.5%, whereas, an additional 100 number of bank branches can reduce poverty by 4.7% in the districts. Application/Improvements: The results of this analysis could go further to achieve the millennium development goals in few years. Novelty: We find the relative ranking of the coefficients of real sector and finance sector variables, that when controlled for other variables, e.g., Rice Yield, No. of Branches and PDDP to negatively impact poverty rates. Keywords: inclusion; poverty alleviation; banking; NDDP; branches