Districts Of Kerala Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF A LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE, LIFESTYLE PRACTICES AND SELECTED MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AMONG MIDDLE AGED WOMEN

Introduction:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world. Lack of awareness is one of the barriers in prevention of disease. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a video-based lifestyle modication programme on knowledge, lifestyle practices and modiable risk factors of coronary artery disease among middle aged women. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of life-style modication programme on knowledge, life style practices and modiable risk factors of coronary artery disease. Methodology: An experimental study was conducted among middle aged women living in two Grama Panchayaths in Ernakulam district of Kerala. House to house survey was conducted and those who had at least two modiable risk factors of CAD were recruited. Knowledge and lifestyle practices were assessed. Bio physical, bio physiological and biochemical measurements were done to identify risk factors of CAD. Lifestyle modication programme was given individually. Post test was conducted after 90 days of intervention. Results: The intervention was effective in modifying knowledge (p=0.01) and lifestyle practice scores (p=0.000) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (p=0.000), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (p=0.000), Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (p=0.001), physical activity scores and dietary practice scores (p<0.000) between control and experimental groups after the intervention. Conclusion: The results suggest that administering video-based lifestyle modication programme was found to be effective in improving knowledge, lifestyle practices and some of the modiable risk factors of coronary artery disease among women.

Association of symptom characteristics and comorbid conditions with viral RNA positivity of Covid-19 patients in Kasaragod district in Kerala, India: A retrospective cohort study.

Background Symptoms of Covid-19 are known to be non-specific ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe illness affecting multiple organ systems. The duration of viral RNA positivity and transmission varies in individuals. We describe the association between symptom characteristics and comorbid conditions with viral RNA positivity of SARSCoV-2 affected individuals. Methods We conducted a record-based retrospective cohort study of 179 patients found to be positive for Covid-19 in Kasaragod district in Kerala. We included details of all patients found positive during the initial phases of the pandemic and recorded details regarding symptoms, duration of viral RNA positivity and the occurrence of transmission. The data were analysed using SPSS. Results Any symptom was present in 68%. Fever (43%) was the most common symptom while 50% had at least one respiratory symptom. Increased duration of viral RNA positivity was found to be associated with presence of comorbid conditions. The majority of individuals who transmitted disease (75%) had some symptom, predominantly a respiratory symptom. Conclusion Respiratory symptoms are seen in half of the patients and viral RNA positivity was for a longer duration in patients with comorbid conditions.

Establishment and spread of the invasive mite, Tetranychus gloveri Banks (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) in Kerala, India

Tetranychus gloveri Banks was first recorded as Tetranychus okinawanus Ehara in India on an ornamental plant, Adenium obesum from Thrissur district, Kerala state, during 2016 (Zeity et al. 2016). Recently, Sharkey et al. (2022) synonymized T. okinawanus with T. gloveri based on morphological and molecular data. In Kerala, T. gloveri has emerged as a predominant species of mite infesting major agricultural and horticultural crops in the district (Arunima et al. 2018). In order to investigate the distribution and host range of the mite species in Kerala, periodical surveys were conducted in different agricultural ecosystems across the state during March 2020 to June 2022. Spider mite infested samples were collected from fruit crops, vegetables, ornamental plants, medicinal plants and other non-crop plants from different localities, kept in polythene bags. The GPS data of the locality and host plants were recorded. In the laboratory, a single gravid female from each sample was used to establish isoline culture providing unique accession number. Male and female specimens from each isoline culture were slide mounted on Hoyer’s medium and morphological characterization of the slide mounted mite specimens were carried to establish the species identity. Characters such as chaetotaxy of hysterosoma and legs, structure of empodium and pattern of dorsal striae between e1 and f1 of female were used for genus level identification, while the shape of male genitalia, aedeagus, was used for species level identification. In this study, T. gloveri was recorded from a wide host range of 35 host plants in 24 plant families viz., Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Musaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Caricaceae, Adoxaceae, Rosaceae, Compositae, Gentianaceae, Convolvulaceae, Balsaminaceae, Orchidaceae, Asparagaceae, Goodeniaceae, Apocyanaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Lamiaceae and Pontederiaceae. The mite species was distributed in seven districts covering northern, central and southern regions viz., Wayanad, Malappuram, Thrissur, Palakkad, Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala. Curry leaf, country kreat (Exacum bicolor), sunflower, Victoria corn plant (Dracaena sp.), Calotropis gigantea, little tree plant (Biophytum sensitivum), holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) and the aquatic pickerel weed (Monochoria vaginalis) are new host records for T. gloveri. The study confirms that the mite species has established and spread across Kerala by widening its host range and expanding its geographical area of distribution, within a short span after its introduction into the state.

How do Muslim service users, caregivers, and community members in Malappuram, Kerala, use their faith to address the challenges associated with mental ill health?

ABSTRACT Our aim was to explore the role religion and spiritual beliefs play in dealing with the challenges associated with mental ill health among the Muslim community in Malappuram, Kerala. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with patients of Islamic faith diagnosed with a mental health condition (n = 10) in urban (Ponnani) and rural (Vailathur) area of Malappuram, a Muslim majority district in Kerala, their family carers (n = 8) and community members (n = 6). Four key themes were derived, namely (1) Attribution to supernatural factors, (2) Relying on “God’s will”, (3) Prayer, and (4) Traditional healing. Faith was seen to be a prerequisite for any treatment, including modern medicine, to work. Even within a single faith group there can be considerable variation in belief and practice, with more pious participants disapproving of the reliance on local traditional healers and belief systems, highlighting the value of paying attention to the detail of local beliefs and practices.

State led social security and inclusion of marine fisherfolk: Analyzing the case of Kerala, India

Among Indian states, Kerala always stands out with its unparalleled achievements in social sector development. However, the fisherfolk, which accounts for almost 3.5% of the total population of Kerala, still suffers the scourge of exclusion from their material deprivation and employment-related insecurities. To ensure their inclusivity, the state, over the past decades, has introduced several social security initiatives such as welfare schemes, subsidies, direct benefit transfers, etc. Despite these efforts, a commensurate improvement is not visible in their standard of living. In this context, an attempt has been made to analyse the nature and role of the state-led social security measures in ensuring inclusivity based on data collected from various government sources and selected fisherfolk households in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. The study assessed different aspects of welfare schemes like nature, level of awareness, and the number of beneficiaries. Among the rolled-out schemes, a paucity of promotional schemes is observed. Likewise, the fisherfolk has lesser awareness about these schemes, and resultantly their enrolment rates are also low. These findings mirror the failures in state action in permeating the targeted community, and it points to the need for more strategic intervention on the part of the government. Formulating more capacity-building initiatives that can offer sustainable social protection and reaching out to coastal communities through innovative awareness campaigns are some of the means by which the state can reiterate its commitment to the inclusive development of marine fisherfolk.

Do integrative approaches to health contribute to self-reliance in primary healthcare? reflections from a community case study in Kerala, India

ABSTRACT A pluralistic Health system provides options for people to choose appropriate healthcare approach. However, the ability to make informed decision is infleuenced by many factors. An informed decision is one of the attributes of self-reliance. In this study, through the interactions with smallholder farmers, we tried to travel through the realm of communities’ integrative practices and perceptions with a specific focus on traditional medicine concerning animal and human health. We aimed to understand what influences healthcare choices, mainly traditional medicine among people and how it contributes to self-reliance in primary healthcare. We conducted this case study in Aluva taluk of Ernakulam district in Kerala, India. Study participants were selected using the purposive sampling method and the data collected through 22 in-depth interviews and participant observation. Integrative healthcare practice is fragmented due to variations in the evidence perception by the people. Personal experiences, social and cultural factors, and health literacy influence health decisions in practicing integrative healthcare. Therefore, while investigating a concept like self-reliance, there is a need for analytical methods to embrace experiential, textual, inherited, and incorporated forms of learning. This further helps researchers and policymakers to recommend context-specific and sustainable solutions to create self-reliant communities in primary healthcare.

Mapping Multi-Dimensional Poverty Learning Among Fisherfolk in Thiruvananthapurum District in Kerala, India

Kerala has received worldwide attention for its remarkable achievements in social sector. However, marine fisherfolk is an ‘outlier' community in the state. Many studies identified fisherfolk in Thiruvananthapuram district as the most vulnerable among them. As poverty is a cause and consequence of vulnerability, this paper analyses the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty among fisherfolk in Thiruvananthapuram. The study employs cross-sectional research design and primary data was collected from 600 fisher households in three coastal villages. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was constructed by using Alkire-Foster methodology. Results indicate that MPI of marine fisher-folk households is 0.1 and 26 percent of these households are MPI poor. As per estimates of OPHI,MPIof Kerala is 0.004 and only one percent of people in Kerala are MPI poor. This reveals that incidence of multidimensional poverty is higher among fisherfolk as compared to general population in Kerala. Average intensity of deprivation among the poor is almost 40 percent.

Preventable Causes Dominate Mortality in Hemophilia : A Retrospective Observational Study from India

Background and Objective: Bleeding symptoms in people with Hemophilia (PwH) can range from mild ecchymosis to fatal Central Nervous System (CNS) bleeding. With the advent of Clotting Factor Concentrates (CFCs) and prophylaxis there has been improved life expectancy in PwH in developed countries. However, in low middle income countries (LMIC) like India with a huge hemophilia burden (22,594 cases as per the data by World Hemophilia Federation global survey 2020, with probably far more undiagnosed/ undocumented cases), the mean per-capita factor use(Factor VIII -0.27IU,Factor IX 0.01) is far less than developed countries. Lack of access to safe and effective treatment is a major factor that influences the mortality rate in Hemophilia. This retrospective observational study was done to assess the cause of death in PwH in Kerala state of India. Methods: PwH with Hemophilia A and B registered under patient organizations (PO) in different districts of Kerala from 2015 January to 2022 April were included in the study. A questionnaire was structured and telephonic interview done to collect information on date of birth, Hemophilia type, severity, inhibitor status, target joint, HIV and HCV status, family history, type of treatment (prophylaxis/episodic).Hemophilia severity was categorized as severe (<0.01 IU/mL), moderate (0.01-0.05 IU/mL), or mild (>0.05-0.40 IU/mL). Information on Hemophilia severity, type and inhibitor status were verified with medical reports available with PO. Further data on immediate cause of death, place of death, availability of CFCs at the time of death and the distance of the patient's home to the hospital were collected over telephone. Cause of death was categorized into death due to bleeding, death due to other causes related to hemophilia and death due to causes not related to hemophilia. Statistical analysis was done using the IBM SPSS software version 20. Results: Out of 1032 PwH contacted during this study period there were total 34 death reported, which estimates to 32.9 deaths per 1000 patients.25 (73.5 %) were cases of Hemophilia A and 9 (26.5 %) cases of Hemophilia B. Twenty four patients (70.6%) had severe disease; three(8.8 %) had inhibitors. The cause of death was bleeding in 19(55.88 %) cases, Hemophilia related but not bleeding in 8 (23.52 % cases) and in 7 cases (20.6 %) death was due to causes not related to Hemophilia. The most common cause of death due to bleeding was intracranial bleed seen in 14 (41.17 %) cases, followed by death due to gastrointestinal bleed in 3 cases (8.82 %), hemoptysis and chronic bleed from wound comprised 1 (2.95%) each of all causes of death. In non-bleeding but Hemophilia related category hepatitis C associated liver failure was the cause of death in 8 (23.52 %) cases. In not Hemophilia related causes, cause of death was pneumonia in 4 (11.76 % causes), Myocardial infarction in 2(5.88 %) (refer figure 1). The age at death varied from 1 year to 77 years with mean age being 39.6 years. Out of these 5(17.64 %) deaths occurred in children less than 18 years of age of which 4(80 % )were due to bleeding. Three (8.8 %) deaths were reported at home. The distance from home to hospital ranged from 17.3 kilometer (km) to 257 km with a mean distance of 118 km. All the patients who died were neither on prophylaxis nor on home therapy. Conclusion: Majority of the patients who died had a preventable cause of death. Access to prophylaxis would have prevented deaths caused due to bleeding. None of the patients who died were on prophylaxis which is the standard of care for Hemophilia. None of these patients received home therapy and had to travel for long distances to acquire the factors. Improved access to safer clotting factor concentrates will help to prevent transfusion transmitted infection related deaths. Adequate sustainable supply and availability of factors at affordable costs, along with implementation of prophylaxis for PwH will be useful to bring down the mortality rate among hemophilia patients in LMICs. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Three new species of Polycarpaea (Caryophyllaceae) from Kerala, South India.

Three new species of Polycarpaea, Polycarpaeabarbellata, P.ebracteata and P.psammophila, are described from the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The new species are allied to P.corymbosa and P.aurea but can be visibly distinguished by unique character combinations, viz. shape of sepal, petal, bract and bracteole and seed morphology. Detailed descriptions along with illustrations and photographs are provided.

Perception of Farmers towards Crop Insurance Schemes in Kerala, India

Agricultural insurance is a risk management approach used by farmers to protect them against crop loss caused by such unpredictable risk factors. The study on perception of farmers towards crop insurance schemes in Kerala was carried out in three selected districts of Kerala namely, Kottayam, Malappuram and Idukki in the year 2020-2021. The findings of the study showed that majority of the farmers (69.17 %) had medium perception, followed by low (18.33 %) and high (12.50 %) perception regarding crop insurance schemes in Kerala.The association between profile characteristics of the respondents with their perception towards crop insurance schemes in Kerala showed that characteristics like education, operational landholding, credit orientation and decision making ability had significant association with their perception regarding crop insurance schemes in Kerala. The comparison of the perception of beneficiary farmers towards the three crop insurance schemes namely, Restructured State Crop Insurance Scheme of Kerala (RSCIS), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) revealed that there existed a significant difference between the central and state crop insurance and there existed no significant difference among the two centrally sponsored crop insurance schemes.

E-Marketing of Small Cardamom in Kerala: Constraint-Benefit Analysis

Background: Cardamom is often valued as the third most expensive spice in the world after saffron and vanilla. The prominent area where e-marketing is adopted in spice trade in Kerala is in the e-auctioning of cardamom. The Spices Board had introduced e-auction of cardamom in Vandanmedu, Idukki, Kerala in December 2007. The other e-marketing platforms of cardamom includes marketing through websites and social media. The current study aimed to delineate the benefits and constraints perceived by farmers in e-marketing of cardamom. Methods: The study was conducted in the Idukki district of Kerala. Sixty farmers undertaking e-marketing of cardamom were selected and interviewed, six each from the ten panchayats with maximum area under cardamom cultivation. The benefits and constraints identified based on open-ended questions during survey were listed and ranked according to their frequency and percentage. Result: The major benefits of e-marketing identified were the availability of proper transaction records and bills, assurance of timely delivery and prompt payment and absence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers. The major constraints of e-marketing identified were the delay in payments, exploitation of farmers by auctioning agencies and effect of lot number in the e-auction on the prices offered.

Effect of pesticide ban on suicide trend – a 20-year study from a tertiary care center in Central Kerala from 2001 to 2020

Introduction: We assessed the effect of the pesticide regulations implemented in 2011 on suicide trend in Kerala state of India. Materials and methods: Data were collected from case records of suicide autopsies done in a single tertiary care hospital in Thrissur district of Kerala in 2001–2020. Linear trends in overall suicide rates were identified using joinpoint regression analysis. We used Poisson regression models to estimate the annual expected number of suicides in 2011–2020 and calculated the rate ratios between the observed number of suicide and that expected according to the linear pre-ban suicide trend (2005–2010). Results: There were a total of 14,593 suicide autopsies (2501 pesticide autopsies) in 2001-2020. Carbofuran was the commonest pesticide identified, followed by quinalphos, zinc phosphide, and chlorpyrifos. In 2011–2020, overall suicide rates were 22%–48% and pesticide suicide rates were 20%–55% lower than those expected according to pre-ban suicide trends (2005–2010), with the only exception of a 16% higher-than-expected pesticide suicide rate in 2011. There was no change in trend in hanging suicides. Conclusion: Lower-than-expected overall and pesticide suicide rates were found in Thrissur district after the 2011 bans of pesticides in Kerala, with no evidence of means replacement to hanging.

Shrimp farms as a threat to mangrove forests in Kannur district of Kerala, India

Shrimp farms as a threat to mangrove forests in Kannur district of Kerala, India

Handling Compounded Uncertainty in Spatial Planning and Humanitarian Action in Unexpected Floods in Wayanad, Kerala: Towards a Contextualised Contingency Planning Approach

Increasing environmental crises due to climate change calls for bridging the research and operational logics of spatial planning and humanitarian response. This article explores how long-term spatial planning and short-term humanitarian responses relate to three facets of uncertainty that are particularly relevant in developmental contexts, namely epistemic uncertainty, ontic uncertainty, and ambiguity. The authors explore these facets through a case study of uncertainty, that of unexpected monsoon floods in 2018 and 2019 in Wayanad, a peri-urban hill district in Kerala, India. Through the case, they show that compounded uncertainty leads to ambiguity in action, but that this ambiguity can be ameliorated by a contextualised contingency planning approach. The authors conclude the article by outlining the approach in spatial planning that prioritises flexible and adaptable decision-making to enhance iterative organisational learning and action, as well as cross-sectoral dialogue to deal with uncertainty.

Constraints in Adoption of Clean and Safe Milking Techniques by Dairy Farmers in Kerala: An Assessment

Aim: The constraints involved in the adoption of clean and safe milk production practices were identified from a sample of 210 farmers covering three major districts of Kerala i.e. Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, and Palakkad randomly. Average adoption score of 65 out of 95 practices indicated the need to sensitize the farmers for adoption of clean and safe milk production practices.&#x0D; Methodology: The constraints faced by the farmers in adopting clean and safe milk production practices were identified and ranked using Garrett’s ranking technique. Kendall rank correlation was used to estimate the ordinal association of the ranks given to constraints by the farmers.&#x0D; Results: Inadequate information about clean and safe milk production practices was identified to be the major constraint faced by the farmers followed by high cost of inputs, lack of finance, lack of infrastructure and constraints on the availability of land. Lack of finance, high cost of inputs and constraints on the availability of land were found to be strongly correlated to each other, having a cumulative adverse effect on the adoption of clean and safe milking practices.

ETHNO PRACTICE IN BHUTONMADA: A REVIEW

Bhutonmada/Grahonmada is a Psychiatric condition characterized by abnormal behaviour in terms of an exhibition of strength, energy, valour and enthusiasm, defects in perception, retention and memory, abnormality of speech, and abnormality in perceiving self and environment. Bhutavidya deals with the possession of demons or evil spirits and their management. It is widely practised in many parts of India; however, Ethno-practitioners in some regions of Kerala and Karnataka who have proficient knowledge about Bhutavidya are treating patients successfully. A combined approach of Jyotishyashastra, and Daivavyapashraya, like Mantra-Homa-Bali and Bheshaja, are followed by such practitioners. In this approach, Jyothishyashastra is used as a tool for diagnosis, while a combined approach of Daivavyapashraya and Yuktivyapashraya is used in its treatment. This article presents the concept of Bhutavidya explained in Ayurveda along with descriptions of Ethno-practices narrated by a Bhutavaidya residing in Kasargod district of Kerala; information collected through an in-depth, focused Interview.

Prevalence of Candida Species in ‘Thairu’ a Traditional Fermented Milk of Kerala, India

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Candida species in ‘thairu’, a traditional fermented milk prepared in the households of Kerala.&#x0D; Study Design: ‘Thairu’ samples collected randomly from the households in Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala. This was followed by enumeration and identification of yeast using API 20CAUX Kit. Determination of pH and acidity of samples.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala. September 2021- December 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 30 household ‘thairu’ samples were collected from households of Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala in sterile bottles. The samples were serially diluted in normal saline and pour plated on to Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol Agar for isolation and enumeration. The pH was measured using pH meter by directly inserting the probe into the homogenized sample. Titratable acidity in per cent lactic acid was measured using N/10 NaOH. The isolates were identified based on the sugar fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France).&#x0D; Results: The yeast count in the samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.7 log CFU/g with an average of 5.89±0.38 log CFU/g. Average acidity and pH of the samples were 1.92±0.34 % LA and 3.59±0.60 respectively. A total of 23 yeast isolates were identified based on morphology and carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France). Exactly 86.95 per cent of isolates belong to Candida species.&#x0D; Conclusion: Observations of the study revealed the high prevalence of Candida species in traditional fermented milk ‘thairu’. Predominant Candida species were lactose fermenters, but the presence of a few species with spoilage and pathogenicity potential were also detected. The safety assessment of Candida species is essential before applying them as starter cultures for food fermentations.

Socio Economic Conditions of the Interstate Migrant workers in Kozhikode District of Kerala

Socio Economic Conditions of the Interstate Migrant workers in Kozhikode District of Kerala

Prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder among Engineering Students Aged 18–25 Years

Introduction: The number of mobile game users has increased globally over the last few years. Gaming has been reported as a new way of satisfying basic human needs within the constraints of the current modern society. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) among engineering students aged 18–25 years in the Ernakulam district of Kerala and the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This was an online-based cross-sectional study among engineering colleges in Ernakulam district of Kerala selected by simple random sampling. Students with psychiatric ailments were excluded from the study. On the basis of the prevalence of IGD, reported by Mihara and Higuchi in 2017, the minimum calculated sample size for this study using the formula, n = (4*pq)/d2 was 291. The study tool was a semi-structured questionnaire with three segments: socio-demographic profile, IGD, and Internet gaming behavior pattern. As data were collected using Google Forms, data were downloaded from Google Sheet and exported to and analyzed using SPSS software program, version 20.0. Results: The study had 271 participants and most of them were males. The mean age group of the study population was 22.77 years. The prevalence of IGD was found to be 2.2%. In the associated risk factors, people living alone were found to have a significant association with IGD. Conclusion: Although the prevalence observed in our research is low, more attention needs to be given to keeping the prevalence low, as the number of gamers in India has been constantly increasing.

Perceived Biological Attributes of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle – A Qualitative Study Using Thematic Analysis

The Wayanad Dwarf Cattle have been reared traditionally by the Kuruma tribes of Wayanad district of Kerala. This paper uses unstructured interviews with thematic analysis of interviews to explore the perceptions of the Kuruma cattle keepers about the important biological attributes of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle. The results of the study shed light on important perceived biological attributes of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle such as the perceived higher milk non-fat solid and fat, higher quality of animal dung, the fact that these animals did could be reared without feeding them expensive concentrates. The hardiness of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle was also an important perceived biological attribute with the ensuring advantages of very minimum housing facilities, rare incidence of diseases and their ability to withstand extremes of climate and terrain. Important recurring themes in this regard included the adaptable nature of the animal in seasons of water scarcity and their unique grazing behaviour wherein they used their straight pointed horns to dig on the hard barks of the tall trees of the Wayanad forests, for feeding on the exposed softer, green, inner parts of tree stems. Policy interventions to for sustainable community based conservation of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle would inevitably have to take into consideration the perceptions of the traditional stakeholders in this sector.