District Southwest Research Articles

Serological detection of Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry production system in Woliso District South West Shewa, Central Ethiopia.

Newcastle disease (ND)is one of the most important respiratory viral diseases. The disease is endemic in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is no clear record about the introduction of the virus to the country (Ethiopia). Hence, detail about the ND is very important in its (ND) control and prevention. Despite these facts, there is no available research work done on ND in the current research area that would help either as references for researchers or that could help in the control and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the ND virus (NDV), using serological methods in from December 2018 to November 2019. A cross-sectional type of study was conducted to detect the NDV. The convenience sampling method was used for sample data collection. Before data collection, chicken with previous history of vaccination against the NDV was excluded from the sampling animals. Then, a total of 348 blood samples of 2 mLwere collected from the brachial vein in 3 mLdisposable syringes. The serum was collected in labeled 2 mL cryovial tubes. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) tests were performed to detect antibodies against NDV and to determine its antibody titer. The test was performed using (ID.vetinnovative version 2) procedure. In the indirect ELISA test, 37.64% (131/348) were positive and antibody titer mean value of (1761.9088) was scored. The standard deviation of 2592.42160 and a percentage coefficient of variation of147% was scored. From the finding, we conclude that indirect ELISA test detected the presence of the NDV in the study area and the heterogeneousity of antibody titer in the study area. Therefore, further molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation should be carried and vaccination of animals is critical in the study area.

Factors Influencing Participation Decision of Smallholder Farmers on Cluster Farming: The Case of Wheat Technologies in Dawoo District, South-West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Wheat is the most widely grown cereal crop in the world, with an ever-increasing demand. It plays a fundamental role in food security, and a major challenge is to meet the additional requirements with new cultivars and improved cropping technologies. This research evaluated the determinant factors influencing participation decisions of smallholder farmers in wheat cluster farming at Dawo District South-West Shewa Zone Oromia region. Dawo District was purposefully selected from the South-West Shewa Zone due to its wheat potential agro-ecological area and implemented wheat cluster farming. Based on the proportion of PAs that undertake cluster farming, four PAs were selected. Then using stratified random sampling PAs stratified into two strata: These are Wheat cluster farming and wheat non-cluster farming participants. In total, 138 (participants 92 and non-participants 46) respondents were selected using systematic random sampling. The binary logistic regression results revealed that the education level of the household head, wheat farming experience of the household head, landholding size, distance to extension services, membership to cooperative, and access to credit services were the variables that significantly affected participation decision of smallholder farmers in wheat cluster farming. Therefore, the research results recommend the need for continued and broad public and private awareness creation in agricultural innovations participation to address vital development challenges and the need for policy support for improving extension efforts and access to the full package for cluster implementation among smallholder farmers that stimulate participation decision on cluster farming of improved agricultural technologies.

Linear and Nonlinear Associations between Meteorological Variables and the Incidence of Malaria in Zahedan District Southwest of Iran 2000-2019

Introduction: Iran is one of the malaria-prone countries. Malaria transmission is likely to be affected by many factors, including meteorological variables. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of climate variables on malaria incidence. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted to examine the relation between malaria and meteorological variables in Zahedan district from 2000 to 2019. We built univariate and multivariate Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models and Generalized Additive Models (GAM)/ Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) using R software. AIC, BIC and residual tests were used to test the goodness of fit of SARIMA models, and R2 was used to select the best model in GAM/GAMM. Results: The SARIMA multivariate (1,0,1) (0,1,1)12 model, including the mean temperature and minimum humidity variables without lag, was the best fit. In nonlinear analysis, the number of malaria cases positively correlated with the month from January and peaked in May (edf=6.29). There was a generally negative correlation between malaria and time in years (edf=8.41). The mean temperature, between 20 to 30°C had the highest and slightly positive relation with the incidence of malaria (edf=7.55). Rainfall showed a negative association with small fluctuations between 20 and 45 mm and a positive association over 50 mm (edf=7.52). Mean relative humidity from above 50% had a negative relation with the number of cases (edf=6.93). The hours of sunshine in a month, until 235 hours, had a negative correlation and above 340 hours had a positive correlation with the incidence of malaria (edf=7.4). Conclusion: Meteorological variables can affect malaria occurrence.

Determinants of Inorganic Fertilizer Adoption: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Gimbo District South West Region Ethiopia

Determinants of Inorganic Fertilizer Adoption: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Gimbo District South West Region Ethiopia

On-farm performance evaluation of Maale goats under agro-pastoral management in Southwest Ethiopia

This study was conducted in Maale district Southwest Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating the productive and reproductive performance of Maale goats under agro-pastoral management conditions. Thirty households that have flocks numbers of more than ten were purposely selected and monitored from July 2018 to July 2019. Growth data of birth weight, three month, six month, nine month and yearly weight; birth type and parity were collected. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SPSS (21). The overall mean birth weight of the kids was 2.57±0.05 kg (males 2.68±0.07 and females 2.47±0.07 kg). The weaning and six months weight of kids was significantly different (p<0.05) between sexes of kids with 7.66±0.25 and 6.90±0.23 kg for male and female kids, respectively. The average body weight of males and females for six months; nine months and yearly were 11.57±0.30, 10.42±0.28; 15.42±0.27, 14.69±0.25 and 19.03±0.28, 18.43±0.25 kg, respectively. The birth type showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in birth weight. The result further indicated that the weaning weight of single and twin kids was highly significant (p< 0.001) and recorded as 7.66±0.25 and 6.90±0.23 kg, respectively. The overall pre-weaning average daily gain was 51.64±1.89 g day-1 (54.47±2.81 male and 48.93±2.53 g day-1 female). The birth type was significantly (p=0.01) different in pre-weaning growth rate and recorded 57.24±1.63 and 45.24±3.59 g day-1 for single and twin kids, respectively. Twins had higher post-weaning average daily gain than single and recorded as 43.61±1.48 and 40.76 ±0.70 g day-1, respectively. It was concluded that, along with other management interventions, the reproduction and growth performance of Maale goats is reasonably good and suited for community-based breeding strategies and higher performance could be expected. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(2): 7-13, December 2022

Cultural malpractices during pregnancy, child-birth and postnatal period among women of child bearing age in Loma Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundEvery day nearly 810 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Sub-Saharan Africa shares two-thirds of the world's maternal mortality ratio. World health organization recommends skilled care to save the lives of women and newborns. However, cultural malpractice is a common practice in developing countries like Ethiopia. So this study intends to determine the prevalence of cultural malpractice during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period and associated factors. MethodA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Loma district southwest Ethiopia from February to June 2018. A sample of 387 reproductive-age women who gave birth in the last two years was included using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A multivariable logistic regressions model was used to identify independent predictors of cultural malpractice. Significance association was declared by AOR at 95% confidence and p-value <0.05. ResultA total of 387 participants were involved in the study yielding a response rate of 100%. The prevalence of cultural malpractice during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period was 68%, 37.5%, and 72.6% respectively. The occupational status of women being students (AOR = 3.198, 95% CI: 1.250, 8.184) was an independent predictor of cultural malpractice during pregnancy. Age less than 30 (AOR = 2.075, 95% CI: 1.282, 3.357), rural residence (AOR = 1.892, 95% CI: 1.014, 3.532), occupation housewife (AOR = 2.841, 95% CI: 1.228, 6.575), merchant (AOR = 3.077, 95% CI: 1.134, 8.346) and number of pregnancy less than five (AOR = 2.707, 95% CI: 1.594, 4.597) were independent predictors of cultural malpractice during childbirth. Occupation housewives (AOR = 0.408, 95% CI: 0.226, 0.736) and a number of pregnancies less than five (AOR = 1.832, 95% CI: 1.035, 3.244) were independent predictors of cultural malpractice during the postnatal period. Conclusionand recommendation: cultural malpractice among reproductive-age women was high. Therefore, concerned bodies should strengthen the promotion of skilled birth attendance and community sensitization on the cultural malpractice consequences.

Weed flora of selected farms in Al-Wadi Al-Shargi in Ain Zara District Southwest of Tripoli- Libya

The present study was designed to explore the species diversity and floristic analysis of the weed flora of selected farms in the Al-Wadi Al-Shargi in Ain Zara district southwest of Tripoli- Libya. A total of 85 different plant taxa have been collected and recorded from the study area representing 29 families of which 27 families and 67 species are belonging to dicotyledons, 2 families, and 18 species belonging to monocotyledons. The results of this study show that the dominance of the family Poaceae with 17 species followed by the family Asteraceae with 16 species, then the family Fabaceae and Brassicaeae with 8 species each. The rest families were represented by three species or less. The result has also shown the dominance of the genus Sisymbrium with three species. Lifeform spectrum analysis has shown the absolute dominance of therophytes with 80 species. Simpson’s Diversity index showed that the weed flora of the studied farms was highly diversified.

Spatial and Temporal Pattern Assessment of Meteorological Drought in Tumakuru District of Karnataka during 1951-2019 using Standardized Precipitation Index

Abstract Tumakuru district of Karnataka state is situated in the semiarid climatic region which is considered most sensitive area/zone in response to climate change. This study analyses the spatio-temporal changes of meteorological drought in the Tumakuru district during 1951-2019. To understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought, annual and seasonal drought trends were examined using standardized precipitation index. Based on three-seasons, pre-monsoon (January -May), southwest monsoon (June -September), northeast monsoon (October-December) the annual SPI were calculated. Characteristics, classification and the threshold value of drought classes were determined. The correlation between precipitation and SPI was similar and showed the strong correlation. The wettest (1962 &amp; 2006), and driest years (1968,1954, 1965, &amp; 1976) during the study were identified. The higher frequency distribution of the driest years addresses roughly 57% drought years detected for Madhugiri and Tumakuru (1) in SW-monsoon of the total years of study, in pre-monsoon Kunigal have 21.73%, and in NE-monsoon it was 50.72 % at Kunigal. In the district southwest monsoon is long spell rainy season which is contributing 54% of total rainfall and advantageous for early stage of Rabi and maturation of Kharif crops. Maximum evaporation from soil and vegetation measured by potential evaporation which is the criteria of the water consumption by crops. In the event of monsoon failure and very less rainfall during southwest monsoon, farmers could not able to sow new crops and existing rain-fed crops would be decimated.

Hydrochemical and Environmental Assessment of Groundwater in Al-Yusufiyah District South-west Baghdad, Iraq

Groundwater in Yusufiyah represents the main water source for drinking and irrigation purposes in the dry season, so this research was conducted to assess and evaluate the hydrochemistry of groundwater in this area. (15) wells were selected for sampling in this area with depth ranges between 10-20 meters. , Groundwater generally flows from east to west and from northeast to southwest.Physical parameters for water samples were measured included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS),where the chemical parameters included major cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+2, and K+) and major anions (NO3-1, SO4-2,Cl-, and HCO3-). The results indicated that groundwater in the study area isnot suitable for human drinking due to high concentrations in(CL=435 ppm), (SO4-2 =769 ppm), (HCO-3=280 ppm),(TDS=2375 ppm), and (EC=2899µc). These values exceeded the standard limits of WHO. On the other hand, results show that this water was suitable for irrigation (good and Permissible except for well no.1,8,12,13, which wasnot suitable for all irrigation crops due to an increase in (SAR, Na) to the Don classification 1995.

Magnitudes of Immunization Dropout Rate and Predictors for 12-23 Months Aged Children in Abobo District Southwest Ethiopia

Vaccination is the epicenter of preventive care for good children's health outcomes in each nation. Nevertheless, a number of factors have been hindering the attainment of targets from providing complete vaccination in different nations. This study aims to assess predictors of immunizations in 12-23 months aged children in Abobo District, Gambela regions southwest Ethiopia.&#x0D; Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed in 436 pairs of mothers to children aged 12–23 months from 12 marches---27 April 2019. The study participant was recruited by multistage-sampling were used for each kebele. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 after cleaning and coded, exported to STATA/SE-14/R logistic regression analysis. Variables with P-value &lt;0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were transported into multivariable logistic regression. A variable with 95%CI in AOR was used as claim predictors for the dropout rate.&#x0D; Results: The overall dropout rate of immunization from completion was found 25.8% (95%CI: 21.5--30.2). Factors like mothers did not attend ANC (AOR= 4.59, 95% CI: 2.58, 7.84), being home delivery (AOR=6.46, 95% CI: (3.5--- 11.4), postponed last immunization scheduled (AOR=3.44, 95% CI: 1.98---5.97), children ill during measles vaccine (AOR=1.83, 95% CI: (1.02---3.28), Mothers refused ≥30 minutes for vaccine service waiting (AOR=3.58, 95% CI: (1.99, 6.44) were significantly associated with immunization dropout out.&#x0D; Conclusion: The immunization dropout rate was unacceptable and higher compared to WHO reference (&lt;10%). Home delivery postponed measles vaccine, child illness, ANC status Service refusal ≥30 minutes waiting for the vaccine were independently associated with dropout.

Magnitudes of Immunization Dropout Rate and Predictors for 12-23 Months Aged Children in Abobo District Southwest Ethiopia

Vaccination is the epicenters of preventive care for good children health outcomes in each nation. Nevertheless, numbers of factors have been hindering the attainment of targets to provide complete vaccination in different nations. The aim of this study is to assessed predictors of immunizations in 12-23 months aged children in Abobo District, Gambela regions south west Ethiopia.

Effect of Female Sexual Dysfunction on Self- Esteem of Infertile Women in Osun East Senatorial District Southwest Nigeria

This study assessed the effect of sexual Dysfunction on the self-esteem between infertile and fertile married women in Ife East Senatorial district Southwest Nigeria. This was a comparative cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. It was conducted at infertility and family planning clinics of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Using stratified random sampling, 222 infertile women at infertility clinic and 222 family planning clients who met inclusion criteria were recruited from 2020 to 2021. Quantitative data was assessed using the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, while an in-depth interview guide was employed to collect qualitative data. Data were managed using SPSS version 22. P-value was set at P &lt;0.05. Fifty (22.5%) infertile women had low self-esteem compared with five (2.3%) of fertile women. which was statistically significant (P&lt;0.001). Among fertile women, female sexual Dysfunction did not affect self-esteem (P=0.346), but among infertile women, female sexual Dysfunction significantly affected self–esteem (P=0.016). There is a positive relationship between female sexual function index scores and self-esteem scores among fertile and infertile women (r= 0.294 and 0.354 respectively) p&lt;0.001 Sexual dysfunctions among infertile women adversely affected their self-esteem.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHA TERNAK SAPI POTONG DI KECAMATAN LETTI KABUPATEN MALUKU BARAT DAYA

This research was aimed at studying income level and feasibility of cattle farming in Letti District South West Maluku Regency. The research was conducted on April – May 2020 in three sample villages, namely Batumiau, Laitutun and Desa Tutuwaru. Survey method was applied to thirty cattle herders as respondents, who were chosen through a snow-ball method. Data were both qualitatively and quantitatively collected by applying direct observation and interview through a questionnaire. The results showed that average income of the cattle herders was IDR. 18.616.667 annually with R/C ratio 3.67. It was concluded that the beef cattle farm provided a profit of Rp. 13,552,275,-/ farmer/ year and it is feasible to continue to be developed.

The Role of Farmer’s Cooperatives in Honey Production and Marketing: The Case of Masha Woreda South- West Ethiopia

This study examined the role of honey producer farmer’s cooperative in Masha District south-west Ethiopia. The data were collected through Questionnaire, Interview and focus group discussion. Both primary and secondary data were taken for this study. There were six honey producing farmers cooperative with 215 members in the study area. All of the cooperatives and member farmers were sampled for this study. The study used primary data from cooperative members’ household survey, and focus group discussion to provide background information and investigate the role of the cooperatives in honey production and marketing and constraints regarding honey production and marketing. Secondary data are also used to supplement primary data. The analysis is carried out by applying more of explanatory, descriptive and qualitative means of analysis. As a result, the study identified those constraints which affect the cooperatives production and marketing potential such as; lack of members commitment, limited leadership and management capacity, inadequate working capital, lack of inputs, lack of government and NGO support, lack of infrastructure facilities, limited training opportunities and storage problem. Even if the cooperatives do have a great potential to increase the honey productivity, due to the existence of these constraints, they didn’t bring significant progress yet in the study area. To minimize the impact of their constraints, cooperatives are expected to enhance transparency and accountability. In addition cooperatives are expected to strengthen their members’ equivalent participation together with its controlling mechanism to enhance the number of members which actually contributes for the increased honey productivity. As lack of working capital is also one of the problems of cooperatives, they are expected to effectively mobilize members for additional share capital contribution and credit access. If integrated corrective actions are taken on these identified constraints of cooperatives by members and stake holders, the cooperatives will play significant role on honey production and marketing in the study area. Keywords: farmers cooperative, honey production and marketing, constraints DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-8-01 Publication date : August 31st 2019

Relevancy and efficacy of science activities for class VIII students, district South-West Delhi

Relevancy and efficacy of science activities for class VIII students, district South-West Delhi

Comparison and Evaluation of GIS-Based Spatial Interpolation Methods for Estimation Groundwater Level in AL-Salman District—Southwest Iraq

The aim of the research is to compare spatial prediction methods: (RBF), (IDW), (OK), (UK), and (SK) for the production of the groundwater level map and the prediction error map in study area as well. Setting the foundations and criteria for choosing the most appropriate mathematical method for the construction of statistical surfaces in the representation of the level of groundwater in study area. These methods were used to predict the spatial distribution map of the groundwater level based on measured data from 764 wells in May 2016. The study reveals that comparing the spatial interpolation models and evaluating their accuracy, through some statistical indicators and cross-validation is the best way to choose the optimal model for the representation of data entered in any site. As a result of the statistical comparison between the five spatial interpolation models and validation of the results using (cross validation) it was found that the universal Kriging (UK) method is the best method to represent the level of groundwater in Salman district because this model has the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), the lowest mean error (ME), and the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value. The groundwater level and prediction standard error maps produced in the geographic information system (GIS) give additional data and information that describe the aquifer system in study area and will ultimately improve sustainable groundwater management.

Dinantian, Namurian and Westphalian rocks of the district south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon

Summary A stratigraphical succession in the lower part of the Culm Measures has been established in an area between the rivers Taw and Torridge, south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon. Higher Culm strata rest, possibly with unconformity, on the following sequence:— (d) Instow Beds: A greywacke-shale sequence including the Instow Fish-bed. (1500+feet.) (c) Limekiln Beds: Bedded siliceous siltstones and black shales. (100–120 feet.) (b) Chert Beds: Recognized in two facies—a central or Codden Hill facies, consisting almost entirely of bedded chert, and a northern or Fremington facies, containing in addition much limestone and shale. At the top of the Chert Beds in each facies are a Posidonia becheri and a “ Goniatites spiralis ” bed. (150–300+ feet.) (a) Pilton Beds (thickness unknown). The evidence of goniatites, trilobites and lamellibranchs is used to correlate the succession with the Carboniferous of North Germany and northern England. The presence of parts of zones II, IIIα and IIIβ of the German sequence is recognized in successive levels in the Codden Hill facies of the Chert Beds, whilst the Fremington facies is correlated with P 1 of northern England. The Chert Beds in both facies are terminated by the “ G. spiralis ” bed of P 1 d-P 2 a ( =IIIβ 7 or IIIγ 1 ) age. The lower and upper Reticuloceras stages are represented in the Limekiln Beds, whilst G 2 goniatites are found in the Fish-bed, which lies near the top of the Instow Beds. The lower part of the sequence is involved in a number of southward-dipping thrust-sheets; the upper part is steeply folded but rarely inverted. The general trend of fold-axes is E.–W.; there is a general westerly plunge of around 12°. Faults are both north-westerly and north-easterly, and appear to have succeeded the main thrusting, whilst minor E.–W. faulting has been observed. The cleavage and jointing can in most cases be related to the major tectonic pattern.

Note on Streams of Mexican Migration

Data on the origin of Mexican immigrants in three widely separated localities in the United States, presented in the table, show clearly that within the general movement of Mexicans to the United States there are distinct streams. Immigration to the Winter Garden district southwest of San Antonio, Texas, is overwhelmingly a short-range movement from adjacent states of Northeastern Mexico. Mexicans coming to Chicago, on the other hand, have leapfrogged from the central-plateau states of Mexico to the heart of the industrial North, 73.7 per cent of those for whom data are available having come from this source. In Imperial Valley, California, the adjacent west-coast states furnish the major portion of the immigrants; the central plateau ranks next, and the northeastern states third as a source of immigrants. A negligible number of immigrants to the United States come from south of Mexico City.

The Salopian Rocks and Tectonics of the District South-West of Ruthin (Denbighshire)

A recent communication to the Society dealt with the stratigraphy and tectonics of the area of Lower Ludlow rocks west of Denbigh. The area was limited on the south by an east-and-west line through the town of Ruthin, in the Vale of Clwyd. The stratal sequence included the zones of Monograptus nilssoni, M. scanicus , and M. tumescens , and among the tectonic features discussed was the predominance of north-and-south faulting which determined the main structure and topography. The present paper forms a continuation of the account of these Ludlow rocks in the district south and south-west of Ruthin that is, in the south-eastern part of the Denbighshire Moors. This area is in turn limited on the south by a notable tectonic feature, the east-and-west Llanelidan fault-system, which also forms the southern boundary of the Yale of Clwyd. On the east it is flanked by the rampart of Carboniferous Limestone (with, in places, the Basement Beds) which forms the western slopes of the Vale of Clwyd. On the west, the area extends as far as the head-waters of the River Clwyd (see map, Pl. LIV). In extent this area is about 20 square miles and is represented by the following quarter-sheets of the 6-inch map:–18 N.E., S.E.; 19 N.W., S.W., S.E.; 25 N.E.; and 26 N.W. and N.E. The succession is more complete than in the area previously described, for it includes in the lower part the Upper Wenlock mudstones (and possibly the zone of Monograptus vulgaris ), and in the upper part

XV.—The Alien Priority of St. Andrew, Hamble and its transfer to Winchester College in 1391

The Priory of St. Andrew, at Hamble, near Southampton, was a cell to the Benedictine abbey of Tyrone (Tirun or Turun), in La Beauce, a district southwest of Chartres, included in the old province of Orléannois. In the Monasticon and Tanner's Notitia it is called a Cistercian abbey, but this is a mistake, and so is the statement in the Notitia that the priory was annexed to New College, Oxford. The priory stood on a “rise” or point of land.—“Hamele-en-le-rys” or “Hamblerice” is its old name—at the confluence of the Hamble river with southampton Water, opposite Calshot castle. Hamble gets its name from Hamele, a thane of the Saxon Meonwaris. Leland calls the place “Hamel Hooke.” The priory church of St. Andrew is now the parish church. It was rebuilt by winchester college in the early part of the fifteenth century, and consists of channel and nave, to which a south aisle was added five or six years ago, and a tower with three bells. There are scarcely any traces above ground of the priory buildings. Like those of the Benedictine convent of St. Swithun, at Winchester, they stood on the south and south-west of the church, so that the graveyard, as at Winchester, is on the north side of the church.