District Sahiwal Research Articles

The Analysis of Groundwater Quality and the Impact of Remedial Measures Adopted by the Wheat Growers: Using Endogenous Switching Regression Model Approach

Groundwater pollution is a serious problem, posing severe problems on many economic activities. The study's main objectives were to access the groundwater quality in the study area and analyze the role of farmers in improving the groundwater quality. Total 108 groundwater samples were collected from different locations along the 11-L distributary located in District Sahiwal, Punjab-Pakistan. Samples were tested to analyze the quality of groundwater for agriculture and livestock. The parameters included pH, Ec, and TDS, were tested. Results showed that 14 samples were found to be fit, 23 were marginally fit and 71 were declared unfit for agricultural consumption. The results of CCME water quality index were also in favour of lab reports. Most wheat-growing farmers were using gypsum as a remedial measure to minimize the side effects of poor groundwater quality. Few farmers were using farmyard manure to improve groundwater quality. There are many factors that influence the adoption of remedial measures to compensate for the poor groundwater. Farmers were facing a few limitations that compelled them to avoid incurring any further costs in order to improve groundwater quality. The financial constraint was the main issue. The endogenous switching regression model was used for data analysis. The findings revealed that family workers, experience, education, and soil quality positively impact remedial measures adoption. The study recommended that proper groundwater quality monitoring is required on a regular basis. Farmers should be educated regarding the proper use of gypsum. The sewerage system was absent in many villages of the study area. To avoid the further leaching of hazardous materials into groundwater, it is critical to construct an effective waste management system.

Impact of COVID-19 on Legal Education Sector of Pakistan and Online Education as an Alternative Learning System

COVID-19 has collapsed education system due to lockdown and sudden closure of the educational institutions in Pakistan and across the globe. This study addresses online education challenges in the lockdown period and provides measures to effectively convert present resources available to university students from formal to online education through virtual classes. Therefore, this study examines students' perception of Pakistan's district Sahiwal towards the required digital and online university legal education during COVID-19. Postgraduate and undergraduate university law students were surveyed to find their perceptions about online legal education in the country. This research concludes that in underdeveloped countries such as Pakistan, online education could yield desired results despite limited resources. Some concerns highlighted by the students were a lack of face-to-face interactions with teachers, multimedia educational resources and tools, and the absence of conventional classroom socialization.

Readiness For Online Learning as A Predictor of Academic Stress and Anxiety

The present study investigated the online learning readiness as a predictor for academic stress and anxiety among graduate and undergraduate students. The sample of current study was (n = 100). Data was collected from District Sahiwal. Readiness for Online Learning Scale (McVay, 2000, 2001), Perceived Academic Stress Scale (PAS; Bedewy & Gabriel, 2015) and Anxiety Sub Scale from DASS (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) were used to measure the readiness for online learning, academic stress and anxiety respectively. The SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the results. The results revealed that readiness for online learning negatively predict anxiety and positively predict academic stress. While there was non-significant relationship between academic stress and anxiety. This research highlights the significance of online learning readiness to ensure students’ psychological well-being.

Studying the relation of Emotional Intelligence and Mindfulness with Students’ Academic Performance at Higher Secondary Schools

The study intended to find out the relationship betweenEmotional Intelligence(EI), Mindfulness (M), and grades of higher secondary students. Many researchers had been investigating grades of students in relation to EI and M; but the evidence for and against the thesis were strong enough; and, therefore, it remained a provocative issue for the curious researchers yet to be resolved. The rationale of the paper resides in the need of improving our understanding on the connection between EI, M and grades of adolescents, especially in countries where the school dropout rate of adolescents is reported high. Basic purpose was to check association between EI, M and grades. Initially two questionnaires were adopted to measure student’s EI and M separately. The first instrument was Schutte Self Report Inventory (SSRI) adapted by Schutte et al., (1998). The SSRI Schutte et al, (1998) had 33-items, self-report measures on the bases of Salovey and Mayer (1990) theory of “EI”. While the second one was a Mindfulness scale Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale by Brown et al, (2003)). Instrument comprised of 15 self-reported items. Students of secondary level were selected conveniently from the assessable population of District Sahiwal (Pakistan). Findings of this quantitative study was revealed that EI have positive relation with grades while negative relation with Mindfulness. Students’ emotional intelligence and mindfulness skills may be enhanced by using different teaching learning skills and making desirable changes in the system of education.

Role of Educational attainment in Married Women’s Entry into and Escape from Labor Force in Pakistan

The current analysis aims to establish a disaggregated impact of various stages of education on married women’s labor supply, for which responses on various socio-economic determinants of labor supply have been recorded from 834 females from District Sahiwal. Binomial Logistic Regression analysis concluded that education is generally the most significant factor of female labor supply. A higher likelihood has been observed between educated females and a lower probability for non-educated ones to fall into the active labor force. However, a higher level of assets ensures a lower probability of falling into the workforce, furthermore, age, marital status, presence of children, and family setup corroborate female labor supply with a positive impact. Efforts need to be made to transform a woman’s role from an “income shielding” to an “income-generating” role by providing education. Female economic contribution and empowerment are influential tools to uplift the living standard of the household level.

Effect of Supplementation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Extender on Buffalo Semen Parameters

The current study was planned to evaluate the supplementation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in extender on cryopreservation of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull semen. The semen samples were collected from Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull kept at SPU Qadirabad, District Sahiwal, Pakistan. Qualifying semen ejaculates having motility >60%, volume >5-6ml and concentration >0.5 billion/ ml were diluted 50 × 106 motile sperm ml approximately at 37°C in Tris-citric acid extender supplemented with different concentrations of PVP (0.01, 0.05, 0.1mM). The extender without PVP was kept as control. Semen was stored at 4°C for a period of 2 h and kept at 4°C for 4h. Semen was filled in 0.5 ml French straws using suction pump at 4°C, plunged and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Semen straws were rewarmed at 37°C for 30 seconds and assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), dead sperm percentage and the live sperm percentage. The data on the role of PVP on different parameters of semen quality were analyzed by using ANOVA and RCBD. Higher percentage (P< 0.05) of sperm motility (66.1±7.51 and 59.4±10.72) and PMI (72.9±5.39 and 75.7±6.5) was observed in extenders having 0.05 mM and 0.1mM PVP compared to extenders having 1.5mM PVP and control. The percentage acrosomal integrity was observed greater (P< 0.05) in extended semen containing 0.1mM (68.2±0.50) PVP compared to extenders having 0.01 and control.

Financial Management Competence of Selected and Promoted School Heads: A Demographic Comparison

This study intended comparing the financial management competence of selected and promoted school principals (heads). It was quantitative and comparative in nature. The population was principals of government high schools in Upper Punjab. Purposive sampling technique was applied for sampling the size of 213 school heads from district Sahiwal. A selfdeveloped questionnaire comprising 34 items was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be .82. Data were analyzed using advanced statistics using SPSS. The study established that school heads have awareness planning procedures and implementation processes but school heads are not confident to coordinate with stakeholders in financial matters of school. The significant difference appeared in financial management competence of promoted and selected school heads and males and females school principals. It was recommended that financial management orientation and training may be arranged for school heads of public secondary schools to improve their financial management competence.

Effectiveness of Chief Minister’s Roadmap Reforms in Education on Learning of Head Teachers and Teachers

Punjab Government of Pakistan under the headship of the Chief Minister’s has taken many moves for the promotion of education. Therefore, “Assessing effectiveness of quality enhancement measures in chief minister’s roadmap; perception of headteachers and teachers” were investigated in this study. The objective was to check the effectiveness of CM roadmap indicators on Quality Education. Taking district Sahiwal of Panjab Pakistan, as population, 300 teachers and headteachers of school side were selected as sample of study. A multi-stage convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. It was concluded that CM road map indicators does not have any statistically significant difference in teacher’s gender but have statistically significant difference on urban-rural teachers of district Sahiwal. By analysis of variance technique it has been finally concluded that CM road map indicators have substantial effect on quality education. The study opens the doors for future researcher to further evaluate other indicators except quality.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with groundwater and wastewater: The particular case of Sahiwal district in Pakistan

The use of wastewater for irrigation is a common practice in the developing world. It is a major route of heavy metal contamination in vegetables. The groundwater, an alternative source for irrigation, is under threat of heavy metal contamination due to long-term use of wastewater. The present study investigated heavy metals contamination from irrigation with wastewater compared to groundwater in District Sahiwal situated in the vicinity of Lahore, Pakistan. Irrigated water, soil and vegetables were analyzed for Iron, Nickel, Lead, copper, Cadmium, Manganese and Zinc; Metal transfer factor (MTF); daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were calculated. Manganese (Mn) and Cd in wastewater irrigated soil, Pb, Cd, Mn and Fe in wastewater-irrigated vegetables and Pb, Mn and Fe in groundwater-irrigated vegetables exceeded the permissible limits (WHO, 1996), particularly in Mustard and Spinach. Generally, MTF was higher in wastewater than groundwater-irrigated vegetables, particularly with Fe followed by Ni. HRI was higher for wastewater-irrigated than groundwater-irrigated vegetables. Wastewater-irrigated Mustard and Spinach showed a HRI > 1 only for Mn. Quality control mechanisms need to be applied for long-term use of groundwater. Also, treatment of wastewater prior to application to plants must be considered to save crops from contamination.

Financial Managerial Skills of Head and Accelerated Secondary Schools Performance in District Sahiwal

Financial management is preparing, directing and managing the monetary activities of an institution and it has become necessary for the educational managers to have good financial management skills. The objectives of the study were; 1) To explore the heads financial managerial skills at secondary school level 2) To find out the effect of heads financial managerial skills in accelerating secondary school performance. The study was descriptive in nature. All the heads of secondary schools comprised the population in district Sahiwal. Researchers selected 110 headteachers from secondary schools through a simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used as a research tool for the study and researchers visited the respondents personally and the target of 100% data collection successfully achieved. The study concluded that due to heads teachers financial management skills the overall performance of school has been improved including students attendance, teachers attendance, results of different classes and drop out of the students.

Impact of Coach's Behavior on Motivation of Athletes in District Sahiwal

The main objective of the present study was to see the relationship of coach’s behavior and the motivation of female athletes of different colleges of District Sahiwal Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. A total number of 177 athletes who fulfilled the criteria of actively playing four major games including Volleyball, Handball, Basketball, and Netball at the college level were recruited to participate in this study. Data was collected using Coaching Behavior Scale, developed by Jean Cote (1999) and Motivation Scale by Pelletier et al (1995). Simple random sampling technique was used and data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regressions. This research assessed different behavioral dimensions of coaches and concluded that physical training had a significant impact on the athletes’ extrinsic motivation and not on intrinsic motivation. Contrary to this, coaches’ positive attitude towards enhancing the technical skills of athletes had a positive impact on intrinsic motivation than extrinsic motivation. For mental preparation, coaching behavior had a significant impact on the extrinsic motivation of athletes. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between competition strategies and the extrinsic motivation of athletes.

Assessment of farmers on their knowledge regarding pesticide usage and biosafety

PurposeInappropriate application of pesticides is quite common in the study area, causing health issues and in some cases fatalities. The intent of the current study is to gauge the farmers’ level of knowledge on the safe usage of pesticides and biosafety to keep the famers healthy through the focused extension programs.MethodologyThe study is carried out in 41 union councils of Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Data are collected through a cluster sampling technique by conducting face-to-face interviews. Statistical analysis is used to determine relationships and interpret them.ResultsThe findings show that the majority of farmers (87.2%) earn their livelihoods from farming and 2.1% are traders. More than half of the respondents (51.8%) own small land-holdings with an area of 4–8 ha, with only 16.4% having a land area of more than 12 ha. The results also reveal that the majority of respondents obtain information from private agents and only about one third (34.4%) respondents get information on the safe usage of pesticides from the Department of Agriculture (Extension). The internet has emerged as a fast and reliable source of information in the new paradigm; however, only 14.4% of the respondents take advantage of this economical and fast information tool/medium. The findings also reveal that the farmers employ unhealthy and poor practices by not following the recommendations regarding the safe usage of pesticides. The study also reveals that more than half of the farmers (54.4%) use unsafe storage practices on their farms, and about 48.2% do not follow the instructions.ConclusionsInappropriate application of pesticides can have negative effects on human health and the adoption safety measures are necessary to avoid the harmful effects of pesticides. Due to high illiteracy in the area, farmers mainly seek advice of neighboring farmers, having ignorance on the biosafety issues. Variables like education level, land ownership, total land size and the trainings on safe pesticide usage significantly influence the knowledge level of farmers on the safe usage of pesticides.RecommendationsFarmers do not follow the recommendations of the extension department or the instructions printed on pesticide bottles/containers, therefore educational (formal and informal) and training programs are necessary on the safe pesticide usage to upgrade their skills and expertise on safe usage of pesticides and the importance of biosafety.

Teaching Mathematics at High School: A Comparison of Public and Private School Teachers’ Practices

This paper compares the mathematics teaching practices of private and public high school teachers in Punjab. Two hundred public and 180 private school teachers were selected by using random sampling technique from district Sahiwal. The quantitative data was collected by using a Likert type 58 questionnaire items. The questionnaire consisted of six parts: mathematic teaching practices, mathematic effective students’ instruction, mathematic resources availability, use of mathematic resources, use of instructional techniques and evaluation techniques used by the teachers. The study indicated that private school teacher teach in cooperative environment, individual concentration, small group discussion and encourage students in mathematic classrooms as compared to public school teachers. They write equations to represent concept and then engage students in problem solving and practice computational skill as compared to public school teachers. Public school teachers highly believe that text book is primary instructional tool for teaching. They practice difficult problem by drill in their classes. Although Public school teachers are well trained, qualified and experienced yet they emphasize rote learning which is a big hurdle in conceptual understanding. Provision of material resources in public schools is high. Mathematic curriculum document, manipulative, measuring devices, and spreadsheets, worksheet calculators, teacher guide and computers as teaching resources are available in public schools. Whereas, helping books and calculators’ availability is better in private schools.

Analysis of Water in the Area of District Sahiwal for Heavy Metals (A Case Study)

Analysis of Water in the Area of District Sahiwal for Heavy Metals (A Case Study)

Audit of Firearm Autopsy Cases in District Sahiwal

Audit of Firearm Autopsy Cases in District Sahiwal

A comparative analysis of sperm selection procedures prior to cryopreservation for Nili-Ravi buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) semen-: Assessment of its impact on post-thaw sperm functional quality

Sperm selection techniques have been developed to get sperm suspensions enriched in motile and functional cells. Studies show that selection before cryopreservation improves post-thaw quality of cryopreserved sperm but information on buffalo bull sperm is scarce. The study was aimed to 1) perform a comparative analysis of sperm selection procedures; Swim-Up (SU), Sephadex™-G15 Filtration (S-G15) or Glass Wool Filtration (GWF) for total and motile cell recovery, 2) to assess the impact of sperm selection prior to cryopreservation on sperm quality (motility, morphology, cell membrane and normal apical ridge, viability and livability, chromatin integrity) and sperm functionality (Embryo Cleavage after IVF with selected sperm) in post-thawed suspensions of buffalo bull sperm. Semen was collected from 5 Nili Ravi buffalo bulls maintained at the Semen Production Unit Qadirabad, District Sahiwal, Pakistan. Ejaculates were divided into four aliquots for SU, S-G15 and GWF and control. After sperm selection, total and motile sperm recovery was highest in GWF samples (total sperm=84.08±8.39%; motile sperm=80.42±3.57%). An improvement (P<0.05) in all post-thaw parameters was observed in S-G15-selected sperm and, in some parameters in GWF-filtered sperm suspensions compared to control. The highest (P<0.05) embryo cleavage rate (%) was achieved with frozen-thawed sperm selected with S-G15 prior to cryopreservation (44.72±4.18) compared to control (21.98±3.00). In conclusion, post thaw sperm quality was improved after sperm selection from fresh buffalo bull semen through S-G15 and GWF procedures compared to SU and control while, the fertility rate (cleavage rate) was improved with sperm processed using the S-G15 procedure.

Effect of supplementation of feed with Flaxseed (Linumusitatisimum) oil on libido and semen quality of Nilli-Ravi buffalo bulls.

BackgroundThe current study was designed to investigate the effect of supplementation of Flaxseed (Linumusitatisimum) oil on libido and semen quality of Nilli-Ravi buffalo bulls.MethodsIn this study, 12 adult healthy bulls kept at the Semen Production Unit, Qadirabad district Sahiwal, were used. These bulls were divided into three equal groups, A, B and C. Group A was kept as control, while in groups B and C supplementation of feed was provided by using flaxseed oil @125 ml/day and 250 ml/day,respectively for 12 weeks. Two ejaculates per animal were collected at 0 day then 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th week of treatment. In this way a total 216 samples were taken, and each semen sample was evaluated for color, volume, mass activity, percent motility, sperm cell concentration per ml, percentage of live sperm, and plasma membrane integrity. Libido of bulls was also evaluated before every collection.ResultsAnalysis of data revealed that these parameters were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in flax oil treated animals as compared to control.ConclusionIt was concluded from the present study that flax seed oil has beneficial effects on reproductive health of buffalo bull.

Does Credit Play a Role in Increasing the Yields of Wheat and Cotton: A Case Study of District Sahiwal

Agricultural credit plays a pivotal role in enhancing crop productivity by making possible easy access to essential inputs. The present study has been conducted during 2010-11 to investigate the effect of agricultural credit on wheat and cotton crops productivity in Sahiwal district. The data were collected from 100 farmers, among which half were loanee while the other half were non-loanee farmers. A Cobb Douglas production function was employed to assess the effect of various agronomic and production variables on productivity of wheat and cotton crops. The analysis estimated the coefficients of seed cost (scost), irrigation cost (ircost) and agricultural credit (dummy variable for credit) as 0.378, 0.098 and 0.026, respectively for wheat. All the variables were found to be highly significant for wheat crop. While in case of cotton, all variables except irrigation cost were significant at 1 percent while the variable of seed bed preparation was significant at 7 percent level of significance. Since agricultural credit has a significant role in enhancing the productivity of these crops, therefore, the study suggests of devising easy lending procedure, financing agricultural machinery on subsidized rates and creating the awareness regarding agricultural loans. These measures will enhance loan disbursement to farmers considered to be imperative for increasing productivity of wheat and cotton crops. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p482

Quality Assessment of Tubewell Water for Irrigation and Impact on Soil and Crops in Central Punjab, Pakistan

Aims: The study was conducted to assess the quality of tubewell (TW) waters for irrigation and their effects on soils and crops. Place and Duration of Study: Canal Command Area (CCA) of Chichawatni and Sahiwal tehsils of district Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan during 2012 and 2013. Methodology: A total of 529 TW water samples were collected from nine distributaries of Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC); four on right s ide (RD); five on left side (LD).Twenty composite soil samples were collected at plough layer depth (0 to 15 cm) from the selected farmer fields irrigated with TW and canal water (CW). Soils were analysed for pHs, ECe, and water samples were analysed for E C, cations (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ , Na + ) and anions (CO 3 2 - , HCO 3 - ) and then RSC and SAR were computed. Total dissolved salts (TDS) of TW waters were used to estimate the amount of salts added into soil with the irrigation. The salts addition into soil under different crops was also

Socio- Economic and Psychological Causes of Female Prostitution in Punjab (A Case Study of District Sahiwal)

Prostitution has been going on for many centuries. Many studies have gone on, researching and trying to understand on why women get involved with prostitution and the main effects it has on them. Present Research gives an overview of the major Socio- Economic and Psychological causes of prostitution in Punjab, Pakistan. It has also examines the social adjustment problems of prostitutes within the society and violence against female prostitutes carried out by male buyers and pimps. A sample of 10 respondents was selected for the case study from District Sahiwal, Punjab by using purposive sampling technique. Check List was designed and qualitative data was collected through face to face interview. In conclusion, the present research suggests some strategies to combat prostitution. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n3p391