Aveiro District Research Articles

Escovagem de dentes em ambiente escolar e redução do índice de placa bacteriana: avaliação da efetividade de um projeto de saúde oral

Facing the high prevalence of dental caries in Portuguese children, the school health team of Oliveira do Bairro county (district of Aveiro) launched an health education project (Mr. Tooth Project), during 2012/13, intended to preschool age (3‐6 years) and consisting in the implementation of tooth brushing at school.The study aimed to estimate the reduction of dental plaque in children covered by this project in order to evaluate its effectiveness on dental caries's reduction.A quasi‐experimental study was developed and the individual dental plaque index was evaluated before and after Mr Tooth Project implementation (nbefore=256; nafter=190).Prevalence of caries estimated before the beginning of the intervention was 32.8% (95% CI: 27.0% ‐ 38.6%). The reduction of dental plaque index found between evaluations was 2.45 (95% CI: 2.38‐2.51). A positive association between dental plaque index reduction and number of decayed, missing and filled teeth due to caries, and also with initial dental plaque index, was demonstrated. A negative association between dental plaque index reduction and interval between evaluations was also found.The results pointed to the effectiveness of school health programs that promotes daily tooth brushing at school and suggest the need to evaluate intervention projects span in order to optimize resources for its development.

Survey of the Facade Walls of Existing Adobe Buildings

ABSTRACTAdobe construction was very common in Aveiro district, Portugal, until the middle of the 20th century. At present, there are still many adobe buildings in use, a significant percentage of which have social, cultural, and architectural value. Many of these buildings, however, are in a poor state of conservation. The existing problems are partially the result of a lack of knowledge about the materials and building systems traditionally used. To contribute to this knowledge, a visual and dimensional inspection of the facade walls of twenty one adobe buildings located in Anadia, Murtosa, and Aveiro municipalities, in Aveiro district, was conducted. This article presents a description and analysis of the construction details, common defects, and state of conservation of the facade walls studied. This work aims to contribute with preliminary information that may help support the preservation and rehabilitation of existing adobe buildings.

Sustainability in earthen heritage conservation

Abstract Earth construction is the oldest building material known, with documented cases of the use of earth bricks since Mesopotamia around 10 000 BC. Earth construction exists throughout most of the world in different cultures, and for some countries it continues to be the main process of construction. Around 30% of the world's population lives in buildings made from earth materials. Earthen construction is an environmentally friendly technique with a social and cultural contribution; this advantage is increased when this type of construction is applied in developing countries where the material costs counterbalance the labour costs, and where other materials and techniques are not available. Studies of material characteristics are required in order to understand the composition and specific properties of earth buildings, their heterogeneity and their degradation mechanisms. Results from two different types of adobes that represent these material characteristics in Aveiro district are shown, owing to the importance of determining and acknowledging the main characteristics of adobe buildings in order to have sufficient information to initiate conservation and rehabilitation actions.

Ambiente construído, saúde pública e políticas públicas: uma discussão à luz de perceções e experiências de idosos institucionalizados

O impacto do ambiente construído na saúde das populações há muito que é reconhecido. Com efeito, esta ligação remonta ao século XIX. Dado o aumento da esperança de vida, as políticas públicas começaram, mais recentemente, a dar particular atenção à maximização da saúde e das capacidades funcionais das pessoas idosas. A ideia consiste em considerar a população idosa não como um problema, mas, antes, como um desafio e como o resultado de um substancial desenvolvimento social, económico e territorial. Como tal, iniciativas do tipo cidades/comunidades amigas dos idosos ganharam protagonismo, reconhecendo-se por esta via o impacto que o desenho, os serviços e as amenidades produzem na saúde e no bem-estar das pessoas. Essas iniciativas, porém, tendem a negligenciar o importante papel que as instituições de apoio à terceira idade detêm na sociedade. É objetivo deste artigo perceber o impacto que o ambiente construído envolvente a essas instituições produz no comportamento dos seus utentes. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 88 pessoas idosas, com idade média de 75 anos, de 11 instituições localizadas no Distrito de Aveiro, Portugal, representando diferentes padrões geográficos. Foram, igualmente, entrevistadas algumas das pessoas que aí exercem a sua atividade profissional. Embora globalmente os utentes sintam-se satisfeitos com a localização da instituição, foram referidas inúmeras barreiras associadas ao desenho urbano. Os resultados alcançados permitem realçar a importância de se realizar estudos dessa natureza e, consequentemente, reforçar, ao nível das políticas públicas, a ligação da saúde pública com o ordenamento do território.

Incidence and diversity of antimicrobial multidrug resistance profiles of uropathogenic bacteria.

The aim of this study was to assess the most frequent multidrug resistant (MDR) profiles of the main bacteria implicated in community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Only the MDR profiles observed in, at least, 5% of the MDR isolates were considered. A quarter of the bacteria were MDR and the most common MDR profile, including resistance to penicillins, quinolones, and sulfonamides (antibiotics with different mechanisms of action, all mainly recommended by the European Association of Urology for empirical therapy of uncomplicated UTI), was observed, alone or in association with resistance to other antimicrobial classes, in the main bacteria implicated in UTI. The penicillin class was included in all the frequent MDR profiles observed in the ten main bacteria and was the antibiotic with the highest prescription during the study period. The sulfonamides class, included in five of the six more frequent MDR profiles, was avoided between 2000 and 2009. The results suggest that the high MDR percentage and the high diversity of MDR profiles result from a high prescription of antibiotics but also from antibiotic-resistant genes transmitted with other resistance determinants on mobile genetic elements and that the UTI standard treatment guidelines must be adjusted for the community of Aveiro District.

Mechanical Properties and Behavior of Traditional Adobe Wall Panels of the Aveiro District

AbstractIn the Aveiro district, Portugal, adobe was a construction material extensively used until the middle of the twentieth century. Presently, many adobe constructions are still in use, presenting important cultural, social, and architectural value. Many of these constructions, however, are in a poor state of conservation, displaying severe structural anomalies. This negligence is in part due to a lack of knowledge concerning the mechanical behavior and properties of adobe masonry. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this knowledge. Ten full-scale adobe wall panels were constructed in the laboratory with adobes collected from an existing construction and with mortar formulated with the composition traditionally used. Five wall panels were tested in simple compression and five wall panels in diagonal compression. From these tests it was possible to determine and evaluate the stress-strain relationships, strength, deformation, stiffness, and damage pattern of the adobe masonry walls. This know...

Prevalence and determinants of insomnia symptoms among schoolteachers

IntroductionInsomnia is the most common sleep disorder. In Portugal, teachers have a specific socioeconomic situation, caused by the distance between home and workplace, unstable job situation and students’ behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia in a sample of Portuguese schoolteachers. Participants and methodsIn a cross-sectional study 604 teachers were assessed of seventeen public schools, from the districts of Aveiro and Viseu, Portugal. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Insomnia had been defined according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as the presence of one or more of the following symptoms: a) difficulty initiating sleep; b) difficulty maintaining sleep; c) early morning awakening and difficulty getting back to sleep; d) non-restorative sleep, that lasts for a period of 1 month. ResultsPrevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample was 40.6%. Prevalence of the variables difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and difficulty getting back to sleep and non-restorative sleep were 14.3%, 28.7%, 19.7% and 20.7%, respectively. Insomnia symptoms had been associated with marital status (divorced; OR=1.65; 95%CI, 0.78–3.48), years of teaching experience (10 to 20 years; OR=0.46; 95%CI, 0.28–0.75) and job satisfaction (OR=0.74; 95%CI, 0.53–1.0). ConclusionPortuguese schoolteachers show a high prevalence of insomnia. Insomnia was associated with sociodemographic and occupational variables.

Hepatitis A Immunity in the District of Aveiro (Portugal): An Eleven-Year Surveillance Study (2002–2012)

Hepatitis A is a common viral liver disease and brings serious health and economic problems as its epidemiologic pattern changes over time. National serosurveys from developed countries have indicated a decline in HAV (hepatitis A virus) seroprevalence over time due to the improvement of economic and sanitation levels. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunity rate was surveyed throughout an eleven-year period by sex and age group in Aveiro District. In this retrospective study, blood samples from patients of Aveiro District, in ambulatory regime, collected at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab between 2002 and 2012 were screened for the presence of antibodies against HAV antigen using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. The global immunity (positive total anti-HAV) was 60% and only 0.3% of the patients presented recent infection by HAV (positive IgM anti-HAV). The HAV immunity was age-dependent (p < 0.05), but no significant differences (p > 0.05) between sexes were observed. The immunity was similar throughout the study period (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that young people (especially under 25 years old) from District of Aveiro are susceptible to HAV infection, constituting a high risk group. The elderly should be also a concern in the future of Hepatitis A infection.

Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers' social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers' views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers' views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Influence of the mineralogical composition on the properties of adobe blocks from Aveiro, Portugal

AbstractEarth materials have been used in the form of adobe or rammed products for the construction of load-bearing walls in buildings. In Portugal, the adobe has been used predominantly on the central coast, particularly in the Aveiro district. Although many old adobe buildings in Aveiro have been abandoned, some of them can be refurbished with minor maintenance and repair works.Representative samples from typical adobe blocks, from various constructions in the region were collected and characterized for their mineralogical composition, particle size, aggregate content, water uptake, durability and strength. These basic properties provide a basis for the development of adequate interventions, preserving the characteristics of the buildings. This study compares the main characteristics of adobes from two different locations (Anadia and Murtosa). The most important differences between the two groups of adobes are the particle size distribution, the mineralogical composition, the water absorption and the mechanical and durability properties. The study improved the knowledge of the traditional construction methods and will enable decisions for rehabilitation of adobe buildings to be made. Knowledge of the main characteristics of adobes allows those participating in the rehabilitation process to obtain the basis for the rehabilitation and conservation of old buildings.

Envelope index evaluation model of existing buildings

An evaluation methodology to estimate the envelope's degradation level (DL) of social housing buildings was developed. The DL of each of the principal faults was determined as well as the building envelope's evaluation index (EI). Degradation assessment results were obtained through visual survey and were aggregated by a method developed in the research. With the aim of discovering the visual phenomena's underlying mechanism, models have been constructed to analyse the behaviour of each dependent variable (faults), according to the independent ones: building age, covering type, last repair action and proximity to sea, trees, main roads, industrial zones and collective buildings. After obtaining the building's EI, models were developed to estimate the influence of the predictor variables in this index. The aim of this paper is to present the models for obtaining the envelope EI of a set of social residence buildings in Aveiro District, Portugal. This was achieved in the scope of a research project on prioritising refurbishment interventions in the Portuguese social housing stock [Rodrigues, M.F.S., 2008. Social Housing Conservation State. Evaluation index and methodology. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro (in Portuguese)].

Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009)

BackgroundUrinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. In order to assess the adequacy of the empirical therapy, the prevalence and the resistance pattern of the main bacteria responsible for UTI in the community (in Aveiro, Portugal) was evaluated throughout a ten-year period.MethodsIn this retrospective study, all urine samples from patients of the District of Aveiro, in ambulatory regime, collected at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab during the period 2000–2009 were analysed. Samples with more than 105 CFU/mL bacteria were considered positive and, for these samples, the bacteria were identified and the profile of antibiotic susceptibility was characterized.ResultsFrom the 155597 samples analysed, 18797 (12.1%) were positive for bacterial infection. UTI was more frequent in women (78.5%) and its incidence varied with age, affecting more the elderly patients (38.6%). Although E. coli was, as usual, the most common pathogen implicated in UTI, it were observed differences related to the other bacteria more implicated in UTI relatively to previous studies. The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). Although E. coli was responsible for more than an half of UTI, its resistance to antibiotics was low when compared with other pathogens implicated in UTI, showing also the lowest percentage of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates (17%). Bacteria isolated from females were less resistant than those isolated from males and this difference increased with the patient age.ConclusionsThe differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. From the recommended antimicrobials by the European Association of Urology guidelines, the first line drugs (pivmecillinam and nitrofurantoin) and the alternative antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMX-CLA) are appropriate to treat community-acquired UTI, but the fluoroquinolones should not be suitable to treat male infections and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) shall not be used in the treatment of UTI at this level.

Influence of the testing procedures in the mechanical characterization of adobe bricks

A study of the influence of testing procedures in the mechanical characterization of adobe bricks traditionally used in Aveiro district, Portugal, was conducted. Cylindrical and cubic adobe specimens were subjected to simple compression tests, adobe bricks to flexural tests, and cylindrical adobe specimens to splitting tests. With these tests it was possible: (i) to collect more data to improve the knowledge of the mechanical behavior of adobe; (ii) to determine correlations between results obtained with different testing procedures; and (iii) to perform a rigorous characterization of the deformations suffered by adobe under compression, by measuring deformations directly on test specimens.

EI Professionals’ Vulnerability to Stress and Self Assessment Performance at VIG Interaction

This study *** aims to analyse the use of the Video Home Training/Video Interaction Guidance Method in the development of relational competences of Early Intervention (EI) professionals and of the families of at risk children they’re supporting. The data about ‘vulnerability to stress’ and ‘performance in EI’ refer to the three involved groups (Aveiro, Coimbra and Portalegre EI structures), in 2010 and 2011. Both stress level and performance in EI suffered a positive evolution, the most notable difference occurring in the district of Aveiro. This fact can be related.to the VIG supervision that the EI professionals in Aveiro receive.*** Project financed by FEDER/Competitive Factors Operational Programme – COMPETE and FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology (COMPETE: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014395).

Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in an area of transmission located in Pará State, Brazil, determined by amplification of mtDNA using a real-time PCR assay

The need for a more sensitive and time-efficient assay for malaria has led to the development of molecular assays involving real-time PCR (qPCR), a procedure that has the potential to detect low levels of parasitemia, identify mixed infections, and allow for precise differentiation of species via melting curve analysis or TaqMan fluorescence-labeled probes. Since the first study published in 2001 at least 17 assays have been developed, most of them using SSUrRNA as the target gene. We used qPCR to detect Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by amplification of mtDNA; this technique was evaluated on whole-blood samples from people living in areas of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon region located in the area of inclusion of highway BR-163 (Cuiabá-Santarém) in Pará State: São Luiz do Tapajós, a municipal district of Itaituba (N = 74); Três Boeiras, a municipal district of Trairão (N = 134), and São Raimundo, a municipal district of Aveiro (N = 62). The results from the real-time PCR-based method were compared to conventional microscopy and to an established mtDNA-PCR assay. The qPCR (mtDNA) method was 16-19 times more efficient than the conventional PCR (mtDNA) and microscopy for detecting plasmodial infections.

Vírus Toscana na população Portuguesa: vigilância sero-epidemiológica e casos clínicos.

Toscana virus (Phlebovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) is a neurotropic virus which circulates in the Mediterranean Basin. Although Portugal has been the second country where its presence was reported, the existence of this virus in our country has been referred only sporadically, and there is a lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of antibodies in the population. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antibodies anti-Toscana virus in the human population in our country. Sero-epidemiological investigations were performed with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The study population consisted of a control population (blood donors, n=150), a population considered at risk (n=236) and a population of individuals with symptoms and laboratory diagnostic request for vector-borne viruses. The latter population was divided into two groups: those individuals with neurological symptoms (n=165) and those without neurological symptoms (n=373). We tested sera from a total of 924 individuals. The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies in the control population was 2%. In the population considered at risk, the prevalence was 3.4%. In the population with central nervous system disease, we detected a seroprevalence of 4.2%. For the same type of antibodies and in subjects without central nervous system disease, the prevalence was 1.3%. Five cases of recent infection (3%) were detected in the population with neurological signs. Those infections have been acquired in the districts of Faro, Coimbra, Aveiro and Lisbon. The associated clinical diagnoses were meningitis, meningoencephalitis and rash. The observed seroprevalences were, in general, lower than reported in other endemic countries. Only 5 of the 29 sera which gave positive results by IFA and ELISA were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization tests with the Italian strain ISS.Phl.3. This can indicate the presence of more than one Toscana virus serotype circulating in Portugal and emphasizes the need for more research about this etiological agent in our country.

Lead availability in soils from Portugal’s Centre Region with special reference to bioaccessibility

Previous environmental biomonitoring studies indicated higher environmental lead (Pb) pollution levels at the districts of Aveiro and Leiria (Portugal). In evaluating the risk for human health, which is associated with contaminated soils after oral uptake, total soil concentrations have generally been held against criteria established from toxicological studies based upon the assumption that the uptake of the contaminant is similar in the toxicological studies and from the soils assessed. This assumption is not always valid, as most toxicological studies are carried out with soluble forms of the contaminants, whereas many soil contaminants are or become embedded in the soil matrix and thus exhibit limited availability. This study intends to estimate the soluble fraction of Pb in the soils from central Portugal, and to assess the bioaccessibility of Pb and, hence, infer exposure and risk for human health. Yet, as the physical-chemical properties of the soil exert some control over the solubility of Pb in the surface environment, the relation between such soil properties and the estimated soluble and/or bioaccessible fractions of Pb is also investigated. Other objective, with a more practical nature, was to give some contribution to find a suitable in vitro mimetic of the gastrointestinal tract environment. The results indicate relatively low total metal concentrations in the soils, even if differences between regions were observed. The Aveiro district has the higher total Pb concentration and the metal is in more soluble forms, that is, geoavailable. Soils with higher concentrations of soluble Pb show higher estimates of bioaccessible Pb. Soil pH seems to influence human bioaccessibility of Pb.

Mechanical properties of adobe bricks in ancient constructions

A study of the mechanical properties of adobe bricks collected from houses and land dividing walls in Aveiro district, Portugal, representative of existing traditional constructions, was conducted. Cylindrical adobe specimens were subjected to simple compression and splitting tests. From these tests it was possible to evaluate the strength capacity, stiffness and deformation evolution for increasing loading. Correlations between the evaluated properties were determined, and the results obtained for houses and land dividing walls were compared. This study contributes for the characterization of adobes traditionally used in Aveiro district, and provides reference values that can be considered in rehabilitation processes.

Coping with the caregiving role: Differences between primary and secondary caregivers of dependent elderly people

Objectives: The topic of how primary informal caregivers cope with their caregiving demands has generated significant research. However, little is known about secondary informal caregivers, who often share caregiving responsibilities. This cross-sectional study aims to analyse and compare the use and effectiveness of coping strategies of primary and secondary informal caregivers of dependent elderly people, living at home. Method: A sample of 180 informal caregivers of dependent elderly people – 90 primary and 90 secondary caregivers – was obtained. The study was conducted in the district of Aveiro (Portugal). The Portuguese version of Caregivers’ Assessment Management Index – CAMI (Nolan, Keady, & Grant, 1995) was administrated to both sub-samples. Results: Findings suggest that emotion-cognitive strategies are less efficient for secondary caregivers (e.g. drawing on personal or religious beliefs). Common problem-solving strategies adopted by both types of caregivers involve relying on own their experience and expertise and addressing and finding a solution to the problem. Neither group were highly efficient at managing care-related stress, but both identified benefits from taking time off or maintaining interests outside of caregiving. Conclusion: These findings can guide professionals in targeting and monitoring interventions aiming to develop caregivers’ effective coping strategies. Besides, engaging secondary caregivers in current available interventions and services, usually targeted to the primary caregiver, is of paramount need, as they can reduce the burden of primary caregivers and delay institutionalisation.

Tamandua tetradactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Myrmecophagidae) and Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Triatominae) infection focus by Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 (Trypanosomatidae) in Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng (Arecaceae) palm tree in the Brazilian Amazon

A sylvatic infection focus of Trypanosoma rangeli, whose cycle involves the anteater Tamandua tetradactyla and triatomine insect Rhodnius robustus was observed in a pasture-dominated landscape of the rural riparian community of São Tomé located along the Tapajós river in the municipal district of Aveiro (State of Pará, Brazil), the Brazilian Amazon region. During a field work campaign with the objective of Chagas disease diagnosis in the Tapajós region, an anteater and 31 triatomines were found inhabiting in the same Attalea phalerata palm tree crown. Collected triatomines were identified as R. robustus with morphological and molecular procedures. The analysis of infection by T. rangeli using the repetitive ARN nucleolar Cl1 (sno-RNA-Cl1) gene showed that 25 triatomines of all stages were infected by T. rangeli (total infection rate of 80.6%). Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi using mini-exon markers was not identified. Examination of the digestive content of the triatomines demonstrated that the only feeding source found was the anteater. These results demonstrate that T. tetradactyla can be an important reservoir for T. rangeli and a good vehicle of the parasite within the Brazilian Amazon region.