Districts Of Tamil Nadu Research Articles

Fertilizer type and quantity recommendation to increase oilseed crops yield prediction with inorganic fertilizers using machine learning algorithms

Agriculture contributes significantly to India’s economy. The most serious threat to food security is population growth. Population growth increases demand, forcing farmers to produce more to increase supply. Crop yield prediction technology can help farmers to increase their output. Optimal fertilizer dose are required for boosting oilseed crop yield cultivation. However, when nutrients are scarce or overfertilization occurs, yields are considerably lowered and the environmental burden is increased. To address these issues, our proposed work employs machine learning techniques in the prediction of crop yield using inorganic fertilizer as well as the amount and type of agricultural fertilizer to be used for a specific crop in various districts of Tamil Nadu. Actual yield data from 1961 to 2007 is used as a training set, and data from 2008 to 2019 is used as a validation set. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with those of the other machine learning algorithms namely random forest, linear regression, support vector machine, and naive bayes with an accuracy rate of 94%, 91.33%, 88.4% and 75.56% respectively are observed. According to the study, random forest results outperform other algorithms for crop yield prediction, and the decision tree algorithm works better for recommendation systems. The research also helps farmers by providing a recommendation system for determining which crop to plant and which type of inorganic fertilizer and how much quantity of fertilizer to use in a specific area and time. The proposed study also seeks to examine different observations for each method by changing parameters to see if the varying parameter influences the accuracy rate or not.

Student-Based Community Service Learning to Assess Water Issues in Rural Parts of Virudhunagar District of India

Advancements in science and innovation have been carried out in the state of art engineering design standards for the improvement of humankind. Regardless, there is a basic need to take the benefits of science and engineering and offer reasonable responses for the headway of the overall rural population. The Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) in Biotechnology students of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, India (KARE) refined the water-related issues faced by rural people of Virudhunagar district in Tamil Nadu. The students through their custom audits identified specific drinking water and wastewaterrelated issues faced by the rural people in one of the backward districts of Tamil Nadu. Afterward, the students had the option to foster the ideas to devise decisive solutions to the water-based issues of the rural people. The endeavors taken by the students through their half-year community-based projects have made advances in the instructive program to alleviate the water problems faced by the rural community. Besides, the solutions mandated by the students have been tested in this study. The solutions devised and tested by the students are of minimal expense and effectively moderate. Consequently, we prescribe that educational institutions incorporate socially applicable resultbased ventures for addressing the environmental problems of rural communities while enhancing transformational learning through conventional teaching methods to service-learning methods. Keywords— Community service project, drinking water, wastewater treatment, transformational learning

Inventorying Various Termite Species Attacking Agricultural Crops in Tamil Nadu, India

Termite attack causes severe damage in agricultural crops viz., wheat, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, groundnut and fruit trees. An explicit survey was done in various districts of Tamil Nadu, India, for inventorying different termite species inflicting damage in major crops viz., groundnut, sugarcane and maize.The termite species attacking important agricultural crops of Tamil Nadu were morphologically identified as Odontotermesobesus, O. wallonensis, O. redemanni, O. hornii and O. brunneus pertaining to subfamily Macrotermitinae and Nasutitermesbrunneus of subfamily Nasutitermitinae, both falling under the family Termitidae and Neotermesbosei belonging to subfamily Kalotermitinae under family Kalotermitidae.

Impact of Sericulture Certificate Courses Offered by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in a Distance Mode

The study aims to assess and evaluate the course's effectiveness and its impact on various stakeholders. An impact study seeks to understand how well a program or course, achieves its intended objectives and how it affects the participants, the institution, and the broader community. Sericulture, the art, and science of making silk, has played a significant role in human culture for many years as a source of luxury, wealth, and employment in rural areas. In response to this demand, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is offering Sericulture certificate programmes in distance mode. It has arisen as a potential way to educate and enable people from every aspect of life, particularly those living in rural regions, to engage in this lucrative industry. Sericulture course was chosen among 41 certificate courses and responses were collected from the successfully completed learners. This paper attempts to explain the impact of the course concerning eight various dimensions that describes the level of impact attained by Sericulture certificate course among learners. As, the study investigates the impact obtained by past learners, the research design Ex post facto design was utilized to conduct the study. The sample for the study was successful learners who had completed their certificate course during the year of 2019 (55) and 2020 (32) as total 87 successful learners were taken for the study from various districts in Tamil Nadu. Chi square test revealed that there is significant association between Geographical distance (0.016), Job aspiration (0.057*), Experience in Sericulture (0.009), Attitude towards Entrepreneurship (0.007) and Motivation (0.056*) with Impact of Sericulture certificate course. The study shows that majority of the learners benefited by completing the Sericulture certificate course and it created good impact among learners.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis on Groundwater - Case Study for Thiruvallur District

Thiruvallur District in Tamil Nadu is one such district, with groundwater levels reaching depths of 50m to 60m below the surface. Growing populations, variations in land use patterns, reduction in rainfall depth, and other factors all contributed to an increase in water demand and a decrease in water potential. This affects the quality of groundwater as well. In this study, the variation of both Groundwater potential and Groundwater Quality is analyzed. The collected data has undergone thorough processing to ensure its accuracy and relevance for the area to be studied. (Thiruvallur District). The base map for the place to be analyzed and the well-map are created in the QGIS software with the data. The processed data is imported into the QGIS to create a database. With the database, the spatial variation between the stations is mapped. The temporal variation of the stations is carried out. The spatial map is done for the groundwater level and Groundwater quality parameters like pH, TDS, Cl, etc. The temporal variation is shown in the graph for the GW level and GW quality parameters with respect to the well-points.

Effectiveness of video role play with PowerPoint lecture on knowledge domain among medical students-An open label randomized control trial.

Video is an effective teaching and learning tool as it is one of the few mediums that has been used effectually in all facades of medical education both with face-to-face teaching and at a distance. During a specified amount of space and time, video description can provide more details, converting complex concepts into simpler ones. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of video role play (VRP) on knowledge domain among medical students. The study was done as an open label randomized control trial among first-year medical students in a private medical college in a rural district in Tamil Nadu, where the subjects were randomized into two groups. The intervention group was given video role-play demonstration of the specified topic with a minute description. The control group was given PowerPoint lecture of the same topic. Baseline pretest and posttest score after two weeks was done to assess the effectiveness of video role play on knowledge domain among the students. The mean age of the population was 18.72 (0.71) years. The gender distribution showed that 70 (47.3%) were males and 78 (52.7%) were females. The result showed that Mean ± SD score of VRP posttest [9.36 ± 0.92] was significantly more in comparison with that of post score of PowerPoint [5.16 ± 1.98]. This concludes that VRP can act more effectively in understanding a lecture than using PowerPoint method. It is an interesting and exciting teaching-learning method involving the active participation of the students and the faculty.

An Analytical Study on Entrepreneurial Activity as a Tool for Socio- Economic Development of Tribal Women in Kollimalai Hills, Namakkal District in TamilNadu

An Analytical Study on Entrepreneurial Activity as a Tool for Socio- Economic Development of Tribal Women in Kollimalai Hills, Namakkal District in TamilNadu

Analysis of growth rate and supply response of cocoa in Tamil Nadu, India: Nerlovian adjustment model

The present study focussed on the growth rate of area, production and productivity of cocoa in Tamil Nadu and estimated the impact of cocoa allocation decision, price variation and its supply in selected districts. The study employed the CAGR, Nerlovian model using the secondary data from 2011-12 to 2020-21. A positive significant growth in the area (40.24%) and production (34.60%) was witnessed in the Coimbatore district, while Thanjavur district showed a decline in the growth rate of cocoa. The area response concluded by lagged values of area and price significantly influenced the current year area in Coimbatore. The lagged productions were positively significant for both the districts and inferred that the increase in the price with one per cent level with the respective rise in price variability in Coimbatore district and opposite trend in Thanjavur district. The study suggested improving cocoa productivity and smoothing out variability in domestic prices can help boost farmers’ confidence in cocoa cultivation. The government provided the subsidy for transportation of the beans from one place to another, procurement centres in cocoa growing districts in Tamil Nadu and supplying the HYV to increase production, developing crop insurance schemes for cocoa during uncertain conditions and establishing facilities for the distribution of beans through Farmer Producer Companies (FPO), as well as attracting foreign consumers by improving bean quality.

Impact of Ujjwala Yojana Scheme and Its Effect on Behavioural Changes Among Rural Women

Delivering multiple roles every single day, women are undoubtedly the backbone of any society. However, they have also been an ignored segment of the society in many parts of the world. To re-establish their rightful and distinguished status, empowerment programmes need to be started to provide a compact groundwork to encourage the inner strength and self-esteem for the rural women. This research contirubute to weaker section of the women in rural areas which uplift there standard of living through PMUJ scheme in Inida. The Government of India has initiated and implemented the scheme namely Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUJ)-Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) connection helping in a big way to rural women through empowering their livelihood and transforming behavioural changes from using cow dung cake, wood, kerosene to LPG in terms of improvement in health and increase the economic productivity by saving time spent on arranging cooking needs. The Ujjwala Yojana is aimed at substituting the unclean cooking fuels regularly used in the rural India with the clean LPG. It has been stated that nearly 38% of the world's population is still dependent on traditional biomass for cooking. But, in India, the women in rural area have limited access to cooking gas. According to experts, having an open fire in the kitchen by using biomass fuels is like burning 400 cigarettes an hour. Based on this background, this descriptive research paper analyses the impact of Ujjwala Yojana scheme and its effect on transforming the livelihood and behavioural changes among rural women in three select districts in Tamil Nadu, India. The sample unit in this study consist of rural women from eight villages covering six Taluk, who received LPG connection under PMUJ for cooking their food at home. The findings of the study revealed that, there is a positive impact and behavioural changes among rural women due to PMUY scheme.

Barbara Harriss-White. The Political Economy of Agricultural Markets in South India: Masters of the Countryside. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 425 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 395.00.

The primary concern in this book is to enquire into the political economy of the marketing of dryland agricultural products, and the volume presents an analysis and discussion of the fieldwork carried out in Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu, India, assessing the relevance of theory in the real world. The approach followed is a combination of institutional economics and political economy. The difference between the “new political economy” and the “old political economy” is explained, and the latter has been selected as relevant for the current project. “Old political economy”, basically concerned with power, challenges conventional research on the economics of agricultural markets. It is defined as an interdisciplinary agenda, exerting power for determining economic structure and behaviour. The author states that marketing in agricultural products is not a simple transaction between the producer and the consumer. Rather, it is explained better by the diversity and complexity of the marketing structure, institutions, and behaviour of the marketing system , looked at in a political-economy framework.

1883. Epidemiological investigation of the COVID-19 outbreak in Vellore district in South India using Geographic Information Surveillance (GIS)

Abstract Background Geographical Information Surveillance (GIS) is an advanced digital technology tool that maps location-based data and helps in epidemiological modeling. During pandemics a rapid analysis of patterns of spread can help put in place strategies for containment and infection control. We applied GIS to analyze patterns of spread and hotspots of COVID-19 infected cases in Vellore district in Tamil Nadu, South India. Methods Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients from Vellore district and neighboring taluks from March 2020 to June 2021 were geo coded (based on addresses) and spatial maps generated. These were then layered as points on the base map to illustrate the distribution of all COVID-19 cases. Time trends exploring urban-rural burden with age-sex distribution of COVID-19 cases and other variables were correlated with outcomes of death, symptoms and complications. Map of undivided Vellore district showing rural and urban settlements. Results A total of 45,401 cases of COVID-19 were detected between 28 March 2020 to 31 June 2021 with 20730 cases during the first wave (28 March 2020 to 31 March 2021) and 24671 cases during the second wave (1 April 2021 to 30 June 2021). The overall incidence rates of COVID-19 across the study region was 462.8 per 100,000 and 588.6 per 100,000 population during the first and second waves respectively. Pattern of spread revealed epicentres in densely populated urban areas with radial spread, sparing rural areas, Heat maps also confirmed higher densities at these epicentres, however, the second wave had more peri-urban and rural area involvement. Case fatality rate was 1.89% and 1.6% during the first and second waves and increased with advancing age, i.e., 7.38% were aged more than 60 years in the first wave and 5.02% in the second wave. Incidence was higher in men, 2.40%, and 1.76% as compared to women who had 1.16% and 1.38% in the first and second waves respectively. Overall, case fatality rates were the highest among those who had >2 comorbidities (9.52%). Subdistrict level incidence of COVID-19 during the first and second waves. Epidemic curve of the COVID-19 pandemic during the first and the second waves. Conclusion Modern surveillance systems like GIS can accurately predict the trends of the outbreak and pattern of spread during future respiratory pandemics. Employing this in real time can help design risk mitigation strategies improving health care access and monitoring with prevention of spread to rural areas. Disclosures Priscilla Rupali, MD, DTM&H, PFIZER: Grant/Research Support|PFIZER: Grant/Research Support.

Influence of Climate Resilient Technologies in Blackgram Productivity and Its Adoption in Low Rainfall Areas of Karaipottanar Sub Basin in Tiruchirapalli District in Tamil Nadu, India

Climate change has emerged as one of the major global environmental issues that greatly influence agricultural production and food security. To meet these emerging challenges of climate change, there is an urgent need for developing promising improved technologies for mitigating of combating the adverse effect of climate change. Climate changes have a direct impact on rainfed crops including pulses. Reduction in yields due to climate change is prominent, since pulses occupy major area in rainfed situation. Hence the present investigation was carried out to study the impact of climate change on productivity of rainfed pulse and climate resilient technologies in increasing productivity of blackgram under rainfed situation. Mohanur block was purposively selected from Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu for the present study. Demonstrations were conducted in 50 farmer’s field in 3 villages, where climate resilient technologies viz., improved blackgram variety VBN 8, biofertilizer application, pulse wonder spray (@5kg/ha) and trap for reducing pest incidence were included under this study. In terms of yield, farmers received an average yield of 854 - 985kg/ha of blackgram variety VBN 8 against 734 kg/ha of old blackgram VBN 4 variety. The highest gross income of Rs.31200 - 39650/ha were also realized from blackgram followed by VBN 8. Highest benefit-cost ratio (2.9-3.0) was realized in case of blackgram variety VBN 8 compared to farmers practices with old variety (2.2-2.4). Based on the experiment it can be concluded that the cultivation of blackgram VBN 8 recorded more profit. Hence, new blackgram VBN 8 variety in rainfed condition is a viable option for combating negative impacts of climate change. The farmers expressed their preference (per cent) for blackgram variety VBN 8 on the aspects like less pest and disease resistance (83%), grain yield (78%), climate variation resistance (58%), time of maturity (76%), ease of processing during harvesting (89%), socio-cultural compatibility (74%) and market price (65%). Improved crop varieties are widely accepted as primary input for guaranteed increase in production and productivity under various situations

An assessment methodology for drought severity and vulnerability using precipitation-based indices for the arid, semi-arid and humid districts of Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract As the short- and long-term impacts of climate change are becoming more visible at smaller regional scales, frequent occurrence (absence) of erratic precipitation as well as water scarcity issues can be identified as reliable indicators for predicting meteorological droughts. A supervised declaration of meteorological drought based on available precipitation data requires an understanding of reliability and consistency of drought indices for appropriate severity classification. An attempt has been made in this study to critically evaluate the performance of six popular drought indices namely, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), China Z Index (CZI), Modified China Z Index (MCZI), Deciles Index (DI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), and Z-Score Index (ZSI) for four districts in Tamil Nadu falling under arid (Karur), semi-arid (Cuddalore), dry sub-humid (Kanyakumari) and moist sub-humid (Coimbatore) conditions based on 120 years of precipitation records. Results showed that the SPI and CZI provided similar quantification of drought events (about 18% of the total months) irrespective of their climatic considerations while ZSI and RAI resulted in overestimation of drought severity (about 30–47%). Based on the classification strategy adopted for the selected indices, a framework for drought vulnerability assessment is proposed in conjunction with the estimated drought severity classifications.

Economic Feasibility of Farmers Cultivating Vegetables in Pullimankombai Revenue Viilage in Andipatti Taluk of Theni District, Tamil Nadu

Vegetables are an important article of the daily human diet and are recognized all over the world. India produces 14 % (146.55 million tonnes) of the world’s vegetables on 15 % (8.5 million hectares) of the world’s area under vegetables. The main vegetables cultivated in Tamil Nadu are Tapioca, Onion, Tomato, Brinjal & Ladies finger. These account for over 70% of the total area as well as the production of vegetables. The cost of different inputs used in the production and sale prices of vegetables plays an important role in the profit earned from vegetable cultivation. Vegetable cultivation is the fastest-growing sector of Indian agriculture. The present research aims to analyse the economic feasibility of vegetable cultivation in the selected study locale. To fulfil the research need. The present study was carried out in Pullimankobai village in Audipatti taluk of Theni District Tamil Nadu. The selected village consists of eight hamlets. From each hamlet, ten sample respondents are to be selected who are involved in vegetable cultivation over the years. The sample size will be 80. Results show that the total variable cost accounted for Rs.93805. The cost includes all the variable costs such as labour charges, particularly on batch preparation, transplanting, weeding, applying fertilizer and pest, applying manure, plugging and packing, and transport cost. The gross yield from vegetable cultivation in the study village is Rs. 156700 and net income was Rs. 62895 per acre.

A STUDY ON CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE BANANA GROWERS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF BANANA

The present study is a pioneering venture aimed to study the constraints faced by the banana growers in production and marketing of banana. The study was undertaken in one block of Tiruchirapalli district in Tamil Nadu. By resorting to proportionate random sampling method, 120 farmers were selected as respondents. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The farmers had experienced constraints in production and marketing of banana growers. The finding will be of great use for the planners, policy makers, extension specialist, administrators, sociologies and welfare economist while formulating entrepreneurial behavior by designing training programmes and strategies for development of banana production. The production constraints experienced by the farmers in production of bananas were labor scarcity, high labor cost, non-availability of good quality suckers, inadequate power supply, high cost of inputs, inadequate water supply during summer, insufficient credit facilities, pest and diseases attack. Fixation of price by commission agents, lack of cold storage facilities, improper weighing procedures, perishability of the banana, price fluctuation and inadequate transport facilities were the marketing constraints expressed by the respondents. KEY WORDS: Banana, Entrepreneurs, Production, Marketing, Constraints

District-Wise Composite Indices, Development Indices Analysis and Regional Differences of Agricultural Development in Tamilnadu

Background To measure the extent of regional differences are in agricultural development of various districts in Tamil Nadu.Methodology: This study is entirely based on the secondary sources of data and it has brought into the analysis of two different periods of time in the year 2008-09 and 2017-18 with the help of Composite Indices (CI) and Development Indices (DI) analysis. In addition, the study areas have taken 31 out of 38 districts and the rest of the districts recently split into administrative purpose. Rest of Districts considered as outliers due to insufficient database.Result and Discussion: Extensive disproportion in the level of agricultural development has been observed in different districts. The northern and north-eastern part of the state was found to be highly developed whereas some of the western and southern districts of Tamilnadu were low developed. While compared with the results of the composite index of development in two benchmark years, the districts of Villupuram and The Nilgiris persistently have a high and least in the level of agricultural development respectively based on the selected indicators.Conclusion: This research paper has a efficient impact to measuring the degree of regional differences in the level of agricultural development and classifies districts of Tamil Nadu into three categories like High Level Developed Districts (HLDD), Middle Level Developed Districts (MLDD) and Low Level Developed Districts (LLDD) based on their agriculture composite indices of Tamilnadu.. Additionally, the study is that it takes more districts than previous studies, virtually 82 percent of the districts in Tamil Nadu and it covers the most recent time.

Systematic Studies on Ornamental Plants of the Apocynaceae Family in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

A systematic investigation was done on the Apocynaceae family that is found growing all around the Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu, India. We gathered and identified a total of 17 species from the 12 genera in the family Apocynaceae. A complete taxonomic account of each species has been given along with their current name, common name, brief description and phenology. Based on morphological and floral characteristics, a classification of the Apocynaceae family has been proposed.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality by using Multivariate Statistical Techniques of Various Lakes of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India.

Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis/Factor analysis (PCA/FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used to characterize spatial and temporal variations and to find out the pollution source of 11 lakes of the Kancheepuram district, a northeast district of Tamilnadu in India. Sampling events were conducted during the northeast monsoon (Dec 2015 & 2016) and Pre-monsoon (Oct 2016). The 20 physicochemical water quality parameters were used to analyze the collected water samples.In PCA, four components were demonstrated up to 73.12% of the total variance in the data set. It clarifies that variations in water quality parameters concentration are mainly identified with agricultural, industrial, domestic wastes, and natural factors. The CA showed the formation of three clusters based on the water quality variation at different locations. From the CA data, sampling sites were classified into high, moderate, and least polluted. Among these sites, Kolavai, Nattapettai and Uthiramerur were highly polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, these areas need some effective measures to enhance the quality of water.

: Assessment of Surface Water Quality by using Multivariate Statistical Techniques of Various Lakes of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India.

Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis/Factor analysis (PCA/FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used to characterize spatial and temporal variations and to find out the pollution source of 11 lakes of the Kancheepuram district, a northeast district of Tamilnadu in India. Sampling events were conducted during the northeast monsoon (Dec 2015 & 2016) and Pre-monsoon (Oct 2016). The 20 physicochemical water quality parameters were used to analyze the collected water samples.In PCA, four components were demonstrated up to 73.12% of the total variance in the data set. It clarifies that variations in water quality parameters concentration are mainly identified with agricultural, industrial, domestic wastes, and natural factors. The CA showed the formation of three clusters based on the water quality variation at different locations. From the CA data, sampling sites were classified into high, moderate, and least polluted. Among these sites, Kolavai, Nattapettai and Uthiramerur were highly polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, these areas need some effective measures to enhance the quality of water.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality by using Multivariate Statistical Techniques of Various Lakes of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India.

Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis/Factor analysis (PCA/FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used to characterize spatial and temporal variations and to find out the pollution source of 11 lakes of the Kancheepuram district, a northeast district of Tamilnadu in India. Sampling events were conducted during the northeast monsoon (Dec 2015 & 2016) and Pre-monsoon (Oct 2016). The 20 physicochemical water quality parameters were used to analyze the collected water samples. In PCA, four components were demonstrated up to 73.12% of the total variance in the data set. It clarifies that variations in water quality parameters concentration are mainly identified with agricultural, industrial, domestic wastes, and natural factors. The CA showed the formation of three clusters based on the water quality variation at different locations. From the CA data, sampling sites were classified into high, moderate, and least polluted. Among these sites, Kolavai, Nattapettai and Uthiramerur were highly polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, these areas need some effective measures to enhance the quality of water.