District Chakwal Research Articles

Deciphering the mechanistic role of Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52) in bio-sorption and phyto-assimilation of Cadmium via Linum usitatissimum L. Seedlings

Three Cd2+ resistant bacterium's minimal inhibition concentrations were assessed and their percentages of Cd2+ accumulation were determined by measurements using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results revealed that two isolates Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52), identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing, showed a higher percentage of Cd2+ accumulation i.e., 83.78% and 81.79%, respectively. Moreover, both novel strains can tolerate Cd2+ levels up to 2000 mg/L isolated from district Chakwal. Amplification of the czcD, nifH, and acdS genes was also performed. Batch bio-sorption studies revealed that at pH 7.0, 1 g/L of biomass, and an initial 150 mg/L Cd2+ concentration were the ideal bio-sorption conditions for Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52). The experimental data were fit to Langmuir isotherm measurements and Freundlich isotherm model R2 values of 0.999 for each of these strains. Bio sorption processes showed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The intra-diffusion model showed Xi values for Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52) of 2.26 and 2.23, respectively. Different surface ligands, was investigated through Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The scanning electron microscope SEM images revealed that after Cd2+ adsorption, the cells of both strains became thick, adherent, and deformed. Additionally, both enhanced Linum usitatissimum plant seed germination under varied concentrations of Cd2+ (0 mg/L, 250 mg/L,350 mg/L, and 500 mg/L). Current findings suggest that the selected strains can be used as a sustainable part of bioremediation techniques.

Assessing the role of plant clinic advisory services in plant health improvement in Chakwal district Punjab

Plant clinic (plant-wise) is a global catalog that Punjab Agriculture Extension is currently implementing to reduce crop losses to improve food security and rural incomes. Plant clinics provide farmers with information that obligates them to lose less of their produce due to pest and disease outbreaks. Plant clinics are held once a week in a village where farmers come to get advice on crops under the protection of a shade. The goal of the desk monitoring was to assess the overall execution and the assistance provided by this initiative. The study covered the district Chakwal, and 225 total participants were randomly selected for data collection in the research area. The data was collected by a well-structured interview schedule consisting of closed-ended and open-ended questions to maintain the quality regarding farmers' perceptions of plant clinics. After data collection, it was analyzed by using SPSS. Descriptive statistical analysis, including frequencies, averages and percentages was undertaken. The results show that 55.6% of the respondents belonged to middle aged. About 60.0% work as private jobs, 44.0% attained matric level education and 60/0% of them were living in a nuclear family. According to 100.0% of the respondents, the plant clinic was providing services about disease management, pest control resources, and integrated pest management. All (100.0%) the respondents reported that extension field staff teaches them methods of weed control, pest identification, fungal and bacteria identification through plant clinic. About 66.7% of the respondents learned the manure application from plant clinic activities. According to 100.0% of the respondents, disease identification and control of the disease were very important. All (100.0%) of the respondents never visited the plant clinic daily. All (100.0%) of them communicated with office calls. The vast majority (90.2%) of the respondents contacted the plant clinic through the farm visit. The majority (82.2%) of respondents disclosed that crop production increased up to 25% with the adoption of the plant clinic services advises. The majority (82.2%) of plant clinics are working with value addition. All (100.0%) of the respondents had awareness about the disease’s services, pest identification & control, seed verities recommendation, and spraying technique services. About all (98.2%) of them also stated that they had increased awareness about the fertilizer’s application services from the plant clinic. The majority (82.7%) of the respondents enhanced awareness about the disease’s services, pest identification & control, seed varieties recommendation, and spraying technique services.

Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy between Organizational Culture and Occupational Stress at the Secondary School Level

he current research work was designed to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy between organizational culture and occupational stress at the level of secondary school. The current research work was carried out in three districts of Punjab, i.e., District Attock, District Chakwal, and District Rawalpindi. All male secondary school teachers (SSTs) from both the public and private sectors comprised the population of this research work. A total of seven hundred and sixty-eight (768) teachers were selected (384 SSTs from the private sector and 384 SSTs from the public sector) as sample size from both sectors. The sampling technique was simply random for the collection of data. Adapted research instruments were utilized for the collection of data. One null hypothesis was framed. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0, Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 21.0, and MS Excel. Mean Score, Standard Deviation (SD), Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Second order CFA, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and Chi-square were used. The null hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that Self-efficacy (SE) was a mediating variable between organizational culture (OC) and occupational stress (OS). Both partial and full mediation were found significant. It was recommended that continuing professional development programs for teachers of government in general and private in particular be designed to enhance teachers’ level of self-efficacy.

Temperature variability during the growing season affects the quality attributes of table grapes in Pothwar-insight from a new emerging viticulture region in South Asia.

Rising air temperature due to climate change has posed a mammoth challenge to global viticulture and key berry quality traits are compromised. Exploring the effects of seasonal temperature variability on berry ripening and quality attributes in different viticulture regions may help in sustainable viticulture industry. The present research was designed to explore the effect of temperature variables on key quality attributes of table grape cultivars in Pothwar region of Pakistan. Key berry quality traits such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity indices (MI), ascorbic acid, sugars, total polyphenol contents (TPC) and total anthocyanin contents (TAC) were unlocked for four important table grape cultivars under varying environmental conditions at Chakwal and Islamabad districts for two consecutive vintages of 2019 and 2020. The district Chakwal has up to 0.92 °C, 1.35 °C, 1.12°C and 0.81°C higher Tmin, Tmax, Tmean anddiurnal temperature variation (DTV)respectively, compared to Islamabad particularly for the 2019 vintage. The results of the present study revealed that the warmer site (Chakwal) has significantly (P ≤0.05) higher juice pH, TSS (°brix) and maturity indices (MI) particularly for the relatively hotter vintage of 2019. Interestingly, MI was 33% higher for the relatively warmer vintage of 2019 compared to 2020 with relatively lower acidity (up to 38%). Moreover, higher titratable acidity (11.2%), ascorbic acid (28.5%), polyphenols (20.3%) and anthocyanins (10.6%) were noticed for the colder Islamabad compared to Chakwal. Although elevated temperature for warmer location and vintage favoured berry ripening, however key biochemical attributes such as titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and anthocyanins were negatively affected. The findings of the present research provide useful insight into the impact of growing season temperature on key berry attributes and may help devise adaptation strategies to improve berry quality.

Soil erosion assessment by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS in an arid zone

ABSTRACT In this research, we used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Geographical Information System (GIS) to predict the annual rate of soil loss in the District Chakwal of Pakistan. The parameters of the RUSLE model were estimated using remote sensing data, and the erosion probability zones were determined using GIS. The estimated length slope (), crop management (), rainfall erosivity (), soil erodibility (), and support practice () range from 0–68,227, 0–66.61%, 0–0.58, 495.99–648.68 0.15–0.25 , and 1 respectively. The results indicate that the estimated total annual potential soil loss of approximately 4,67,064.25 is comparable with the measured sediment loss of 11,631 during the water year 2020. The predicted soil erosion rate due to an increase in agricultural area is approximately 164,249.31 . In this study, we also used Landsat imagery to rapidly achieve actual land use classification. Meanwhile, 38.13% of the region was threatened by very high soil erosion, where the quantity of soil erosion ranged from 365487.35 . Integrating GIS and remote sensing with the RUSLE model helped researchers achieve their final objectives. Land-use planners and decision-makers use the result's spatial distribution of soil erosion in District Chakwal for conservation and management planning.

Study of bacterial and hospital acquired factors of urinary tract infections in patients in district Chakwal

Study of bacterial and hospital acquired factors of urinary tract infections in patients in district Chakwal

Time Poverty in Perspectives of Divine Economics Framework: An Empirical Analysis of District Chakwal

Time is a limited product for every person. Nowadays time poverty is an emerging issue and symptom of more fundamental problems. A man is said to be time-poor if he/she is not able to allocate their time properly among all the activities, which leads to poor health, mental stress, low productivity and reduced wellbeing. The essential target of the review is to investigate the effect of time poverty from the perspectives of the divine economics framework. The existing empirical study took a unique element to enlighten time poverty. The work done in the present study is attractive in the sense that no study has been carried out to analyze the impact of religiosity, religious beliefs, spirituality, spiritual deeds and ethical values in contrast with socio-economic, demographic and labour market indicators to analyze time poverty, and also observed the impact of these factors on the wellbeing of the individuals. Primary data is used in the study. This affiliation acquires wanted data by using the fundamental Divine economics questionnaire survey (2013). During the survey, 406 respondents were interviewed. Composite indexes have been developed for our variables of interest like time poverty, religiosity, spirituality and ethical values. Keeping in view the nature of the dependent variable, the econometric techniques used in the study were ordered logit model and logistic regression after considering the hierarchical nature of the dataset. The results indicate that more religious, spiritual, and ethical persons were found to be less time-poor as compared to others. Age and gender have a significant and negative association with time poverty. The significant association between time poverty and being married shows that marriage increases the amount of time that is devoted to committed activities. Health status, job satisfaction, and occupation are important factors in determining individuals’ wellbeing. More religious, spiritual and ethical awareness needs to be spread among individuals. The Government should introduce appropriate policies regarding working hours and minimum wage rate. To lead a happy and successful life, one should learn the art of time management, not waste time on useless activities, and make schedules and allocate time properly.

Assessing The Vegetation Degradation Dynamics in Salt Mine Areas of District Chakwal, Pakistan

The sustainability of human habitation is seriously threatened by land degradation and it is crucial to evaluate it quantitatively. This study aims to identify the spatiotemporal trends and vegetation degradation dynamics in the salt mine area of district Chakwal, Pakistan. One of the abandoned mines, the Chakwal salt mine, experienced subsidence as a result of the pillars dissolving from unmanaged leaching processes, which produced a large cavern in a horizontal direction. Changes in vegetation cover are influenced by the phenomenon of land deformation (landslides and subsidence). The goal of the current study is to employ multi-spectral remote sensing data to analyze the temporal alterations in vegetation brought on by salt mining. The study used Landsat-derived NDVI to model vegetation degradation dynamics over 30 years (1990–2020). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area specific index (SLAVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and thermal index were used in the current investigation to construct detailed maps of the vegetation. The zones affected by land degradation, which has a direct impact on vegetation covering, are identified using the change detection approach in vectorial format on NDVI and all other factor data. As a result, an analysis of the NDVI for vegetation demonstrates that there has been a drastic decline from 0.5973 to 0.4321 between 1990 and 2020. The outcomes supported the viability of assessing the vegetation growing status in the salt mining area using remote sensing technology. Furthermore, the government must act right away to implement several prudent policies that will position it in the best possible position once the current environmental crisis has passed.

New fossil remains of proboscideans from the Siwalik group of Pakistan

ABSTRACT We have described here proboscideans fossil remnants which belong to six species: Prodeinotherium pentapotamiae, Gomphotherium browni, Choerolophodon corrugatus, Protanancus chinjiensis, and Elephas planifrons. The described specimens are collected from six different localities of the Siwaliks. These localities are Bhilomar, Chinji type section, Lawa, Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (Chinji Formation), Ochri (Dhok Pathan Formation) and Rathian (Pinjor Formation), belongs to the Lower to Upper Siwaliks, district Chakwal and Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. The specimens were collected from these localities after extensive fieldwork from 2015 to 2020, which confirms the presence of large mammalian fauna during the Middle Miocene to Late Pleistocene. Prodeinotherium pentapotamiae is rare taxa in the Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan, first time discovered from new fossil section Satroma wali dhal in the vicinity of the Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon locality. Bhilomar is a less explored fossil locality belongs to the Chinji Formation, Gomphotherium browni and Choerolophodon corrugatus is reported from the Chinji type section. A beautiful juvenile mandibular ramus of Protanancus chinjiensis has been recovered first time from Lawa and Elephas planifrons were recovered from Rathian which belongs to Pinjor Formation dated as Plio-Pleistocene age of Upper subgroup of Siwaliks. Based on palaeoenvironment and stratigraphy the age of these localities is suggested as Miocene to Pleistocene. The recovered proboscideans fossil fauna indicates about the climatic changes and confirms that more seasonal extensive grasslands and savannah like ecosystem were present at that time.

Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Artifacts Discovered from Pind Kahoot Mound, District Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan

Chakwal is located in Potohar Plateau of the Punjab Province. Town Bhoun of District Chakwal has historic significance as it is famous for carding archaeological sites and monuments. A rich archaeological mound of Pind Kahoot is located on the periphery of town Bhoun in District Chakwal. The site is occupied for agricultural activities. Whenever the farmers plough their fields and stones stuck the plough, they put them aside. So, the borders of the mound are over laid by stones of various sizes and debris. The mound is spanning over a vast area and its surface is covered with potsherds of different wares, textures, and sizes. The findings from the site include pottery, terracotta figurines and pipes, grinding stones, game discs, metallic jewelry, terracotta, steatite and carnelian beads, and bones. The current paper focuses on an analytical and comparative study of artifacts. It will also trace occupancy of different cultures and their relative chronological sequence. Besides, it will also elaborate the ethnoarchaeological study by establishing a link between the recovered artifacts and contemporary traditional practices in terms of materials and techniques.

Impact of Ecological Manipulation on Rodent Population Inhabiting Croplands of District Chakwal

Impact of Ecological Manipulation on Rodent Population Inhabiting Croplands of District Chakwal

ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 12-59 MONTHS PRESENTING WITH HISTORY OF PICA

Background: Anemia, being a major public health problem has affected both developed and underdeveloped countries. Pica is common presentation of iron deficiency anemia.
 Objective: To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children with pica
 Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted at RHC Kot Qazi, Tehsil Lawa, District Chakwal, Punjab, and Pediatrics department, Sahara Medical College, Narowal over a 4-month period. After taking ethical approval, sample size of 277 children aged up to 59 months were enrolled. Preschoolers and school going children of either gender coming to outdoor patient department of Rural Health Centre, Kot Qazi and Pediatrics department, Sahara Medical College, Narowal with history of pica were included. Information gathered included duration of pica, substances consumed and perceived as pica, a detailed dietary history inclusive of age at the time of weaning and amount of milk consumed per day. One cc of heparinized blood sample was collected and sent to laboratory for complete blood count. Data was entered in SPSS and presented as frequency and percentages.
 Results: Of the 277 children with history of pica, 153 (55.2%) were male and 124 (44.82%) were females. The overall mean age of the sample was 47.23 ± 6.169 months. Out of 219 children, 76 (35.15 %) were mildly anemic, 99 (45.60%) were moderately anemic, 32 (14.86%) were severely anemic, while 12 (4.39%) were non anemic. 58 (21.48%) patients didn’t show up with their Hb results.
 Conclusion: Moderate Iron deficiency anemia is found in pre-school children with history of pica.

Epidemiological survey of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) infection in cattle and buffalo from Pakistan.

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) among healthy cattle and buffaloes as well as those associated with different diseases (respiratory tract infection, mastitis and reproductive tract infection) in District Chakwal, Pakistan. Blood, swab and milk samples of cattle and buffaloes were randomly collected from different areas of Chakwal. DNA was isolated from the samples and subjected to nested PCR using thymidine kinase gene primers. Out of 300 samples (200 blood, 50 swab and 50 milk samples) from both species (cattle and buffalo), an overall prevalence of BoHV-4 of 3.33% was obtained. Samples from cattle showed a higher species-specific prevalence (4.16%) than samples from buffalo (2.78%). One sample out of 50 swab samples and 1 out of 50 milk samples were also positive for BoHV-4. DNA sequencing of a positive PCR product from cattle confirmed that the sequence was from the thymidine kinase gene of BoHV-4. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed close similarities with other BOHV-4 thymidine kinase sequences. To detect BoHV-4 antibodies, an indirect ELISA was also performed. Two hundred blood samples were also collected from the same animals in nonanticoagulant-containing tubes for the isolation of serum and were subjected to indirect ELISA. Sixteen samples (8%) were positive for BoHV-4 antibodies. This study will be useful in further diagnoses of BoHV-4 in Pakistan and in devising measures to control the spread of BoHV-4.

Characterization and Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality: A GIS Based Study of District Chakwal, Pakistan

Water quality is one of the most important criteria that not only affect crop growth but also its proper management can lead to sustainable yields and improved soil health. Hence, the current study was conducted to explain the quality of groundwater for irrigation. For this, random sampling of water was carried out in 5 tehsils of district Chakwal including Talagang, Chakwal, Lawa, Kallar Kahar, and Choa Sedan Shah for a period of five years. Three parameters including EC (μS/cm), RSC (meq/L), and SAR were considered for assessing the quality of groundwater of district Chakwal. About 343 water samples from tehsil Talagang, 86 from Lawa, 989 from Chakwal, 27 from Choa Sedan Shah, and 134 from Kallar Kahar were collected. Maximum range of EC (220-26500), SAR (0.00-75.57) and RSC (0.00-12.80) was observed in Tehsil Chakwal. According to water quality parameters, samples showed higher fitness in RSC in comparison to SAR and EC in all tehsils. For instance, in tehsil Choa Saidan Shah fit water samples were 97.87%, while in Kallar Kahar 86.56%, Talagang 90.08%, Lawa 90.69%, and Chakwal 82.40%. Finally classifying the water samples on the three quality parameters EC (μS/cm), RSC (meq/L), and SAR revealed that 54.28% of water samples were found unfit. Based on the presented data, it could be recommended that in tehsils where the quality parameters are poor, the water needs to be reclamation for sustained crop production and improved soil health.

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards eye care, among primary health care workers in District Ckakwal.

Introduction: Despite the fact, that an estimated 80% of worldwide blindness is preventable or treatable, the number of individuals living with blindness or impaired vision is on a rise. According to epidemiological data, worldwide over 2.2 billion people are blind or have impaired vision and 90% of them live in underdeveloped countries. A large number of people consult primary health care workers for their health issues, whether it is general illness or eye problems. Objectives: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Primary Health Care workers with regard to Primary Eye Care (PEC) in District Chakwal, Pakistan. Methodology: A Quantitative Cross-sectional study design, using a Random Sampling technique was employed. Participants in the study were given a standardized semi-structured questionnaire to fill out. The questionnaire included questions on primary health care providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices about PEC. The data were analyzed by using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Among the total of 232 Primary Health Care workers 73.7% were below 40 years of age. The majority of primary health care workers were female (60.8%). About 40.9% were having diplomas. The majority of workers (58.6%) had less than 5 years of experience as a Primary Health Care worker. Most of them (60%) had sufficient knowledge about the causes of eye diseases or injuries and (40.8%) had knowledge about conditions that may result in eye illnesses or injuries. The attitude toward referral of patients to medical doctors was 51.2%. The practices regarding method and approach for the treatment of eye diseases, of the majority of workers (58.9%) were not satisfactory. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding causes of eye diseases, diagnosis, and methods of treatment were not satisfactory amongst the primary health care workers. A positive attitude was noted for the will to improve the knowledge of eye care. The research revealed, the requirement for a training program for primary health care workers regarding modern primary eye care.

Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (Bacillus sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions

Chickpeas are rich source of protein and predominantly grown in boron (B)-deficient sandy-loam soils in Pakistan. Boron-tolerant bacteria (BTB) could tolerate higher B levels in soil and increase B availability to the plants. Field trials were conducted under irrigated (district Layyah) and rainfed (district Chakwal) conditions to evaluate the interactive effects of pre-optimized B application methods and BTB (Bacillus sp. MN54) on the nodule’s population, grain quality, productivity, and grain-B concentration in desi chickpea during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Boron was applied as soil application (1 kg B ha−1), foliar application (0.025% B), osmopriming (0.001% B), and seed coating (1.5 g B kg−1 seed) with or without BTB inoculation. Untreated seeds receiving no B through any of the methods were regarded as control. The individual and interactive effects (up to three-way interaction of location × BTB inoculation × B application methods) of year, location, B application methods and BTB inoculation significantly altered the growth and yield-related traits of desi chickpea. The four-way interaction of year × location × BTB inoculation × B application methods was non-significant for all recorded growth and yield-related traits. Regarding individual effects, the higher values of growth and yield-related traits were noted for 2020–2021, rainfed location, BTB inoculation and B application through seed priming. Similarly, in two-way interactions 2020–2021 with rainfed location and BTB inoculation, rainfed location with BTB inoculation and osmopriming and osmopriming with BTB inoculation recorded higher values of the growth and yield-related traits. Osmopriming combined with BTB inoculation significantly improved dry matter accumulation and leaf area index in both locations. Boron application through all the methods significantly improved grain quality, yield grain B concentration. The highest grain and biological yields, and nodules’ population were recorded with osmopriming followed by soil application of B combined with BTB inoculation. The highest plant B concentration (75.05%) was recorded with foliar application of B followed by osmopriming (68.73%) combined with BTB inoculation. Moreover, the highest economic returns (USD 2068.5 ha−1) and benefit–cost ratio (3.7%) were recorded with osmopriming + BTB inoculation in 2020–2021 under rainfed conditions. Overall, B application through osmopriming and soil application combined with BTB inoculation could be used to increase productivity and profitability of desi chickpea, whereas foliar application is a better method to enhance grain and plant B concentration.

Strategies Used by the Teachers to Reduce Students' Disruptive Behavior in Classroom

Disruptive behaviour of students in a classroom is a serious hurdle for effective learning and teaching process. This quantitative study was conducted to explore the strategies used by the teachers to reduce disruption in the classroom and data was collected through a survey. The population of this study was all female and male teachers teaching in public sector colleges of District Chakwal. To represent the entire population, through a convenient sampling technique, 13 public sector colleges were selected from District Chakwal and 176 teachers were randomly selected for data collection purposes. A self-developed research questionnaire was used for data collection after validation and reliability assessment. The results showed that most of the teachers practice proactive, reactive, recognition and reward strategies. In the light of findings, it is recommended that teacher training institutions should introduce modern behaviour management strategies in the curriculum of teacher training programs so that, teachers can perform their teaching activities in an excellent manner.

DOWRY, FEMALE INHERITANCE SHARE AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE: A CASE STUDY OF VILLAGE MAINGAN, DISTRICT CHAKWAL

A major contradiction that controls and permeates all aspects of women’s lives in Pakistan and other regions of South Asia is the giving of dowry and wrongfully depriving them of their share in family inheritance. Viewed as a marker of the social status, honour and power of the male head of the household, dowry is indeed a patriarchal ploy to subjugate women and keep them under male tutelage. This paper investigates social perceptions in general and females’ perceptions in particular regarding the presence of dowry and suppression of inheritance rights, despite having shariah injunctions and constitutional safeguards to protect their right to have a share in family property and assets. With the help of in-depth interviews of twenty women of Maingan, a village in Punjab’s District Chakwal, and conversations with key informants and influential landholders of the locality, while exploring dowry’s correlation with women’s marital life and their social and economic, the study also investigates whether relinquishing their right to inheritance is simply compliance of male authority by a subservient female or tactful bargaining with patriarchy. The findings reveal that despite all efforts at gender sensitisation and female awareness, women remain inadequately informed about their rights.

Diversity and density of mammals in Chinji National Park, district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan

Diversity and density of mammals in Chinji National Park, district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan

Vegetation composition and biological spectra of the district Chakwal, Pakistan using multivariate analyses

Vegetation composition and biological spectra of the district Chakwal, Pakistan using multivariate analyses