District Board Research Articles

Некоторые особенности документирования финансовой деятельности учреждений власти и самоуправления Нальчикского округа в начале ХХ века

The article focuses on studying some features of documenting the financial activities of govern-ment and self-government institutions of the Nalchik district in the early twentieth century. The paper considers the records of government and local government institutions that were entrusted with financial functions (district and district boards, Treasuries, including Nalchik, Stavropol Treasury Chamber, Congress of Trusted Rural Societies of Greater and Lesser Kabarda and Five Mountain Societies, Kabardian public Sum and its treasurer, rural boards, rural public funds). The informative impact of such clerical documents as prescriptions, resolutions, reports, relations, re-ceipts from residents of villages, bills from various institutions to the treasurer of the Kabardian public sum and the head of the Nalchik district, statements, receipts, certificates, etc. is deter-mined for the study of various areas of the economic history of the Kabardian and Balkarian popu-lation of the district. The exchange of information between the subjects of financial relations oc-curred through telegrams and notices, and their description is given. It is concluded that the rec-ords of the institutions of government and self-government of the Nalchik district in financial ac-tivity contain information about how, in what form and on what issues they interacted with each other and with other non-financial institutions, what the hierarchy of financial institutions of the Nalchik District looked like during the period under study; and also reflected information on the composition of employees of financial institutions, authorities and self-government and their em-ployees, including representatives of the Kabardian and Balkarian population.

State control of school education in colonial and post-colonial India

Studies have indicated that local governments and communities can play a legitimate role in governing publicly-funded schools, although debates continue in relation to where and how decentralization operates across different contexts. In the Indian context, it has been argued that educational decentralization received a significant boost following the constitutional amendments of 1992, which mandated local government school management in rural and urban areas across India. However, drawing from the history of school management in India, we show that in colonial India, government-funded schools were locally managed by district boards and municipal bodies. By studying the education Acts of Indian states post-independence, we show that nearly all states adopted a centralized management system with state-controlled appointment and transfer of teachers and funding. Nationally, about 77% of government schools are managed by the state Department of Education, while only 18% of schools are controlled by local bodies. By analyzing sections of the Right to Education Act of 2009, we show that while the Act advocates for decentralized management of schools, it fails to devolve funds and functionaries to the local level. We argue that India's constitutional structure, weak fiscal devolution to local bodies, centralized appointment of functionaries, bureaucratic mistrust of local authorities, fear of local elite capture, upper caste control, and teacher union lobbying have led to centralized state control of education.

Banking on trust: exploring the relationship between Federal Reserve directors and financial institutions

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the risk profile of banks whose managers sit on Federal Reserve district bank boards in 2023. In particular, to analyze the impact tha Federal Reserve bank directors have on their own banks.Design/methodology/approachUse a matched sample approach to perform univariate analysis and multiple regression methodology to study whether banks whose managers sit on Federal Reserve Bank boards differ in risk profile from banks whose managers do not sit on Federal Reserve district boards.FindingsThere is limited evidence that banks managed by Fed directors have different capital ratios and leverage ratios relative to non-Fed director banks. There does appear to be a slight difference in the growth of Held-to-Maturity (HTM) Securities between the two samples. Specifically, banks managed by a Fed director saw their HTM portfolio grow over the study period, while banks managed by non-Fed directors reduced their HTM securities. Overall, the results suggest that bank directors on Federal Reserve district boards do so with no apparent detriment to the banks that they manage.Research limitations/implicationsResults of this study suggest that stakeholder director relationships are not associated with higher risk-taking at director banks. This study is unique in that, rather than looking at how director ties might influence the firm that they are on the board of, the focus here is how the firm (the Fed district, in this case) might influence director affiliations. Limitations include a small sample size (70 banks, including the matched sample), and data over a short time horizon. Additional measures of risk can also be analyzed in future research.Practical implicationsWhile there has been much speculation in the industry and in the press regarding the conflict of interest involving bank directors on Fed district boards, this research suggests there is little evidence of any risk differential involving these directors and their specialties to the Fed.Originality/valueThis study involves a unique approach to corporate governance analysis, whereby any conflict of interest that might exist between directors and the firm is studied from an alternate angle – in particular, whether the association with a regulator’s board impacts the director firm’s risk. Furthermore, with the recent events in the banking industry involving the collapse of several banks, including Silicon Valley, the notion that bank management participating on the boards of directors of their own regulator seemed a worthwhile question as to whether this diminished the safety and soundness of the banks that they run.

In-School Suspension Through the Lens of Whiteness as Property: Exploring a School District’s Role in Maintaining Educational Inequality

Despite impacting almost three million students annually, and disproportionately impacting Black students, little is known about district policy and central office staff in the use of in-school suspension. The purpose of this study was to understand how districts use in-school suspension over time, with attention to racial disparities, programmatic changes, and central office perspectives. Case study methods were used to examine in-school suspension in one large school district in the Western United States. Data included two district board school discipline policies, quantitative in-school suspension data, and interviews with central office staff. We found a history of on-going racial disparities for Black and Latinx students and that decisions made by central office about in-school suspension had likely sustained these disparities over time. District policy goals of reducing racial disparities were found to be largely rhetorical in the face of an ethos of non-enforcement. Central office administrators believed they lacked the power to hold school principals accountable for implementing school discipline policy with fidelity to redressing racial disparities. Through the concept of Whiteness as Property, we argue these patterns demonstrated central office administrators’ protection of White educational and political propertied interests above those of educational opportunities for Black and Latinx students. This study contributes to the literature on in-school suspension by finding discrepancies between policy and practice and contributes to the field’s understanding of how school autonomy can undermine equity-oriented school discipline policies through racial negligence.

Nurses Launch Billboard Campaign Against Renewal of Desert Regional Medical Center Lease

No abstract available. Article truncated after 150 words. The California Nurses Association and National Nurses United have launched a billboard campaign against the lease renewal of public-owned, Palm-Springs-based Desert Regional Medical Center to Dallas-based Tenet Healthcare (Figure 1) (1). The billboard campaign is in response to the posting of two videos that showed a water leak in Desert Regional's neurological intensive care unit and an infestation of cockroaches in the emergency department break room (2,3). Desert Regional is a public hospital governed by an elected district board. Tenet Healthcare is a private company that leases and runs the hospital. The nurses’ union said Tenet has a long-standing practice of short-staffing Desert Regional, which they said has caused patient safety issues (1). Tenet is currently in the process of renegotiating another 30-year lease with the hospital, which would include the option to purchase the hospital from the Desert Healthcare District at the end of the new lease (1). Desert …

Household expenditure on elementary education in India: An empirical evidence

Financing education in India involves a federal system where education is primarily the responsibility of state governments but has been considered a concurrent function since the late 1970s. Resources for education are shared between the central and state governments, with funding coming from external and domestic sources. External sources include aid and loans, while domestic sources comprise public and private funding. Public funding comes from both central and state governments, as well as semi-government entities like district boards and local bodies. Private funding involves parental contributions in the form of fees, gifts, and endowments. Constitutionally, elementary education (primary and upper primary levels) should be provided free of cost to families. However, families often express a willingness to pay for education, which remains largely untapped. This study analyzes household expenditure on elementary education in rural and urban India using data from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey (2017-18) and an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The study reveals that household characteristics significantly influence expenditure on elementary education in India.

Judge rules against employee

Case name: Mangones v. The District Board of Trustee of Miami‐Dade College, No. 1:22‐cv‐23870 (S.D. Fla. 04/26/23).

Judge rules against employee

Case name: Mangones v. The District Board of Trustee of Miami‐Dade College, No. 1:22‐cv‐23870 (S.D. Fla. 04/26/23).

An area-based description of closed books in general practices in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Introduction In Aotearoa New Zealand, patients can enrol in a general practice for their primary health care. When a general practice no longer enrols new patients this is known as 'closed books'. We examined which District Health Board (DHB) districts were most affected and what characteristics of general practices and DHB districts were associated with closed books. Methods Maps were used to display the distribution of closed books general practices. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to look at the association between DHB or general practice characteristics and closed books. Results There were 347 (33%) general practices that had closed books in June 2022. Canterbury DHB (n = 45) and Southern DHB (n = 32) had the greatest number of closed books general practices, while Wairarapa DHB (86%), Midcentral DHB (81%) and Taranaki DHB (81%) had the greatest percentage. Consultation fees (P Conclusion The problem of closed books is felt across the country but has a larger impact in the middle-lower North Island. This influences access to primary health care enrolment for patients in terms of travel distance, time, and cost. Consultation fees were strongly associated with closed books. This suggests there may be an income threshold above which general practices can afford to close their books if they reach capacity.

Pre-Testing Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Guidelines in Jakarta Province

Muhammadiyah, being one of the religious-based organizations, has its affiliated members comprising 14,9% of the general Indonesian population. The Muhammadiyah Central Board declared an ad-hoc group called the Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Centre (MCCC) to combat COVID-19. Among the used media were the third COVID-19 guidelines publications by the MCCC. This study aimed to determine the Muhammadiyah members’ understanding of the COVID-19 Revision III Guidelines based on their consistency, clarity, relevance, credibility, and interest. This research was a descriptive qualitative type of study. The eleven informants who participated in this study, determined by purposive sampling, were Muhammadiyah members who lived and worked in the Jakarta. These Informants consisted of various professions, including health workers, teachers, district board members, nurses, drivers, traders, housewives, and students. Data collection was by online focus group discussions through the zoom cloud meetings platform. Informants discussed the five aspects of the guideline which included consistency, clarity, relevancy, credibility and interest. The contents of the guideline were found to be consistent with other similar guidelines published by the Ministry of Health (MOH). In addition, being affiliated members of the Muhammadiyah group, informants felt more comfortable trusting the Muhammadiyah-published COVID-19 guidelines. From the clarity and relevance aspect, the informants had positive perspectives on the guidelines. The design of the published guidelines attracted their interest in reading, implementing, and sharing the guidelines with others. However, the guideline did not contain the names of its drafting team nor the introduction by the Central Board leadership. It would have been a very important strategy in strengthening the credibility of the media published by the MCCC. The MCCC needed more enticing plans and methods in the dissemination of its online or printed media to the population. For online media, the published number of pages should be fixed to a less readable number.

“Reckless, cavalier, dismissive, petty and vengeful”?: The impact of municipal constituency change on candidate diversity

The demographic composition of electoral districts has an important influence on the identities of candidates because they affect the political opportunity structures of ethnic minorities and other marginalized groups. The 2018 municipal election in Toronto, Canada provides a unique opportunity to examine how changes to electoral districts impacted the participation of visible minority candidates. At the end of the initial nomination period, the right-wing populist provincial government of Doug Ford reduced the number of city council wards from 47 to 25, which also affected the boundaries of school board districts. Candidates and aspirants then had the opportunity to re-register in the new constituencies. This change constitutes a natural experiment that allows us to isolate the impact of district structure on the relationship between demographics and candidate ethnicity. Using logistic and Poisson regression modeling, we compare the proportion and number of Visible Minority and White candidates before and after consolidation. Contra expectations, we did not find any effect on minority candidates, but show some evidence that consolidation reduced opportunities for Whites. We trace this unexpected finding to the geographic patterns of ethnic settlement.

Rys historyczny z krótkiej działalności powszechnej szkoły karaimskiej w Trokach (1918–1923)

The aim of the scientific article on the general Karaite school in Trakai in 1918–1923 is to discuss five years of the only Karaite school that operated in the first years after Poland regained independence. Karaims are currently the smallest ethnic minority in Poland, which has retained its cultural identity, partly due to the importance of knowledge and science as superior religious values. The word karaim itself means the reader, which is why the schools in which the skills of reading the scriptures were so important. The first official information about the Karaite school in Trakai comes from 1576. The activities of the school were interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War and the hostilities forced the Karaims to leave Trakai. The history of the Karaite school in Trakai appears again in archival documents from the interwar period. The article was prepared on the basis of archival documents kept in the Lithuanian Central State Archives, in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius in the document collection of the Archives of the Karaim Clerical Administration in Trakai and in the Lithuanian Central State Archive in Vilnius in the fond of the Vilnius School District Board in the files of the school inspectorate of the Trakai district. This text discusses the activity of the Karaim general school in Trakai (1918–1923), taking into account school conditions, organizational and structural changes, the curriculum, methods and forms, and the composition of teachers and students, and shows the importance of the Karaite school for Karaims and the Trakai community. The short years of operation of the Karaite school in Trakai testify to its phenomenon, because it was the only school of a religious minority in the period in question, which constituted the basis for the development and preservation of their cultural identity for the Karaims.

Circumstances Behind Land Conflict in Wakiso and Mukono Districts

Purpose: To examine the circumstances behind land conflict in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Methodology: The research adopted a cross sectional and descriptive survey research design involving both qualitative and quantitative studies where both purposive and stratified random sampling methods were used in selecting respondents (Police land desk officers, district land board for purposive and others like victims of land conflict were under focused focus group comprising of 8 to 10 individuals with a sample of 385 respondents being used whereas both SPSS and content analysis were used to analyze the field data. Findings: The findings indicate that weaknesses in the police force to investigate and gather evidence over land conflicts in a timely manner as presented by mean 4.01 std. deviations 2.01, also courts depended on investigations by the police to try cases as represented by mean 3.79 std. deviations 1.187. It was also found out that population growth in Uganda has the fastest growing population in the world, therefore much land that isn't occupied by people. The need for land has increased its value making it a very important resource than it was many years ago as shown by mean score of 4.64 Std. Deviation 2.097. In addition, inefficiency and confusion in all the country's land registries as shown by mean score of 4.90 Std. Deviation 2.010. Lastly, high political interference where court orders are often times not respected by politicians this was represented with mean 4.03 and a Sdt. Deviation 2.0 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: by a matter of fact Mukono and Wakiso district surrounds the capital city Kampala; increase in demand for land would be on the rise resulting from increased population from the city towards these districts. Therefore, police land desks are developing and identify the determinants of this development, and the implication of the development processes on land conflict management, Understanding the bases of land conflicts, and by unbundling these land conflicts by type, the study will shed light on the comparative impact of different conflict types on national budget. There would be ideal situations to share experiences and advocate collectively for equity in access to land, use and distribution among beneficiaries.

Changes and Continuities of Land Conflicts in Wakiso and Mukono Districts

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the changes and continuities of land conflicts in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Methodology: The research adopted a cross sectional and descriptive survey research designs which involving both qualitative and quantitative studies where both purposive and stratified random sampling methods were used in selecting respondents (Police land desk officers, district land board for purposive) and stratified sampling for community/victims of land conflict. Sample of 385 respondents was used whereas SPSS was used for data analysis. Findings: From the field findings, it was found out that 23.90% of respondents from Mukono and Wakiso district a number of land conflicts have successfully been resolved by Police land desks as one of the changes and continuities of land conflicts in Wakiso and Mukono districts. After analysis from the field, it was found out that 30.65% that police land desks when resolving land disputes they hear cases to give advice and opinion which was an indicator of changes and continuities of land conflicts taking place in both districts. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings would offer different experiences of the land desks both in Uganda police and elsewhere in the world and validate the need for long-term processes to address some of the critical barriers to achieving justice especially women, children among others trying to enforce their land rights, as opposed to short-term projects or work on individual cases. To governments of Uganda and others, these findings would offer ideal situations to share experiences and advocate collectively for equity in access to land, use and distribution among beneficiaries.

Challenges Facing Uganda Police Land Desks in Managing Conflicts in Wakiso and Mukono Districts

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the challenges facing Uganda police land desks in managing conflicts in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Methodology: The research was guided by a cross sectional and descriptive survey research designs which involving both qualitative and quantitative studies. The study population consisted of community members in Wakiso and Mukono districts who were affected by (victims of) land conflicts; Police land desks officials and the district land boards with purposive and stratified sampling used to select them. A sample of 385 respondents was used and questionnaires, interview guides, focus group discussion and documentary review were used to collect data with both SPSS and content analysis was used to analyze the field data. Findings: it was found out that there was corruption on the side of police land desk officers as represented with (mean=4.74, strongly agreed). findings revealed from Mukono and Wakiso district there was lack of professional training by land desk officers in land matters as represented with (mean= 4.65, strongly agreed). Further findings revealed that there was lack of enough financial resources was as follows (mean=4.45, strongly agreed). After analysis findings revealed that 38.1 % of respondent attributed to poor administration of the desk, 23.8% corruption, 19% lack of facilitation, 9.5% low salaries, 4.8% to communication gap and money transaction used by the ring leaders in causing conflicts and distorting peace. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study findings would shed light on how police land desks are developing and identify the determinants of this development, and the implication of the development processes on land conflict management. Additionally, the findings will help in understanding the bases of land conflicts, and by unbundling these land conflicts by type, the study will shed light on the comparative impact of different conflict types on national budget. After the findings, this thesis will commend necessary policy options that will bind the benefits of police land desks, boost available laws, and restrain land conflicts.

Judge rules against student

Case name: Dominguez v. The District Board of Trustees of Miami Dade College, No. 19‐24745‐CIV (S.D. Fla. 05/18/21).

Children’s exposure to vehicular pollution: Environmental injustice in Texas, USA

Distributive environmental justice research on children's exposure to vehicular pollution is underdeveloped and few empirical studies have been conducted in the US. This study seeks to address this gap by examining if socially disadvantaged children are disproportionately located in public school districts burdened by higher vehicular pollution in Texas—the second largest US state based on population size. Vehicular pollution exposure is measured using two variables: (1) an index developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency that combines traffic proximity and volume; and (2) outdoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a widely used proxy for traffic-related air pollution. These variables are linked to school district level data on socio-demographic characteristics of children obtained from the latest American Community Survey. Statistical analysis is based on multivariable generalized estimating equations that account for spatial clustering of school districts. Results reveal significantly greater traffic proximity and NO2 exposure in Texas school districts with higher percentages of children, after controlling for clustering, population density, and other socio-demographic factors. Districts exposed to higher levels of traffic proximity and NO2 exposure also contain significantly greater proportions of racial/ethnic minority, foreign-born, disabled, and socioeconomically vulnerable children. These findings highlight the urgent need to develop mitigation strategies for reducing vehicular pollution exposure, especially in districts with higher proportions of socially disadvantaged students that could be additionally burdened with limited resources. School districts represent a policy relevant analytic unit since school district boards can act as advocates for the environmental health of children and implement mitigation strategies for reducing pollution exposure.

Does School District Board Type Affect Fiscal Conditions? Examining Debt Positions

In the United States, the question of which is a better form of governance and leadership – elected or appointed – is considered to be a relevant issue in public administration. Many studies have advocated the appointed form in terms of professional management and fiscal performance. However, there is limited knowledge about the application of this form of government to school districts that are the main issuers in the municipal bond market, but financially rely on state governments. We discuss whether the type of education board in the school district (i.e. appointed or elected boards) affect debt positions. We expect school districts with citizen-elected boards to be more likely to reduce debt positions due to the reelection concerns of board members. Using a panel dataset of New Jersey school districts from 1997 to 2016, we are able to estimate the impact of board type on the cumulative debt of a board. The findings offer evidence that, when compared to appointed school boards, elected school boards are more likely to reduce their long-term debt and interest payments, as well as long-term debt as a percentage of own-source revenue.

Knowing your audience: understanding urban superintendents' process of framing equitable change

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand how superintendents leading large, high-profile and politically complex urban districts make sense of their district–community context and advocate for issues of equity.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative multi-case study took place over the 2017–18 school year and involved superintendents leading large urban districts in the United States, with data derived from semi-structured interviews, observations of school board and other public meetings and document collection.FindingsThis article describes how superintendents' sensemaking around equity was situated within the context of interactions with district board members and other stakeholder groups within their communities and influenced by their sense of professional vulnerability of public advocacy. Leaders often felt the need to attenuate their personal sense of equity and act strategically when framing related policies or practices. This study highlights examples by which superintendents were forced to confront instances when community support and prioritization of equity issues did not match their own and subsequently struggled to make sense of how to frame issues that were not in alignment.Originality/valueDespite their positional authority, relatively little attention has been paid to the experience of school district superintendents in fostering equity. This study provides practical examples of superintendents making sense of complex leadership scenarios and taking strategic action to promote equity in authentic circumstances and has important implications for research and practice.

Applying Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development framework, and design principles for co-production to pollution management in Louisville's Rubbertown, Kentucky

Rubbertown, located in West Louisville, Kentucky, USA, is a highly industrialized area with several chemical and materials manufacturing plants. For decades, residents in the area have experienced continuous air pollution problems. City monitoring and enforcement of pollution has improved recently, after residents and non-government organizations protested. However, overall pollution levels in Rubbertown remain high because of inconsistent monitoring, enforcement, and we argue- gaps in citizen-government co-production of pollution control. Collaborative solutions are required because air pollution is difficult to monitor completely top-down, and effective coordination requires shared decision making. To understand the root causes of this dilemma, and identify potential policy solutions, we interviewed key stakeholders and collected background information about the case. We used Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to understand the factors and political/economic dynamics that have created the current problem. We analyze this dilemma using Ostrom’s design principles for co-production, and related concepts of state-reinforced self-governance. We find significant gaps in co-production. Grassroots, neighborhood-level monitoring is not integrated with or legitimized by formal government agencies. Communication among key stakeholders is infrequent, and decision making is primarily top-down, giving residents little control over pollution in their neighborhoods. Costs and benefits of monitoring and enforcement are not shared equitably among the key actors, and there are low levels of trust. These gaps may be remedied by policies that empower residents to formally monitor air pollution in their neighborhoods, greater representation of residents on the pollution control district board, and collaborative programs that facilitate shared decision making among key actors.