Distribution Of Welfare Research Articles

Algorithmic bias and racial inequality: a critical review

Abstract Most definitions of algorithmic bias and fairness encode decision-maker interests, such as profits, rather than the interests of disadvantaged groups (e.g. racial minorities): bias is defined as a deviation from profit maximization. Future research should instead focus on the causal effect of automated decisions on the distribution of welfare, both across and within groups. The literature emphasizes some apparent contradictions between different notions of fairness, and between fairness and profits. These contradictions vanish, however, when profits are maximized. Existing work involves conceptual slippages between statistical notions of bias and misclassification errors, economic notions of profit, and normative notions of bias and fairness. Notions of bias nonetheless carry some interest within the welfare paradigm that I advocate for, if we understand bias and discrimination as mechanisms and potential points of intervention.

Is the age pension in Australia sustainable and fair? Evidence from forecasting the old-age dependency ratio using the Hamilton-Perry model

The age pension aims to assist eligible elderly Australians who meet specific age and residency criteria in maintaining basic living standards. In designing efficient pension systems, government policymakers seek to satisfy the expectations of the overall aging population in Australia. However, the population’s unique demographic characteristics at the state and territory level are often overlooked due to the lack of available data. We use the Hamilton-Perry model, which requires minimum input, to model and forecast the evolution of age-specific populations at the state and territory level. We also integrate the obtained sub-national demographic information to determine sustainable pension ages up to 2051. We also investigate pension welfare distribution in all states and territories to identify the disadvantaged residents under the current pension system. Using the sub-national mortality data for Australia from 1971 to 2021 obtained from AHMD (2023), we implement the Hamilton-Perry model with the help of functional time series forecasting techniques. With the forecasts of age-specific population sizes for each state and territory, we compute the old age dependency ratio to determine the nationwide sustainable pension age.

Optimization Of The Authority Of Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) In The Directorate General Of Taxes (DGT) Bangka Belitung Region In The Seizure And Blocking Of Suspect Assets For The Recovery Of State Revenue Losses

Tax crimes have become a significant issue in Indonesia, as taxes are vital for the government's development efforts. Failure to comply with tax obligations not only impacts the state's revenue but also hinders the equitable distribution of welfare to society. The purpose to be achieved in this study is to find out related to the authority of PPNS in the seizure and blocking of suspect assets in order to recover losses in state revenue. The method used in this study is empirical juridical where the data obtained through primary data by interviewing the DGT Bangka Belitung region. In addition, secondary data is also used to add information and strengthen the analysis related to the research topic. The results showed that the recovery of State losses can be done by the DGT where the authority can be done by confiscation and blocking of assets. This mechanism is carried out with the aim that the country does not suffer considerable losses. Tax investigation collection is one of the actions that can reduce tax crimes so that the activities carried out must be carried out efficiently in accordance with applicable regulations

BloFoPASS: A blockchain food palliatives tracer support system for resolving welfare distribution crisis in Nigeria

With population rising to approximately 200 million Nigerians – fast-paced, urbanization has continued to advent food insecurity with maladministration, corruption, internal rife, and starvation. These, threatened the nation's unity with the lockdown of 2020; and consequently, have now become the trend. Nigeria must as a nation, re-examine her methods in the administration of palliatives (in lieu of food and relief) distribution – as the above-listed issues have become of critical need in the equitable distribution of reliefs, both from the humanitarian agency view, and the Government (State and Federal). They have noticed non-transparency, corruption, and data inadequacies, as major drawbacks in its management. Our study presents a blockchain ensemble for the administration of food palliatives distribution in Nigeria that first ensures, that all beneficiaries be registered, and the food palliatives are sensor-tagged and recorded on the blockchain. Results show the number of transactions per second and page retrieval abilities for the proposed chain were quite low with 30-TPS and 0.38seconds respectively – as compared to public blockchain. Proposed ensemble eliminates fraud that is herein rippled across the existing system, minimizes corrupt practices via sensor-based model, provides insight for stakeholders, and minimize the error in reported data on the supply chain.

Manajemen Filantropi

Islamic philanthropy management plays an important role in managing zakat, infaq, alms and waqf funds in a structured and accountable manner. The aim is to achieve social justice and equal distribution of welfare, help the poor, support social development, and strengthen the Islamic brotherhood. The basic principles of Islamic philanthropy management include sincerity, justice, target accuracy, efficiency and accountability. In its implementation, professional philanthropic institutions are established, effective fund collection systems, use of information technology, development of human resources, and development of innovative philanthropy programs. With effective management of Islamic philanthropy, it is hoped that it can create a just, prosperous and noble society.

Perkembangan Ekonomi dan Keuangan dalam Islam: Inspirasi dari Khulafaur Rasyidin

Islamic economics is the response of Islamic scholars to the economic challenges of their time, which is closely related to the Koran and hadith. Islamic economics is also a social science whose Islamic values ​​influence all of society's economic activities. Islamic economics is part of every aspect of life which is based on four sciences, namely the Al-Quran, Sunnah, Ijma', and Qiyas. This discusses a very inclusive way of life. The aim of this research is to describe the history of public policy and the development of Islamic political economy during the time of Khurafaur Rasyidin. Based on the results of this research, Khulafaur Rasyidin's leadership period consisted of four levels of leadership. The first economic policies implemented during the Khurafaur Rasyidin era were during the Abu Bakr era, the second during the reign of Umar bin Khattab, and the third during the reign of Uthman bin Affan, and finally during the reign of Ali bin Talib. Regarding his leadership, several activities were carried out, namely establishing Baitul, shopping centers, distribution of welfare, pension funds, soldiers' salaries, as well as distribution and collection of zakat to Muslim and non-Muslim communities. All of these activities can help develop the country's economy and improve people's living standards. The method used in this research is the library research method. The data collection technique is to conduct a literature review study regarding the problem to be solved. Keywoards: Public Policy; Islamic Economics; Khulafaur Rasyidin

Development of an Index for Measuring Islamic Bank CSR Disclosures in Indonesia

Measuring the disclosure of social activities carried out by Islamic banks is very important. However, the results of measuring the disclosure of social activities of Islamic banks in Indonesia still need to be higher when measured by the current CSR disclosure measurement index. The CSR disclosure measurement index often used in related research comes from research results in various countries in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. This is one of the considerations that causes the level of CSR disclosure of Islamic banks in Indonesia to be relatively low. Studies on developing an index for measuring CSR disclosure of Islamic banks in Indonesia are based on Sharia enterprise theory (SET). Based on the results of literacy studies of related research conducted in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia, several assessment dimension criteria need to be developed, including those related to the obligation of Islamic banks to report their social activities from the start of their establishment, environmental awareness education for employees, use of environmentally friendly materials. to support operational activities and collaboration with social communities in order to achieve acceleration and equal distribution of community welfare.

Public investment, factor income taxation, and intergenerational welfare distribution in an overlapping generations model

Public investment, factor income taxation, and intergenerational welfare distribution in an overlapping generations model

Embedded but overlooked values: Ethical aspects of absolute environmental sustainability assessments

AbstractCurrently used sharing principles (grandfathering and final consumption expenditure) do not align with the purpose of Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessments (AESAs)—enabling all to meet basic needs within the planetary limits. This discrepancy, though niche within life cycle engineering, demands attention due to the integration of the sharing principles in the widely adopted Science Based Targets initiative, embraced by 4000+ companies, representing over a third of the global economy. This paper suggests operationalizing sufficientarianism as a fair sharing principle for AESAs guaranteeing a minimum threshold of well‐being for all. The theory of human needs is highlighted to distinguish luxuries from necessities. This is vital when assigning shares to products/companies, as there's no room for luxuries (products for someone which cause others to fall short), given the extremely limited individual safe operating space, regardless of the sharing approach. This paper argues that sufficientarian‐based sharing principles must overlook historically skewed material welfare distributions to ensure no one falls below the minimum threshold. It underscores the need for an interdisciplinary approach to sharing principles, acknowledging and discussing diverse value perspectives on equal grounds. The focus is to inform and discuss the development of new sharing principles, which introduces initial steps toward a sufficientarian‐based approach. The paper concludes that recognizing embedded values is paramount in sharing principle development. Failing to do so risks letting quantifiable metrics dictate the values integrated into AESAs without open discourse.

Comprehensive analysis of regional disparities in the distribution of income and welfare of the population in the Russian regions

The modern Russian economy is characterised by considerable regional disparities concerning distribution of incomes and well-being of the citizens. These imbalances can be especially noticeable when analysing various sectors which play an important role in the economic progress of the regions. Within the framework of this study, based on a comparative analysis, the degree of dependence of the living standard on the electromechanical industry is assessed. The hypothesis is advanced that the outstripping growth of this sector has a significant positive impact on indicators of employment, income, and quality of life. Testing this hypothesis will make it possible to create a state policy for equalising the socio-economic development of Russian regions with consideration to the industry specialisation of their economies. Statistical data on personal income, quality of life indices, as well as specific indicators of industry progress in different regions of the Federation were used for the study. The employed methods of correlation and regression analysis identified the links between the level of sectoral development and economic well-being of the territorial units. The analysis showed that such regions as Moscow, St. Petersburg, where an infrastructure sector leads, and a number of oil-producing Siberian regions demonstrate higher indicators of income and quality of life. At the same time, subjects with a less developed sector, for instance some areas of the North Caucasus and Siberia, are experiencing difficulties in achieving similar levels of welfare.

Consumer Behavior Assolo’ Pada Acara Pernikahan Suku Kajang Dalam Pesektif Maslahah

The purpose of this research is to describe, explain about consumer behavior assolo’ the wedding event in Suku Kajang in perspective maslahah. This research is qualitative research, the type of research is field research and using an ethnographic approach method. The data collection methods used were observation and interviews. The research results show that consumer behavior assolo' the wedding event in the Kajang Tribe in perspective maslahah namely: 1) pregnant maslahah in the form of maintaining honor and self-respect/say',2) pregnant Maslahah in the form of taawwun values ​​and the embodiment of friendship, and 3) containsThe Value of Maslahah as a Means of Transaction, Distribution of Wealth and Welfare of Property Ownership.So starting from the description above, it can be understood that consumer behavior assolo' the wedding event in the Kajang Tribe in perspective maslahah directly maintain the objectives of Sharia'. Because considering the benefit dimension, besides that assolo' People hold wedding ceremonies to make it easier for them to live their lives, and to keep them away from the negative stigma of society's views.

Juridical Review of Net Revenue Sharing and Profit Sharing Implementation In Islamic Bank

Islamic economic and financial systems are based on the achievement of justice and equitable distribution of economic welfare as well as universal ethical values that can be accepted by various parties. This study aims to determine the legal basis for the application of net revenue sharing and profit sharing methods in Islamic banks. The method used is normative juridical approach, data collection techniques using literature study and field study, data analysis using qualitative normative analysis. The results mentioned that the regulation of net revenue sharing and profit sharing of Islamic banks in Indonesia is contained in Article 26 of Law Number 21 of 2008 concerning Islamic Banking on the operational principles of Islamic banks, DSN MUI fatwa Number 15/DSN-MUI/IX/2000 on the principle of distribution of business results in Islamic financial institutions and PBI Number 7/46/PBI/2005 concerning the collection of funds and distribution of funds for parties carrying out business activities based on sharia principles.

Predicting social assistance beneficiaries: On the social welfare damage of data biases

Abstract Cash transfer programs are the most common anti-poverty tool in low- and middle-income countries, reaching more than one billion people globally. Benefits are typically targeted using prediction models. In this paper, we develop an extended targeting assessment framework for proxy means testing that accounts for societal sensitivity to targeting errors. Using a social welfare framework, we weight targeting errors based on their position in the welfare distribution and adjust for different levels of societal inequality aversion. While this approach provides a more comprehensive assessment of targeting performance, our two case studies show that bias in the data, particularly in the form of label bias and unstable proxy means testing weights, leads to a substantial underestimation of welfare losses, disadvantaging some groups more than others.

Determinants of participation in charcoal production and its distributive impact on household welfare in rural Ethiopia

Charcoal production is one of the main sources of households’ income in some part of rural Ethiopia. However, existing literature has rarely explored the presence of an entry barrier that might prevent the poorest from participating in this lucrative activity nor have they accounted for heterogeneity in the welfare effects of participation. To provide evidence for these issues, this study assesses the determinants of participation in charcoal production and its heterogeneous impact on household welfare using primary data from 390 households in selected rural villages of Awi zone, Ethiopia. This study uses a probit regression model to identify the determinants of participation and the quantile treatment effect (QTE) regression model to examine the welfare gap between participants and nonparticipants at different points of the welfare distribution and a decomposition technique to investigate whether the welfare gap is attributed to differences in characteristics or returns to these characteristics. Our probit model estimation result shows that poor households are less likely to participate in charcoal production, implying the existence of an entry barrier which may be attributed to the requirement of higher capital investment in the study area. Our QTE result suggests that participation affect welfare heterogeneously across the welfare distribution and the welfare gap is higher at the upper quantiles, suggesting that poor participants gain lower return from participation. Finally, our decomposition analysis reveals that the welfare gap exists due to coefficients effect. Although the results suggest the importance of policy to improve the participation of households in charcoal production for greater welfare, they also indicate the existence of uneven returns against poor participants.

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN WILAYAH PERBATASAN MENURUT PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL PEMBANGUNAN

The national development of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) aims to realize equal distribution of people's welfare throughout the region, including border areas where until now there are still problems related to welfare. The border area essentially has a very vital and strategic meaning, at least when viewed from 3 (three) points of view, namely: defense-security, economic-trade, and socio-cultural. Therefore, a strategy is needed to improve the security of border areas according to the social perspective of development. This study used qualitative descriptive method, with data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques use triangulation. This research shows that the strategy that can be carried out by the Indonesian government in overcoming problems in order to improve border area security according to the social perspective of border development of the Republic of Indonesia (RI) – Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL) in Atambua, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, among others, through Economic Development, Infrastructure, Human Resource Development, Social Welfare Programs, Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation, Community Empowerment, Cultural and Social Security, Law Enforcement, and Social Security.

Comparison Of Regulations For The Approval Of Condominium Developments Before And After The Job Creation Law

Housing development is an effort to meet one of the basic human needs, as well as to improve the quality of the living environment, give direction to regional growth, expand employment and drive economic activities in improving and equitable distribution of people's welfare. The construction of flats is one alternative solution to the problem of housing and settlement needs, especially areas in urban areas where the population continues to increase, because the construction of flats can reduce land use, make urban open spaces more spacious and can be used as a way to rejuvenate the city for slums. Arrangements related to the construction of flats were initially regulated in the Flats Law, one of which regulated the ratification of flats. The Job Creation Law through its omnibus law model amends several provisions including those related to flats, including through implementing regulations. In this paper using normative juridical research methods, the author will compare the arrangement for the ratification of flats before and after the promulgation of the Job Creation Law and explore potential juridical problems.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ISLAMIC BANKS AND ISLAMIC PAWNSHOPS

Islamic banks are banks that operate in accordance with Sharia Principles. Islamic Banking aims to support the implementation of national development in order to increase justice, togetherness, and equitable distribution of people's welfare. Pegadaian is a place where people who need cash can come to borrow money with personal items as collateral. Pawn in fiqh is called Rahn, which is a debt and credit agreement between two or more parties regarding the issue of objects and holding something as collateral or he can take some of the benefits of the goods. The benefit of this research is that it is expected to be used as input for all parties concerned to know and understand about the comparative between Islamic banks and Islamic pawnshops.

Pengaruh Adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 Terhadap Serta Minat Masyarakat Dalam Menabung Di Bank Syariah

For the first time in Indonesia, banking regulations have begun to be systematically regulated in Law no. 14 of 1967 which discusses the principles of banking is used as a guideline for the regulation of banking in Indonesia. In 1992, the establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia was the beginning of the recognition of sharia banking in Indonesia. Then with the enactment of Law no. 7 of 1992 concerning banking, as amended by Law no. 10 of 1998 explicitly discusses that in Indonesia there are two banking systems, namely conventional banking and sharia banking. The regulations regarding sharia banking in this law are considered not yet specific, therefore it is necessary to specifically establish sharia banking itself in a law, with the establishment of Law no. 21 of 2008 concerning sharia banking. For a long time, banking in Indonesia has made law no. 14 of 1967 concerning the basic principles of banking as guidelines for every bank in Indonesia. In 1992, the establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia was the beginning of the recognition of sharia banking in Indonesia. Then with the enactment of Law no. 7 of 1992 concerning banking, as amended by Law no. 10 of 1998 explicitly discusses that in Indonesia there are two banking systems, namely conventional banking and sharia banking. The regulations regarding sharia banking in this law are considered not yet specific, so a law that is clearer and complements the shortcomings of the previous law is needed. Therefore, Law no. 21 of 2008 concerning sharia banking. The final conclusion in this research is that the public recognizes and prefers sharia banking as regulated in Law No. 21 of 2008 because this law can explain and answer specifically the problems that exist in society regarding banking in Indonesia and with the birth of law no. 21 of 2008 is expected to provide justice and togetherness to all Indonesian people based on sharia principles which refer to Islamic law in order to achieve equal distribution of social welfare.

Guarding the boundaries of belonging: the Church of Sweden, Gypsy mission and social care in the 1910s–40s

ABSTRACT Historically, social welfare providers have defined social and ethnic minorities such as ‘vagrants’ and Romani people as non-deserving and thus excluded them from their work. Gradually during the nineteenth century, however, Christian actors and organizations across Europe were among the first to recognize Romani groups as legitimate targets of relief. The operations required boundary changes where previously undeserving categories were transferred to deserving, thus becoming legitimate targets of relief. The article discusses the Church of Sweden’s social care for minorities, with a special focus on Romani groups from the 1910s to the 1940s. At that point, Protestant social work was permeated by conservative paternalism and focused on changing the individual through interventions defined as help-to-self-help, rather than challenging the unjust social structures in Swedish society. However, welfare measures were enacted differently depending on the majority/minority position of the individual; the recognition or rejection of minority rights affected the distribution and content of Lutheran social welfare. Examining church-led or church-endorsed activities, the contribution sheds light on the differentiation of social and ethnic subgroups and brings nuance to a field that has overlooked the Swedish state church as a welfare provider in the twentieth century. The instances of intersection between and sometimes confusion of social and ethnic boundaries serve as examples of the historicity of such boundaries and churchmen’s contribution to establishing these.

Implementation of Direct Cash Assistance Funds for Excise Products on Tobacco Products (BLT DBHCHT)

This study focuses on how the government allocates revenue-sharing funds from tobacco excise to workers in cigarette factories in the form of direct cash assistance. The very large processing of tobacco products should encourage equitable distribution of welfare. The government pays attention to this by making regulations regarding the use of revenue-sharing funds for tobacco products, known as DBHCHT, in the form of direct cash assistance (BLT). BLT DBHCHT is a form of social protection, which is theoretically understood as part of a social policy designed to pay special attention to vulnerable groups by ensuring income security and access to social services for all. This research uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach. The findings in this study include that the implementation so far has gone smoothly, but actually, BLT DBHCHT is the easiest way for the government to be pragmatic, and very short-term. Communication between implementing agencies related to DBHCHT is still limited to formal communication, it has not touched on what the real needs of beneficiaries are.