Ratio Distribution Research Articles

In-situ carbon isotope analysis of diamond using LA-MC-ICP-MS inspired from the distributions of ions and isotope ratios in the ICP

Carbon stable isotopes of diamonds provide clues regarding their growth processes. Thus, an accurate, efficient, and affordable method to determine the carbon isotope ratio is extremely urgent. Accurate and precise...

Binary properties of the globular cluster 47 Tuc (NGC 104)

Spectroscopic observations of binary stars in globular clusters are essential to shed light on the poorly constrained period, eccentricity, and mass ratio distributions and to develop an understanding of the formation of peculiar stellar objects. 47 Tuc (NGC 104) is one of the most massive Galactic globular clusters, with a large population of blue stragglers and with many predicted but as-yet elusive stellar-mass black holes. This makes it an exciting candidate for binary searches. We present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 47 Tuc with the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph to determine radial velocity variations for 21 699 stars. We find a total binary fraction in the cluster of (2.4 ± 1.0)%, consistent with previous photometric estimates, and an increased binary fraction among blue straggler stars, approximately three times higher than the cluster average. We find very few binaries with periods below three days, and none with massive dark companions. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art models shows that the absence of such short-period binaries and of binaries with massive companions is surprising, highlighting the need to improve our understanding of stellar and dynamical evolution in binary systems.

Influence of void ratio distribution on gas transport pattern in non-uniform extraction zones

Influence of void ratio distribution on gas transport pattern in non-uniform extraction zones

The Effect of CWTSAW on the Toughness of Heavy-Gauge X70: Part I – Correlating HAZ Microstructure with Cold Wire Feed Rate

The effect of cold wire feed rate (CWFR) on martensite-austenite (MA) constituent morphology and prior austenite grain (PAG) size in the heataffected zone (HAZ) of heavy gauge (19.1 mm thick) X70 microalloyed steel welded by cold-wire tandem submerged-arc welding (CWTSAW) was studied. A series of single-pass CWTSAW trials were made using cold wire feed rates (CWFRs) of 0 mm/s, 16.9 mm/s, and 33.9 mm/s, which corresponded to effective heat inputs of 2.9 kJ/mm, 2.6 kJ/ mm, and 2.3 kJ/mm, respectively. The PAG size and MA constituent morphology (area and aspect ratio distribution) were measured using optical microscopy. The average PAG size in the coarsegrained HAZ (CGHAZ) was reduced from 139 μm to 83 μm as the CWFR was increased from 0 mm/s (2.9 kJ/mm) to 33.9 mm/s (2.3 kJ/mm). The total number of MA constituents and the area fraction of MA in the CGHAZ were lowest for the intermediate CWFR of 16.9 mm/s (2.6 kJ/mm).

Crushing and energy absorption behavior of self-similar nested hierarchically hexagonal honeycomb

To enhance the impact resistance of honeycomb structures, this article proposes a novel self-similar nested honeycomb structure (SNHRH) by incorporating self-similar ribs within the honeycomb framework. Finite element simulations and experimental validations were conducted using Abaqus software. The results from the out-of-plane crushing tests demonstrate that the SNHRH exhibits superior energy absorption capabilities compared to conventional honeycomb structures, hierarchical multifunctional chiral metamaterials, and spider-web hierarchical honeycombs. Furthermore, the enhanced energy absorption characteristics of the SNHRH-1 are not merely attributable to the incorporation of internal cytokinetic elements; rather, they arise from the interactions among these internal components, which result in more pronounced plastic deformation at the intersections. To further elucidate the impact of geometric parameters on the crashworthiness of the proposed honeycomb structure, this study analyzes the significant effects of relative density, rib angle, and thickness ratio distribution. The accuracy of the finite element simulation results was verified through compression tests. The findings indicate that relative density is positively correlated with energy absorption, specific energy absorption, initial peak crash force, and crushing force efficiency. An increase in relative density corresponds to higher energy absorption and specific energy absorption while maintaining constant wall thickness. Notably, within the same type of honeycomb structure, higher orders exhibit improved energy absorption performance. Specifically, the energy absorption of SNHRH-4 was found to be 88.63% greater than that of SNHRH-1.

Multiwavelength Constraints on the Local Black Hole Occupation Fraction

The fraction of dwarf galaxies hosting central, intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) at low redshifts is an important observational probe of black hole seeding at high redshift. Detections of nuclear accretion signatures in dwarf galaxies provides strong evidence for the presence of these IMBHs. We develop a Bayesian model to infer the black hole occupation fraction assuming a broken power-law Eddington ratio distribution function. Our approach accounts for nondetections, incompleteness, and contamination from star-forming-related emission. We apply this model to galaxies with X-ray data from the Chandra Source Catalog at distances <50 Mpc, radio data from the Very Large Array Sky Survey at <50 Mpc, and optical variability data from the Palomar Transient Factory at z < 0.055. We find a black hole occupation fraction of at least 90% at stellar masses of M ⋆ = 108 M ⊙ and at least 39% at M ⋆ = 107 M ⊙ (95% confidence intervals). We show the resulting black hole mass function. These constraints on the IMBH population have implications for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission and for cosmological models of black hole seeding and growth. We also constrain the extremely low-luminosity end (L bol ≲ 1040 erg s−1) of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity functions at z = 0. Our AGN luminosity functions are broadly consistent with an extrapolation of the shallow slope of the AGN luminosity functions from previous work.

Sharia Compliance and Fraud: Study on Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia

The existence of fraud at Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia has a negative impact on public trust in Sharia Banks and proves that there is no guarantee that Sharia-based banks are free from fraud. Measurement is required through Sharia compliance with several measurement indicators, including the Islamic Income Ratio (IsIR), Profit-Sharing Ratio (PSR), and Equitable Distribution Ratio (EDR). This research intends to analyze the influence of Sharia compliance on fraud in Sharia Commercial Banks. The type of research uses quantitative research with analytical descriptive research methods. The data used is panel data from Sharia Commercial Banks for 2019–2022 which are registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The research employed non-probability sampling approaches for sampling, and logistic regression analysis for data processing using EViews 12. This research showed that the Islamic Income Ratio, Profit-Sharing Ratio, and Equitable Distribution Ratio do not affect Fraud in Sharia Commercial Banks for 2019-2022. The coefficient determination with an Adjusted R Square value is 0.0955 or 9.55% indicates that the contribution of the Islamic Income Ratio, Profit-Sharing Ratio, and Equitable Distribution Ratio to Fraud is 9,55%. Meanwhile, the remaining 90.45% was affected by other variables outside the research.

REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic composition of silicate-carbonate rocks from the Zelentsovskaya mine (Kusa-Kopan intrusive complex, Southern Urals)

The object of this study is silicate-carbonate rocks located in gabbroid of the Kusinsko-Kopan intrusive complex within the Zelentsovskaya mine in the South Urals. Low Mn and Fe contents and low 87Sr/86Sr ratio in calcite (0.7045–0.7048) indicate that the source of carbonate matter for these rocks was recrystallized limestones of the Lower Riphean Satka Formation. Isotopic-geochemical data (87Sr/86Sr ratio and flat REE distribution pattern) indicate the influence of gabbroid melt on their composition. It is suggested that the silicate-carbonate rocks were formed as a result of the geological process closest to the skarn formation.

Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Injectivity and Dynamic Storage Capacity in Shale Reservoirs

Abstract Carbon dioxide could be stored in unconventional shale reservoirs in a supercritical state due to available pore volume, infrastructure, and injectivity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the injectivity and storage capacity in shale reservoirs. In this paper, a two-dimensional dual-porosity, dual-permeability model was built to investigate CO2 injectivity and dynamic storage capacity spatially and temporally. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the effect of matrix permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, operating conditions, and near-wellbore connectivity on storage factors. Systematic and comprehensive numerical experiments are carried out using random sampling to generate a probability distribution of CO2 storage factors and replacement ratio. Results showed the parameters with the most impact to least impact on injectivity and storage factor: matrix permeability, near-wellbore connectivity, bottomhole pressure, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity. The methodology in this study provides a foundation to examine how CO2 storage factors change spatially and temporally in and outside the stimulated reservoir volume. The new understanding can be applied to optimize field development, well spacing, and infill drilling to increase economic storage.

Can Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Volume, and Platelet Distribution Width Be Used as Indicators of Delirium?

Background/Objectives: Postoperative delirium is a frequent complication in children undergoing general anesthesia. It has been suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the pathophysiology of delirium. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers and delirium. Methods: A total of 221 children in the ASA 1–3 risk group who underwent adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, and/or ventilation tube application were included in our single-center, prospective, and observational study approved by the Ethics Committee, numbered E1-23-3197. Patients whose parental consent was obtained were either premedicated with oral midazolam preoperatively or taken to surgery without premedication, depending on the anesthesiologist’s preference. After induction with sevoflurane, rocuronium and fentanyl were administered intravenously. Sevoflurane and infusion of remifentanil were administered for maintenance. At the end of the operation, patients were transferred to the recovery unit and followed up for 30 min. They were evaluated with the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) Scale and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) Scale. Results: Delirium was observed in 80 patients. There was no significant difference between patients with and without delirium in terms of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, or platelet distribution volume. Lymphocyte count, PAED score, and FLACC score were statistically higher in patients with delirium (W = 4407.5, p-value = 0.006997; W = 0, p-value &lt; 2.2 × 10−16; W = 9489, p-value &lt; 2.2 × 10−16, respectively). Conclusions: No statistically significant relationship was found between hematologic inflammatory markers and delirium. Controlled studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine whether these markers have strong predictive value.

Short-Glass-Fiber Aspect Ratios in Polyamide-6 Composites: Homogenization and Deep Learning-Based Scanning Image-Microscope Segmentation Comparison

This paper presents a comparative analysis of fiber aspect ratios using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mean field homogenization approach. The novelty of this work lies in an effective fiber length evaluation based on a comparative analysis of fiber aspect ratios using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mean field homogenization approach. This makes it possible to use an electron microscope to image fiber samples corresponding to the sample size using microtomography. Molded samples and pellets of four polyamide-6 short-glass fiber-reinforced composites with mass fractions of 15%, 30%, and 50% were considered. The aspect ratio distribution measured by SEM for the investigated materials was 20.25 with a coefficient of variation of 5.1%. The fiber aspect ratio obtained based on mean field homogenization theory and the tensile curve approximation was underestimated at 13.698 with a coefficient of variation of 5.2%. The deviation between the micro- and macro-estimates can be represented as a mean effective aspect ratio of 68% with a coefficient of variation of 8.5%. The developed technology for preparing samples for SEM and automated image processing can be used to study other short-reinforced polymer composite materials. The obtained estimates can serve as a useful reference when calibrating other models of short-fiber-reinforced polymer materials.

Machine Learning-Based Spectral Reconstruction for Equivalence Ratio Measurement in Premixed Air-Methane Flames Using RGB Imaging

ABSTRACT This paper introduced a machine learning-based method for reconstruction spectral information from RGB images for measurements of the equivalence ratio (Φ) of premixed air-methane flames. Digital color cameras capture color and spatial information of hydrocarbon premixed flames in the visible band. The color of the flame is the result of spectral integration of chemiluminescence in the visible wavelength band, and direct use for flame equivalence ratio measurements would result in large errors due to low spectral resolution. The mapping function was used to reconstruct the spectral characteristics of the premixed methane flame for the RGB image, which were built by three types of machine learning methods: support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF) regression, and Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network (LM-BPNN), respectively. Finally, LM-BPNN-based reconstructed spectral features are used for the development of Φ measurement model, which measurement error below 0.01, accurately measures the equivalence ratio of premixed methane flames within the range of 0.73 to 1.47. Further analyze the two-dimensional spatial distribution of flame equivalence ratio.

MMG4: Recognition of G4-Forming Sequences Based on Markov Model.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are special nucleic acid structures with various important biological functions. Existing tools and technologies for G4-forming sequences recognition are limited to time-consuming and costly methods such as circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance. Developing a fast and accurate model for G4-forming sequences recognition has far-reaching significance. In this study, MMG4, a novel model to recognize G4-forming sequences based on Markov model (MM), was developed and the phenomenon of high recognition accuracy in the central region of the sequence and low accuracy in the two end regions was discovered. It was further found that the differences in base transfer probabilities, ratio distribution, and G4-motif structural content in different regions may be the causes of this phenomenon. The study also explored the impact of sequence length on recognition accuracy and found the optimal recognition interval to be [910-1049], with the highest recognition accuracy reaching 85.95%. By extracting sequence features, the study constructed three types of machine learning models: random forest (RF), support vector machine, and back-propagation neural network. It was found that recognition performance of MM was significantly better than that of the other three machine learning models, proving that the recognition method based on MM can effectively capture the correlation information between adjacent nucleotides of G4. By combining MM with the three machine learning models, the predictive performance of MMG4 improved. Among them, the RF model combined with MM has the best performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.93 and an area under the precision-recall curve value of 0.9. Finally, the study validated the model robustness and generalization ability through independent testing dataset.

Association between perforator stroke after middle cerebral artery elective stenting and arterial remodeling patterns: a high-resolution MRI-based retrospective cohort study.

Patterns of arterial remodeling may be associated with outcomes in patients with severe middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis after endovascular treatment (EVT). This study aims to investigate the potential correlation between arterial remodeling patterns in patients with severe MCA stenosis, and plaque characteristics and procedure-related perforator stroke (PS). Consecutive patients with MCA atherosclerotic disease who underwent EVT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to June 2023 were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The clinical and surgical data of the patients were evaluated. Remodeling index values >1.05, 0.95-1.05, and <0.95 indicated positive remodeling (PR), intermediate remodeling (IR), and negative remodeling (NR), respectively. Based on the remodeling index values calculated by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI), the arterial remodeling patterns were classified as NR or non-NR; non-NR was defined as both PR and IR. The primary endpoint was procedure-related PS. Plaque characteristics included the plaque area, plaque burden, contrast-enhancement ratio, and plaque distribution. Plaque features and the incidence of procedure-related PS were compared between the NR and non-NR groups. Differences in the categorical variables between the patients with NR and non-NR were assessed using the Chi-square test (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. Differences in the continuous variables between the two groups were assessed using the Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. A total of 65 patients (mean age: 57.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Of the patients, 45 (69.2%) showed NR and 20 (30.8%) showed non-NR. The primary endpoint of procedure-related PS occurred in 3 patients (3/65, 4.6%). On HR-MRI, the entire cohort had a mean plaque area of 10.0 mm2, a mean plaque burden of 92.0 %, and a mean enhancement ratio of 1.3. Compared to the non-NR group, the NR group had a smaller plaque area (9.2 vs. 11.6 mm2, P=0.001). The probability of the primary end point was 15.0% in the non-NR group and 0.0% in the NR group (P=0.026). PS after MCA elective stenting may be related to non-NR based on HR-MRI. Further prospective and multicenter studies need to be conducted to confirm these findings.

Radio Active Galactic Nuclei Activity in Low Redshift Galaxies Is Not Directly Related to Star Formation Rates

We examine the demographics of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the local Universe as a function of host galaxy properties, most notably both stellar mass (M ⋆) and star formation rate (SFR). Radio AGN activity is theoretically implicated in helping reduce the SFR of galaxies, and therefore it is natural to investigate the relationship between these two galaxy properties. We use the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) optical IFU catalog in conjunction with the NVSS and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty radio catalogs. MaNGA's high precision determinations of SFR allow us to impose a clean cut to reliably identify radio AGN from star formers. Using this sample of AGN, the well-measured stellar velocity dispersions from MaNGA, and the black hole M–σ relationship, we examine the Eddington ratio distribution (ERD) and its dependence on M ⋆ and SFR. We find that the ERD depends strongly on M ⋆, with more massive galaxies having larger Eddington ratios (λ). Interpreting our model fit to the data leads to a completeness-corrected estimate of F AGN(λ > 0.001), the fraction of galaxies with radio AGN with λ > 0.001. At logM⋆/M⊙∼11 , we estimate F AGN = 0.02. The AGN fraction increases rapidly with M ⋆, and at logM⋆/M⊙∼12 , we estimate F AGN ∼ 0.24. We do not find any dependence on SFR, specific star formation rate, or velocity dispersion when controlling for stellar mass. We conclude that galaxy SFRs appear to be unrelated to the presence or absence of a radio AGN, which may be useful in constraining theoretical models of AGN feedback.

Control over Aspect Ratio and Polymer Spatial Distribution of 2D Platelets via Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly

Control over Aspect Ratio and Polymer Spatial Distribution of 2D Platelets via Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly

The role of the inferior glenohumeral capsule ratio in the diagnosis of frozen shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis—An ultrasound study

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the role of the inferior glenohumeral capsule (IGHC) ratio in diagnosing frozen shoulder (FS) by analysing two patient groups with shoulder dysfunction, one with and the other without clinical signs of FS.MethodsThis study was performed in volunteers with unilateral shoulder problems. Passive ranges of motion were measured, and pre‐defined clinical criteria were used to allocate participants into FS and no‐FS groups. IGHC ratios were calculated at shoulder abduction angles of 60° and 90°. The Independent‐Samples‐Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the distributions of the IGHC ratios of the two groups.ResultsOf 151 participants (53 years ± 7, 78 men), 13 fulfilled the FS criteria. All participants were measured at 60° abduction. Eight of the FS and 127 of the no‐FS groups were able to be measured at 90°. A significant group difference was found in the IGHC ratios at 90° abduction (p = .008, FS group = 1.8, no‐FS group = 1.1) but not at 60° (p = .31). At 90° abduction, an IGHC ratio ≥1.8 was 92% specific to the FS cohort. In those without clinical signs of FS, no difference was found in IGHC thicknesses between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides.ConclusionThe ultrasound IGHC thickness ratio obtained at 90° shoulder abduction has potential for confirming the clinical suspicion of FS in those who can abduct their shoulders to 90°. The contralateral shoulder used for comparison does not have to be symptom free as long as it does not exhibit clinical signs of FS.

How large is the output cost of disinflation?

AbstractThis paper examines estimates of, and drivers for, the sacrifice ratio, defined as the cumulative sum of foregone annualised output accruing from a disinflation of one percentage point. Three approaches are employed. The first reviews the literature on what sacrifice ratio might be expected. The second studies a generic disinflation experiment using 40 estimated macro models of the U.S. economy, calculating a distribution of sacrifice ratios. Those sacrifice ratios are high by historical standards and the paper discusses some stories for why this is so. The role of expectations formation and the credibility of policy is emphasised. The third approach investigates more closely some drivers of the output cost of disinflation by carrying out a selection of disinflation experiments using the FRB/US model, varying certain characteristics of the model's expectations formation mechanism. Pinning down a precise measure for the output cost of disinflation is challenging. However, the literature and policy experiments do offer some guidance on how the sacrifice ratio can be reduced.

Structural characterization of a α-d-glucan from Ginkgo biloba seeds and its protective effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a great global challenge to public health, yet it holds promise for amelioration through plant-derived polysaccharide. Ginkgo biloba seeds have long been used as medicine and food, which has potential benefits for various chronic diseases. However, the protective role of Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharide against NAFLD remains unclear. In this study, we isolated and purified polysaccharide (GBSP-2) from Ginkgo biloba seeds. GBSP-2 is composed of α-d-glucopyranose residues, which are interconnected with α-d-glucopyranose units linked by (1→4) bonds, (1→4,6) bonds and (1→3,4) bonds, the ratio distribution is 15:1:1. By studying a mouse model, we investigated the effect of GBSP-2 (100 or 200 mg/kg) on high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD. We demonstrated that GBSP-2 significantly alleviated NAFLD, as evidenced by reduced hepatic steatosis, decreased inflammation, improved oxidative stress and ameliorative glucolipid metabolic disorders. Furthermore, GBSP-2 mitigated gut microbiota disturbance of NAFLD mice and markedly increased the abundance of Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides. Mechanistically, GBSP-2 could activate AMPK/ACC signaling pathway to inhibit lipid synthesis by generating 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (DHPPA). Overall, these findings suggest that GBSP-2 plays a multi-channel and multi-target role in improving NAFLD through the gut-liver axis.

A Bayesian analysis integrating expert beliefs to better understand how new evidence ought to update what we believe: a use case of chiropractic care and acute lumbar disc herniation with early surgery

BackgroundA Bayesian approach may be useful in the study of possible treatment-related rare serious adverse events, particularly when there are strongly held opinions in the absence of good quality previous data. We demonstrate the application of a Bayesian analysis by integrating expert opinions with population-based epidemiologic data to investigate the association between chiropractic care and acute lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with early surgery.MethodsExperts’ opinions were used to derive probability distributions of the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for acute LDH requiring early surgery associated with chiropractic care. A ‘community of priors’ (enthusiastic, neutral, and skeptical) was built by dividing the experts into three groups according to their perceived mean prior IRR. The likelihood was formed from the results of a population-based epidemiologic study comparing the relative incidence of acute LDH with early surgery after chiropractic care versus primary medical care, with sensitive and specific outcome case definitions and surgery occurring within 8- and 12-week time windows after acute LDH. The robustness of results to the community of priors and specific versus sensitive case definitions was assessed.ResultsThe most enthusiastic 25% of experts had a prior IRR of 0.42 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.03 to 1.27), while the most skeptical 25% of experts had a prior IRR of 1.66 (95% CrI, 0.55 to 4.25). The Bayesian posterior estimates across priors and outcome definitions ranged from an IRR of 0.39 (95% CrI, 0.21 to 0.68) to an IRR of 1.40 (95% CrI, 0.52 to 2.55). With a sensitive definition of the outcome, the analysis produced results that confirmed prior enthusiasts’ beliefs and that were precise enough to shift prior beliefs of skeptics. With a specific definition of the outcome, the results were not strong enough to overcome prior skepticism.ConclusionA Bayesian analysis integrating expert beliefs highlighted the value of eliciting informative priors to better understand how new evidence ought to update prior existing beliefs. Clinical epidemiologists are encouraged to integrate informative and expert opinions representing the end-user community of priors in Bayesian analyses, particularly when there are strongly held opinions in the absence of definitive scientific evidence.