Regularities Of Distribution Research Articles

Experimental evidence that rill-bed morphology is governed by emergent nonlinear spatial dynamics

Past experimental work found that rill erosion occurs mainly during rill formation in response to feedback between rill-flow hydraulics and rill-bed roughness, and that this feedback mechanism shapes rill beds into a succession of step-pool units that self-regulates sediment transport capacity of established rills. The search for clear regularities in the spatial distribution of step-pool units has been stymied by experimental rill-bed profiles exhibiting irregular fluctuating patterns of qualitative behavior. We hypothesized that the succession of step-pool units is governed by nonlinear-deterministic dynamics, which would explain observed irregular fluctuations. We tested this hypothesis with nonlinear time series analysis to reverse-engineer (reconstruct) state-space dynamics from fifteen experimental rill-bed profiles analyzed in previous work. Our results support this hypothesis for rill-bed profiles generated both in a controlled lab (flume) setting and in an in-situ hillside setting. The results provide experimental evidence that rill morphology is shaped endogenously by internal nonlinear hydrologic and soil processes rather than stochastically forced; and set a benchmark guiding specification and testing of new theoretical framings of rill-bed roughness in soil-erosion modeling. Finally, we applied echo state neural network machine learning to simulate reconstructed rill-bed dynamics so that morphological development could be forecasted out-of-sample.

Macrozoobenthos of the Sakhalin bay of the Sea of Okhotsk in the zone of influence of Amur river waters

Structure, quantitative indicators, distribution features and main communities of macrozoobenthos of Sakhalin Bay (the Sea of Okhotsk) are described. Mollusks (mainly bivalves), crustaceans and sea urchins determined the total macrozoobenthos biomass. The main regularities of the macrozoobenthos distribution in the bay are given. Two zones are distinguished by hydrological characteristics, distribution of the composition and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos, benthic communities, and according to the data of ordination analysis: the zone of localization of the runoff lens of the Amur River with a water salinity of less than 26 psu and the zone of distribution of typical marine waters. 9 benthic communities are described: the »estuarine-lagoonal» communities of Archaeomysis grebnitzkii + Haustorioides magnus + Potamocorbula amurensis, Potamocorbula amurensis, Macoma balthica + Cyrtodaria kurriana, Siliqua alta, the typically »marine» communities of Nephtys caeca, Serripes groenlandicus, Balanus crenatus and the communities of transitional type Saduria entomon and Echinarachnius parma, which are found in both hydrological zones. Predominantly filter feeders, with a significant role of detritus feeders and detritus feeders – filter feeders, form the trophic structure of macrozoobenthos. Trophic communities dominated by filter feeders - detritus feeders and detritus feeders are represented in the coastal area of the western part of the water area, the group of filter-feeders is localized seaward. Trophic communities with a predominance of filter feeders - detritus feeders and detritus feeders are represented in the entire depth range of the eastern part of the water area. Water salinity, soil type and depth are the main factors affecting the distribution and abundance of macrozoobenthos.

Fault characteristics and their control on oil and gas accumulation in the southwestern Ordos Basin

3D seismic data recently acquired from the Ordos Basin shows three sets of regularly distributed fault systems, which overrides previous understanding that no faults were developed in this basin. Seismic interpretation suggests that the faults in the southwestern Ordos Basin have three basic characteristics, namely extreme micro-scale, distinct vertical stratification, and regularity of planar distribution. These NS-, NW-, and NE-trending fault systems developed in the Meso-Neoproterozoic – Lower Ordovician strata. Of these, the NS-trending fault system mainly consists of consequent and antithetic faults which show clear syndepositional deformation. The fault systems in the Carboniferous – Middle-Lower Triassic strata are not clear on seismic reflection profiles. The NW- and NE-trending fault systems are developed in the Upper Triassic – Middle Jurassic strata. Of these, the NW-trending fault system appears as a negative flower structure in sectional view and in an en echelon pattern in plan-view; they show transtensional deformation. A NE-trending fault system that developed in the Lower Cretaceous – Cenozoic strata shows a Y-shaped structural style and tension-shear properties. A comprehensive analysis of the regional stress fields at different geologic times is essential to determine the development, distribution direction, and intensity of the activity of fault systems in the Ordos Basin. Current exploration suggests three aspects in which the faults within the Ordos Basin are crucial to oil and gas accumulation. Firstly, these faults serve as vertical barriers that cause the formation of two sets of relatively independent petroleum systems in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata respectively; this is the basis for the ‘upper oil and lower gas’ distribution pattern. Secondly, the vertical communication of these faults is favorable for oil and gas migration, thus contributing to the typical characteristics of multiple oil and gas fields within the basin, i.e. oil and gas reservoirs with multiple superimposed strata. Finally, these faults and their associated fractures improve the permeability of Mesozoic tight reservoirs, providing favorable conditions for oil enrichment in areas around the fault systems.

Fabrication of oxide-free dimple structure on germanium via electrochemical jet machining enhanced by opposing laser irradiation

The electrochemical machining (ECM) of germanium (Ge) wafer can be significantly improved in terms of efficiency and localization by introducing laser irradiation. However, residual oxide particles usually exist when using neutral electrolyte. In this study, the NaNO3 electrolyte jet is formed via a cathodic nozzle and impacts perpendicularly on the bottom of the Ge wafer, at which position the nanosecond (ns) laser irradiates from opposing side to locally and precisely enhance the electrical conductivity. In this way, the dimple structure without any detectable oxidation products can be efficiently fabricated. Characterization of surface morphology is then amply conducted. The radial lines consisting of regular micro-waving structure are usually noticeable, especially near the dimple edge, which may be attributed to the rapid and radial electrolyte flow along the concave sidewall. In contrast, irregular corrugated pattern can be observed near the dimple center, which may be caused by the electrolyte turbulence after impingement. In addition, parametric experimental study has been carried out, and the effects of the applied voltage, laser power and electrolyte concentration on the dimple profile and surface characteristics have been respectively detailed discussed. Finally, simulation study of the electrolyte flow field is conducted to reveal the distribution regularities of velocity and pressure, to deepen the understanding of formation mechanism of the complex surface morphology.

Analysis of Methane–Air Mixture Dynamics in a Dead-End Drift Ventilated Using an Exhaust System

The dynamics of methane–air mixtures in a dead-end drift of a potash mine are investigated in this study. Methane release is associated with the destruction of potash ore during mining operations. The studied dead-end drift is ventilated using an exhaust ventilation system in which fresh air is supplied through the drift, and polluted air is removed through a ventilation duct equipped with a fan. The regularities of the stationary distribution of methane in the drift are described using a 3D multiparametric numerical simulation. The size and shape of the methane cloud at the roof of the dead-end drift were analyzed depending on the ratio of the main mass transfer mechanisms in the system: forced convection due to the action of the fan, free convection due to the differing densities of the methane–air mixture, and turbulent diffusion. A criterion linking the Reynolds number, the gas Grashof number, and the length of the accumulated methane cloud is determined. Overall, the results of this study have important implications for developing new effective auxiliary mine ventilation systems that can improve the safety of mining operations.

РАДІОЛОКАЦІЙНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ОПАДІВ, ЩО ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА СУПРОВОДЖЕННЯ ОБ'ЄКТІВ СУДНОВОЮ РЛС

In this paper, we consider the possibility of using the radar characteristics under precipitation conditions in order to reduce the echo signal’s negative impact on the object tracking performed by the ship’s radar. Precipitation particles’ size, state (solid or liquid phase), shape, and the factors that determine their combined action play an important role in echo signal formation. The rain particles’ size in comparison with the wavelength of the ship’s radar may contribute to the creation of a larger or smaller noise echo signal on the ship’s radar display. This signal’s power in the Rayleigh scattering area towards the radar is characterized by the effective scattering area. Raindrops represent a combination of randomly located reflectors. Their scattering properties depend on spatial distribution and movement regularity. At the same time, the radar characteristics of clouds with precipitation generated by them can be used in ship radars to determine the intensity of the atmospheric process along the ship’s route. The uncertainty in determining the power attenuation of an electromagnetic wave emitted by a ship’s radar antenna and passing through the precipitation zone can be reduced by the simultaneous use of two wavelengths on which a ship’s radars operate. The presented uncertainty function characterizes a narrow-band polarized scattered signal in regard to radar information about the distance to the sea object and the scatterer's speed. It characterizes the matched multidimensional coherent filter’s properties. This filter provides optimal echo reception against the background of an uncorrelated precipitation echo signal. The matched filter belongs to the class of optimal linear filters according to the criterion of the maximum signalto-noise ratio and is the main element for radar detection devices in the ship radar, which is optimal according to the Neyman-Pearson criteria. Keywords: radar characteristics of precipitation, precipitation intensity, effective scattering area, precipitation particle diameter, dielectric constant, energy attenuation, radio waves, wavelength.

Delimiting radiation protection distance of underground uranium mining and metallurgy facilities: A case study in China

Delimiting radiation protection distance of uranium mining and metallurgy facilities is an important radiation protection approach to control the effective public dose caused by radon and radon progeny. Ventilation shafts are the main radon release paths of underground uranium mines. It is of great importance to research the diffusion regularities and influence range of the radon around the ventilation shaft. In this study, long-term and short-term radon accumulation monitoring approaches were adapted for onsite investigation. More than 520 sets of radon concentration were acquired. The survey results effectively revealed the distribution regularities of the radon concentration around the ventilation shaft with time, space, and working conditions. These results provide data for radiation protection in uranium mines. In addition, a radiation protection distance delimiting way was proposed for the investigated facility through effective public dose assessment.

Impact of Static Air-Gap Eccentricity on Thermal Responses of Stator Winding Insulation in Synchronous Generators

In this article, we present a comprehensive analysis on the thermal response characteristics of the stator winding insulation under static air-gap eccentricity (SAGE) conditions in synchronous generators. Different from previous studies, this article not only takes into account the interactions of both the core-loss-caused heat and the copper-loss-caused heat but also investigates the thermal degrading distribution regularities due to SAGE. The whole work is based on the qualitatively theoretical analysis, the finite-element analysis, and the experimental validation on a nonsalient synchronous generator. The study shows that SAGE will significantly make the temperature rise, resulting in uneven temperature distribution and intensifying the thermal responses, such as the thermal deformations, stresses, and strains, of the insulation. The nose part and the joint between the line winding and the end winding on the smaller air-gap side are the two most dangerous positions.

Regularities of distribution of microelements in virgin and arable chernozem under the impact of mining

The total content of trace elements Cu, Pb, Cr, Ba and Sr in soils and in parent rocks in the vicinity of a mining plant (Lebedinsky GOK) in virgin and arable areas composed of tittypic chernozems was studied. The studied trace elements are heavy metals and can enter the soil when fertilizing. The tailings dump of Lebedinsky GOK has the greatest impact on the site. The obtained results were compared with the clarks of soils, maximum permissible, approximately permissible and local background concentrations. In the studied soils, accumulation of Cu (Кк = 1.45-2.05) and Cr (Кк = 1.44-1.74) is most pronounced, while dispersion is typical of Sr (Кк = 0.49-0.87). In soil profiles, chromium is evenly distributed; the content of barium and lead in organic mineral horizons increases significantly. The content of strontium in the upper soil horizons is lower than in rocks. In the organo-mineral and in mineral horizons, the concentrations of chromium and barium are close to the MAC level: the excess is 0.87–1.03 for chromium and is 0.86–1.12 for barium. The contents of copper and lead are below 0.4 MAC and 0.3 MAC, respectively. The soil contamination assessment shows that there is low contamination with chromium, barium and copper. With respect to the contents of strontium and lead, the soils are classified as clean. In general, the soil pollution is tolerable, but there is a decrease in the soil pollution reference function of protected area. To enhance the reliability of the research results, it is necessary to solve a number of issues related to the development of MAC and AAC and background values of the contents of the studied elements.

Влияние формы электродов и их расположения на энергетический баланс получения графитового порошка электролизом

the authors present a method for calculating the energy balance of the process of obtaining graphite powder by electrolysis. Energy balance data are important for assessing the energy efficiency of an electrochemical device and identifying reserves for reducing the specific energy consumption. The regularities of energy distribution inside the electrolyzer system are determine

Analysis of the Dust-Concentration Distribution Law in an Open-Pit Mine and Its Influencing Factors.

In this study, a solar-powered multipoint network monitoring method was used to record dust-particle concentrations and meteorological indicators in the Anjialing open-pit coal mine in the Pingshuo mining area. The factors influencing the concentrations of particulate matter of different maximum diameters (PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates; TSPs) and the regularity of the spatial distribution were examined. The results show that the highest dust concentration and thus the most serious dust pollution occur in winter, and the lowest dust concentration is found in summer. There are peaks in dust concentration in December and January to February, and the pollution is more serious at these times. On a given day, the pollution is higher between 11:00 and 13:00, but it does not exceed the 24 h air concentration limits specified in the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012). It was found that the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are positively correlated with humidity and air pressure, and they are negatively correlated with wind speed, temperature, and noise. The TSP concentration is positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance and a reference for the distribution law of dust concentration in open-pit coal mines.

Experimental study on local bond-slip constitutive model between steel and steel fiber reinforced concrete structure of circular cross-section

The interface slip between shape steel and concrete is one of the biggest problems in numerical simulation of composite structures, this paper aims to investigate interfacial bond-slip behavior between steel and steel fiber reinforced concrete. For this purpose, a series of push-out tests on 15 circular section specimens which were designed and fabricated with different steel fiber ratio, interface embedded length and concrete cover thickness have been done. Experimental results show that average bond strength versus free end slip curves of each specimen is similar, and then a basic average bond strength-free end slip constitutive model was proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, considering the distribution regularities of steel strains, local bond strength and relative slip along the interface embedded length at different load levels were obtained through the mechanical derivation, the results show that the maximum local bond strength was located near the free end, and the local bond strength away from free end tended to be steady. Based on the basic average bond strength-free end slip constitutive model, two position functions were proposed to describe the local bond-slip constitutive model considering the variation of positions. Two position functions are of great significance for further research on SSFRC non-linear properties by FEM.

Investigation into the Abnormal Phenomenon of Rail Corrugation Superposition in Small-Radius Curve Section of Intercity Railway

Focusing on the mechanism of the abnormal phenomenon of rail corrugation on the low rail of small-radius curve section of Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway, the distribution regularities and the track irregularities are studied through the overall and local field surveys. Then, the dynamic model of vehicle-track system on the section is established to explore the wheel-rail dynamic characteristics. Next, the relevant finite element model of the wheel-rail system and the wear model of rail corrugation are established. The friction self-excited vibration analysis and feedback vibration analysis are carried out to investigate the dynamic causes of such abnormal rail corrugation. Field survey proposes that the dominant wavelength of the abnormal rail corrugation is 200–300 mm and the sub-wavelength is 70–100 mm. Analyses show that the friction self-excited vibration of the multi-wheelset-track system caused by the saturated creep force on the guide wheelset in the small-radius section may induce the rail corrugations with these two wavelengths. The possibility of inducing the rail corrugation with 200–300 mm wavelength is greater. On the other hand, the feedback vibration of corrugated wear will aggravate the development of the two corrugated wears. Overall, the generation and development of the abnormal rail corrugations are affected by the self-excited vibration of the wheel-rail system and the feedback vibration of track irregularity.

Construction of Dual Optimal Bidirectional Double-Loop Networks for Optimal Routing

Bidirectional double-loop networks (BDLNs) are widely used in computer networks for their simplicity, symmetry and scalability. One common way to improve their performance is to decrease the diameter and average distance. Attempts have been made to find BDLNs with minimal diameters; however, such BDLNs will not necessarily have the minimum average distance. In this paper, we construct dual optimal BDLNs with minimum diameters and average distances using an efficient method based on coordinate embedding and transforming. First, we get the lower bounds of both the diameter and average distance by embedding a BDLN into Cartesian coordinates. Then, we construct tight optimal BDLNs that provide the aforementioned lower bounds based on an embedding graph. On the basis of node distribution regularity in tight optimal BDLNs, we construct dual optimal BDLNs with minimum diameters and average distances for any number of nodes. Finally, we present on-demand optimal message routing algorithms for the dual optimal BDLNs that we have constructed. The presented algorithms do not require routing tables and are efficient, requiring little computation.

The lower storeys of main tree species in deciduous pioneer tree stands of fertile sites: case of Lithuania

Forest ecosystems face challenges of climate change and the pressure of economic activity on biodiversity. As European policies turn into Green Deal, ecological forestry systems, which aim to increase or at least not reduce biodiversity while maintaining high forest productivity, are becoming particularly relevant. This study examines distribution regularities of the lower storeys of main tree species in fertile not wet habitats of forest communities composed of pioneer deciduous tree species, the understanding of which will allow the development of forestry systems that exploit the natural forest regeneration potential. We used stand-wise forest inventory data on Betula spp., Populus tremula, Alnus incana mature and overmatured stands. We analysed how lower storeys are distributed in the stands of different tree species according to soil conditions, the age, stocking level and mixture. We found that most of stands are not in the second story and understory, from which new stands can be formed. Betula forests have the greatest potential for regeneration, and Alnus incana forests have the lowest one. The most important species of the second story and understory is Picea abies, rarer Fraxinus excelsior and Tilia cordata, other species are more random. With an increasing forest mixture, the second story and understory are found more often. To reduce clear-cutting in the fertile forests of pioneer tree species in forestry, we need to focus on measures to allow the development of lower storeys of the major climax tree species. Keywords: ecological forestry, forest succession, fertile site type, pioneer tree stands, temperate hemiboreal forests.

Regularities of 137Cs distribution in the soil and vegetation cover of elementary landscape-geochemistry system within the forest test plot in the Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone.

The main goal of the investigation was to reveal the lateral and vertical regularities of element distribution in the elementary landscape-geochemical system (ELGS) type: summit-slope-closing depression. We used an isotope 137Cs as a tracer of migration of chemical elements in soil and vegetation cover. The study was performed in a test site characterizing undisturbed forest landscapes in the Russian zone of the Chernobyl accident. Investigated ELGS was 16-m long with a relative height difference of 1.5m. Field measurements of 137Cs activity was performed with a 1-meter step by the modified portable gamma-spectrometer Violinist-III (USA). Cs-137 content in moss and soil cores sampled with the same lateral step was determined in the laboratory using Canberra (USA, HPGe detector). The upper soil layer 8-cm thick contained from 70 to 96% of 137Cs, and 89-99% of the total inventory was fixed in the top 20-cm layer. Cs-137 activity in both the soil and moss cover demonstrated a cyclic type of variability, which was described and modeled using Fourier analysis. Correlation between the actual and modeled activity values (r0.01 = 0.868) showed that three main harmonics are sufficient for representative modeling of the observed cycles. We infer that the revealed patterns are characteristic for most of the chemical elements and may be useful for practical purposes.

A Compact Wideband Filtering Antenna on Slots-Loaded Square Patch Radiator Under Triple Resonant Modes

In this article, a compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth and filtering response is proposed and implemented solely by loading pairs of slots on the conventional square patch radiator. Initially, the dominant mode TM10 of the square patch radiator is theoretically investigated, revealing its broadside radiation pattern and its current flows in the consistent direction. After that, based on the regularities of field distribution, two pairs of slots are etched in the square patch so as to generate two extra modes without destroying both resonant and radiating properties of TM10 mode. By virtue of these two excited modes, two extra resonances are produced in proximity to its dominant one, so as to widen the bandwidth under triple resonant modes. Meanwhile, owing to the inverse equivalent magnetic currents (EMCs) along the radiation edges of the patch and the out-of-phase electric fields at the two sides of each slot under these two excited modes, radiation cancellation toward broadside direction and efficiency reduction occur simultaneously. Hence, radiation nulls are achieved in all direction, and particularly, the radiation null toward broadside direction is deeper than others. After our intensive investigation is done on the entire slots-loaded patch radiator, a wideband filtering MPA with three in-band resonances and two out-of-band radiation nulls has been finally constructed. For demonstration, a prototype antenna at a center frequency of 3.5 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results are found in good accordance with the simulated ones, demonstrating an impedance bandwidth of 9.14% with stable broadside realized gains as well as two radiation nulls at 3.12 and 3.83 GHz, respectively, in addition to its low profile of 0.029 free-space wavelength. Notably, the presented antenna has occupied the almost same area as the conventional square MPA, maintaining its good size compactness.

Ecosystem services assessment based on land use simulation: A case study in the Heihe River Basin, China

• Key ESs in arid area(water yield, soil conservation and carbon storage) were assessed. • Flus and InVEST model were integrated to reflect driving of LULC on key ESs. • Water Yield and Soil Conservation showed similar regularities of distribution. • The risk of water and soil erosion may increase in the southern HRB. • Farmland degradation and urbanization may lead to a sharp decrease of WY and SC. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes exert large impacts on key ecosystem services (ESs) in arid areas. This study presents a framework to link LULC change with spatial changes in 3 key ESs in arid areas; this framework can contribute to sustainable ecological environment zoning management. In this study, taking the Heihe River Basin (HRB) as an example, we first assessed the spatiotemporal changes in 3 ESs, including soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), and carbon storage (CS), from 1995 to 2020 using the InVEST model. Second, we used the (Future Land Use Simulation) FLUS model to predict future land-use variations in 2030 and 2050 under 4 scenarios (Basic Scenario (BS), Low-impact Scenario (LIS), High-impact Scenario (HIS), and Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS)). Third, we assessed the future spatial distributions of the 3 ESs with the InVEST model based on the output raster of the FLUS model. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was applied to ecological zoning management. The results showed that from 1995 to 2020, WY decreased slightly by 0.03%, and SC decreased by 2.6%, mainly in the midstream and upstream regions of the HRB. CS presented a trend of first decreasing by 1.3% from 1995 to 2010 and then increasing by 0.5% from 2010 to 2020; this trend was distributed in the upper reaches. In 2030 and 2050, under the HIS, CS increased by 14.7% and 22.0%, respectively, while WY increased by 0.20% and 0.47%, respectively. Under the SDS, CS increased by 1.1% and 1.3%, WY decreased by 0.21% and 0.45%, and SC decreased by 3.3% and 10%.

Suction penetration characteristics and resistance calculation of bucket foundation in sand

• Based on the suction penetration test of bucket foundation, the distribution regularity of the excess porewater pressure of soil and soil pressure on both sides of bucket wall and bucket end are revealed. • Based on finite element method, the seepage characteristics of the bucket foundation during the penetration process are analyzed, and the change regularity of the effective stress and resistance of soil during the penetration process of bucket foundation is obtained. • Considering the effect of effective stress on seepage, a calculation method for required suction of bucket foundation with few easy-obtained parameters is established. The accurate estimation of penetration resistance of the bucket foundation is the key step for its installation, and the core part of the estimation of the penetration resistance is the exact prediction of the drag reduction effect due to suction. Therefore, in the present paper, the change regularity of the excess porewater pressure along the bucket wall and at the tip is analyzed by combining the model test and finite element analysis method, along with the soil pressure of the bucket foundation during the suction penetration process in sand. The results showed that, during the suction penetration process of the bucket foundation, the soil pressure and excess porewater pressure change approximately linearly with the depth of the bucket wall, and the reduction degree of lateral resistance due to seepage increases in a power function growth trend. Based on the effective stress principle of soil and basic theory of seepage and considering the effect of seepage on penetration resistance, the change regularity of the effective stress of soil along the bucket wall during the penetration process is obtained. Besides, the calculation method for penetration resistance and required suction of bucket foundation in sand soil is established, and the effectiveness of the present method is verified by comparing with the model test and engineering case, which can provide theoretical basis for engineering design and construction of bucket foundation.

Effect of diffusion kinetics on the ice nucleation temperature distribution

The nucleation behavior of water is crucial in many fields, spanning meteorology, glaciology, biology, and astrophysics. We report observations suggesting an effect of diffusion kinetics in water on the heterogeneous immersion/contact mode nucleation temperature distribution of ice. We performed differential scanning calorimetry analyses of repeated freeze/thaw cycles and investigated the effect of several variables on the regularity of the nucleation temperature distributions obtained. We observed that the thawing temperature and residence time above 0 °C affect the width of the measured distributions. We explain the observed phenomena according to the diffusion behavior of an external nucleator. Specifically, conditions of enhanced diffusion of the nucleator translated into broader, more scattered distributions, while conditions of limited diffusion translated into narrower, more regular distributions. Lastly, based on our experimental findings, we propose a theoretical explanation centered on the temperature dependence of diffusion kinetics in water.