Changes In Distribution Research Articles

Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy using CW diode laser for diagnostics of argon-ion velocity distribution near AC-biased electrode.

Controlling the ion velocity in an ion sheath by applying an alternating current (AC) voltage to an electrode and/or a substrate is critical in plasma material processes. To externally control the velocity distribution of incident ions on a substrate, the application of tailored-waveform AC voltages instead of sinusoidal voltages has garnered interest in recent years. In this study, to investigate temporal changes in ion-velocity distributions, we developed a time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) system using a continuous-wave diode laser as an excitation-laser source. A time-resolved LIF system entails the capture of temporally continuous and spectrally discrete LIF spectra during an AC voltage cycle. By measuring temporal changes in the LIF signal intensity at various excitation-laser wavelengths, the argon-ion velocity distribution near the electrode following the AC voltage can be characterized. The results of applying sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular bias waveforms indicate that the LIF measurement scheme proposed herein can be used to investigate the dynamic behavior of ion-velocity distributions controlled by tailored-waveform AC voltages.

Comprehensive investigation of crashes associated with citywide speed limit reduction in Seattle, Washington

Road traffic crashes are a leading cause of fatalities and injuries worldwide, prompting authorities to implement various strategies to enhance road safety. One common approach involves lowering speed limits in an effort to mitigate the severity of crashes and improve overall traffic safety. Seattle, Washington has been lowering its citywide default speed limits on municipal roads since 2016, among several cities in the US. This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the impact of these speed limit reductions on various safety indicators, such as the crash frequency, crash severity, crash characteristics, crash type, crash location, contributing factors, and overall traffic safety performance. The study employs a comprehensive dataset encompassing several years before and after the implementation of lower speed limits. Data analyses indicate varying changes in crash severity distribution between before and after periods in Seattle. Fatal and incapacitating crashes in Seattle decreased by 19% after the initial speed limit lowering in 2016 and further decreased by 3% after the second speed limit lowering in 2018. Pedestrian-involved crashes experienced a 26% significant decrease while speeding-related had a 16% decrease after the city implemented lowering speed limits. There was also a statistically significant 4% decrease in property damage only collisions and a 7% decrease in parked car crashes. Distracted driving / inattention-related crashes also decreased by 4%. The Mid-Block (but intersection related) crashes saw a significant decrease by 6%, and Driveway Junction related crashes decreased by 1%. The findings provide insights into the effectiveness of speed limit reductions in enhancing road safety in urban environments. The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge on speed management strategies and their impact on traffic safety. The outcomes of this study can inform transportation policymakers and practitioners in Seattle and other urban areas as they make informed decisions regarding speed limit regulations and road safety measures.

The changing of α5-GABAA receptors expression and distribution participate in sevoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in young mice.

Sevoflurane is a superior agent for maintaining anesthesia during surgical procedures. However, the neurotoxic mechanisms of clinical concentration remain poorly understood. Sevoflurane can interfere with the normal function of neurons and synapses and impair cognitive function by acting on α5-GABAAR. Using MWM test, we evaluated cognitive abilities in mice following 1 h of anesthesia with 2.7%-3% sevoflurane. Based on hippocampal transcriptome analysis, we analyzed the differential genes and IL-6 24 h post-anesthesia. Western blot and RT-PCR were performed to measure the levels of α5-GABAAR, Radixin, P-ERM, P-Radixin, Gephyrin, IL-6, and ROCK. The spatial distribution and expression of α5-GABAAR on neuronal somata were analyzed using histological and three-dimensional imaging techniques. MWM test indicated that partial long-term learning and memory impairment. Combining molecular biology and histological analysis, our studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane induces immunosuppression, characterized by reduced IL-6 expression levels, and that enhanced Radixin dephosphorylation undermines the microstructural stability of α5-GABAAR, leading to its dissociation from synaptic exterior and resulting in a disordered distribution in α5-GABAAR expression within neuronal cell bodies. On the synaptic cleft, the expression level of α5-GABAAR remained unchanged, the spatial distribution became more compact, with an increased fluorescence intensity per voxel. On the extra-synaptic space, the expression level of α5-GABAAR decreased within unchanged spatial distribution, accompanied by an increased fluorescence intensity per voxel. Dysregulated α5-GABAAR expression and distribution contributes to sevoflurane-induced partial long-term learning and memory impairment, which lays the foundation for elucidating the underlying mechanisms in future studies.

Incorporating physiological knowledge into correlative species distribution models minimizes bias introduced by the choice of calibration area

Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools to estimate species’ geographic distribution across space and time, but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data. Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species. We tested to what extent species’ physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations. Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records. We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs: a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates, and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors. We further tested the models’ sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences. Compared with naïve models, the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A. japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area. The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change (i.e., larger range expansion and less contraction) than the physiologically informed models. Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs, namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area. Given these promising features, we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physiological information where available.

Imaging Rovibrational Excitation of Scattered YO Molecules in Inelastic Collisions with Kr and Ne.

Energy transfer between atoms and molecules is fundamental to many physical and chemical processes, and understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of energy transfer is crucial for various applications in physics and chemistry. Here, the rovibrational excitation of YO(X 2Σ+) molecules with the collision of Kr and Ne has been studied in the laser-ablation crossed beam and time-sliced ion velocity map imaging setup in combination with the resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization scheme. Significant changes in the angular distribution for different rovibrational excitations of YO molecules are observed with the collision of Kr. The sharp forward distribution for low rovibrational excitation of YO(v' = 0, 1) molecules suggest that the weak attractive potential between Kr and YO is dominant at large impact parameters. Comparatively, the strong sideway distribution for highly rovibrationally excited YO(v' = 1, 2, 3, and 5) is due to rainbow scattering from the stronger attractive potential of Kr···YO at relatively small impact parameters. The more isotropic angular distribution in the highly rovibrationally excited YO(v' = 11) indicates the formation of a short-lived complex. A change in the angular distribution of scattered YO with different rovibrational excitations was also observed in the collisions of Ne. For YO as a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, collisions of the Y- and the O-end of YO with rare gases would affect the contribution of inelastic processes at different impact parameters.

Acute Exposure to High-Altitude Results in Changes to Immune Cell Populations

High altitude is a challenging environment due to the reduced atmospheric pressure and oxygen availability, increased ultraviolet radiation, and reduced temperature relative to sea level. Previous studies in individuals who travel to high altitude demonstrate differential expression of genes involved in inflammation and innate immune system activation. This study aims to extend these findings by defining changes in immune cell population distributions and cell phenotypes during travel to high altitude. We hypothesized that acute high-altitude exposure would lead to shifts in immune cell populations toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype due to cellular stress caused by hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. Participants (N=17) traveled to Barcroft Station in the White Mountain Research Center (3800 m). Whole blood was collected during fasting at sea level on the morning of ascent and each morning at high altitude for three days. Cells in whole blood were fixed and stained within 1-2 hours of collection and were processed via flow cytometry upon return to sea level. We observed a decrease in classical monocytes on the first (p=0.010) and second (p=0.003) mornings of high-altitude acclimatization to sea-level baseline, and an increase in intermediate monocytes on the first (p=0.013) and second (p=0.014) mornings at high altitude. We also observed an increase in B cells on the second (p=0.004) and third (p=0.004) mornings at high altitude compared to sea-level baseline (mean: 3.53%, SD: ±1.82). These results indicate that acute high altitude exposure results in a shift toward a pro-inflammatory monocyte phenotype and supports prior research suggesting a significant role of hypoxia in modulating B cell function. This research was supported through funding provided by a private donor. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Solvent and Fire Behavior During a Solvent Fire at Nuclear Fuel Cycling Facility

A fire accident is one typical postulated accident in a nuclear fuel cycling facility. Safety-related data on a combustible fire are necessary to evaluate the safety of nuclear fuel cycling facilities under fire accident conditions quantitatively. Accurate and reliable data should be obtained by performing some demonstration tests. This study deals with the ignition and combustion characteristics of solvent involved at a nuclear fuel cycling facility and the fire behavior during a solvent fire. Small-scale and large-scale tests were conducted at the China Institute for Radiation Protection. The minimum ignition energy of the solvent under different temperatures was obtained. The test data were used to judge the possibility that the organic solvent ignited by a spark. Parameters such as combustion rate, smoke gas, aerosol release of solvent combustion, temperature distribution, and pressure change in the solvent fire cell were also obtained. The test results can be used as conservative estimates of the amount of aerosol release during a solvent fire. The experimental data also can be used to develop preventive and mitigation measures for solvent fire accidents. This paper puts forward information based on the experimental data and the recent international study.

Experimental investigation on hydrodynamic characteristics of water intake riser undergoing vortex-induced vibration in uniform flow

With the development of ocean engineering, freely hanging water intake riser (WIR) has aroused widespread interests. The WIR with one free end would be easier to deflect remarkably, along with more complex vortex-induced vibration (VIV) responses and hydrodynamic forces. To elucidate the VIV characteristics of WIR under uniform flow, a series of VIV experiments for a scaled WIR model are carried out. Then a hydrodynamic identification method for VIV along with large offset is developed. The response and hydrodynamic characteristics of the WIR in cross-flow (CF) and in-line (IL) directions are further analyzed. Results indicate that VIV displacements with higher exciting modes are unstable when uniform flow velocity gets large. The IL-to-CF dominant frequency ratio of VIV is found to be 1.0, not 2.0 in conventional VIV knowledge and the IL harmonic at nearly twice the dominant CF frequency is observed more complex for flow velocity greater than 0.3 m/s. The vortex-induced force coefficients are found to be time-varying. Moreover, it is found that within the spectrum of Reynolds number from 2 × 103 to 1.1 × 104, the drag coefficient distribution changes along the WIR model, and the average drag coefficient is in range of 1.0–1.5, which is slightly smaller than the results predicted by the other published empirical formulae.

A study on concept drift detection algorithms for real-world data streams

The arrival of data has changed in today's digital environment, becoming more dynamic. Dynamic data is characterized by its speed, variety, and infinite size. Data streams are one category of dynamic data. To address the issues with data streams, several strategies and AI models were developed. One such problem is concept drift, which results from changes in the data's distribution and eventually lowers the performance of the AI model. This means that regular updates to the model are required. In our work, we will analyse the performance using evaluation metrics and compare the effectiveness of the current error-based methods with window-based methods for real-world datasets.

Mast cell-derived interleukin-4 mediates activation of dendritic cell during toll-like receptor 2-mediated inflammation.

During an innate inflammation, immune cells form distinct pro- and anti-inflammatory regions around pathogen-containing core-regions. Mast cells are localized in an anti-inflammatory microenvironment during the resolution of an innate inflammation, suggesting antiinflammatory roles of these cells. High-content imaging was used to investigated mast cell-dependent changes in the regional distribution of immune cells during an inflammation, induced by the toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 agonist zymosan. The distance between the zymosan-containing core-region and the anti-inflammatory region, described by M2-like macrophages, increased in mast cell-deficient mice. Absence of mast cells abolished dendritic cell (DC) activation, as determined by CD86-expression and localized the DCs in greater distance to zymosan particles. The CD86- DCs had a higher expression of the pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-12/23p40 as compared to activated CD86+ DCs. IL-4 administration restored CD86 expression, cytokine expression profile and localization of the DCs in mast cell-deficient mice. The IL-4 effects were mast cell-specific, since IL-4 reduction by eosinophil depletion did not affect activation of DCs. We found that mast cells induce DC activation selectively at the site of inflammation and thereby determine their localization within the inflammation. Overall, mast cells have antiinflammatory functions in this inflammation model and limit the size of the pro-inflammatory region surrounding the zymosan-containing core region.

Synthesis and π-Hole vs. π Effects of Pt(II) Complexes with Pentafluorophenyl and Phenyl-Substituted Bipyridines

Four types of perfluoroarene-substituted and the corresponding non-fluorinated Pt(II) complexes, [PtCl2L] (L = 1 and 2), were prepared with 4,4′-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (1a), 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine (1b), 4,4′-bis(2-pentafluorophenylethynyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (2a), and 4,4′-bis(2-phenylethynyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (2b), respectively, to understand the role of perfluoroaromatic substitution and acetylene linkers on molecular structures and their induced supramolecular associations. The pentafluorophenyl groups lead to significant changes in electron distribution within the Pt(II) complexes, notably causing absorption bands to red-shift due to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer from nucleophilic platinum ions and demonstrating stabilization effects on the bands by fluorination in experimental and theoretical studies. The results of altering electron density and reducing the metal’s nucleophilic tendencies through fluorination and the use of an acetylene linker are discussed, accompanied by crystal structures, the corresponding Hirshfeld surface analysis, and DFT calculations.

예술의전당 건립이 현악기점 집적에 미치는 영향

This study aims to explore the relationship between cultural facilities and regions by analyzing the impact of the establishment of the Seoul Arts Center on the agglomeration of stringed instrument stores. A spatial analysis of the distribution change of the Seoul musical instrument industry was conducted, and after the establishment of the Seoul Arts Center, it was confirmed that a new musical instrument store agglomeration centered on string instruments was formed in the area of the Seoul Arts Center in addition to Nag-won Shopping Center in Jongno-gu, which was an existing musical instrument store agglomeration. In addition, the process and factors of the agglomeration of stringed instrument stores around the Seoul Arts Center were examined by dividing them by period, and the causal relationship between the establishment of the Seoul Arts Center and the agglomeration of stringed instrument stores was inferred by analyzing the socio-spatial context and characteristics of the formation stringed instrument stores. This study differs from previous studies in that it analyzes the process of cultural economy emergence through the combination of the local urban context and the social characteristics of stringed musical instruments as cultural products from various perspectives. It also suggests that complex factors are required to trigger positive social and economic effects in a region through the construction of cultural facilities, and that comprehensive planning and consideration are needed in the promotion and operation of cultural facilities.

Impact of Soil Moisture Dynamics and Precipitation Pattern on UK Urban Pluvial Flood Hazards Under Climate Change

AbstractThe diversity of flood‐generating mechanisms superimposed on catchment physiographic features with non‐stationary meteorological drivers makes future flood hazard assessment a grand challenge. To date, many studies have examined patterns in rainfall and streamflow, but far fewer have investigated trends in the other drivers of flooding. The complex transfer function between precipitation and flooding makes it potentially misleading to simply look at the change in rainfall to express the hazard. Furthermore, there are very few studies that have directly used output from km‐scale climate models in flood modeling. Coarse resolution climate data sets may not credibly resolve local climate and weather extremes. Changes in rainfall distribution and antecedent moisture over extended time periods due to climate change have so far been ignored when assessing urban pluvial flood risk. In this paper, an urban flood hazard assessment framework using the latest 2.2 km resolution UK Climate Projections Local is proposed. Global warming induced changes in pluvial flood risks under RCP8.5 are projected, focusing on the impact of changing precipitation patterns and soil moisture dynamics on flood generation. Results indicate a strong increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme floods, and the resultant future (2060–2080) annual flood volume is expected to increase up to 52.6% relative to 1980–2000 over a major UK urban region, and these patterns are likely to hold more generally elsewhere in the UK. Shifts to a later occurrence of extreme flooding is identified under global warming. Previous studies that have neglected soil moisture dynamics are unlikely to give accurate flood estimates.

Impact of artificial barriers on benthic macroinvertebrate functional diversity in estuarine ecosystems

AbstractFunctional diversity research enhances our understanding of ecosystems and both their functioning and their responses to environmental variations. This study investigated the biological trait responses of benthic invertebrate communities to various environmental conditions in estuarine habitats. We analyzed benthic macroinvertebrate communities in freshwater and estuarine environments to compare their characteristics between estuary sites with and without artificial barriers. Moreover, we combined taxonomic analyses (species richness, abundance, and four community indices) with functional diversity indices and biological trait analyses. The major results are as follows: (i) the most important environmental factors shaping species distribution in estuarine habitats were salinity and electrical conductivity; (ii) comparing functional diversity indices, tidal estuaries revealed that seawater intrusion induced changes in species distribution and the dispersion of benthic macroinvertebrates; (iii) the presence or absence of artificial barriers in estuaries affected biological traits owing to the influence of specific functional strategies of certain species. Consequently, the presence or absence of artificial barriers in estuaries can lead to significant changes in habitat connectivity and functional diversity related to ecosystem functions. These findings indicate that the presence of artificial barriers can significantly influence the ecological dynamics of estuarine ecosystems, thereby affecting species distribution, functional diversity and habitat connectivity. Understanding these effects contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functionings, as it complements existing taxonomic findings and integrates information about the functional aspects of diverse ecosystems.

Covid-19 heterogeneous effects on Italian workers’ incomes: the role of jobs routinization and teleworkability

PurposeThe Covid-19 pandemic appears to have engendered heterogeneous effects on individuals’ labour market prospects. This paper focuses on two possible sources of a heterogeneous exposition to labour market risks associated with the pandemic outbreak: the routine task content of the job and the teleworkability. To evaluate whether these dimensions played a crucial role in amplifying employment and wage gaps among workers, we focus on the case of Italy, the first EU country hit by Covid-19.Design/methodology/approachInvestigating the actual effect of the pandemic on workers employed in jobs with a different degree of teleworkability and routinization, using real microdata, is currently unfeasible. This is because longitudinal datasets collecting annual earnings and the detailed information about occupations needed to capture a job’s routine task content and teleworkability are not presently available. To simulate changes in the wage distribution for the year 2020, we have employed a static microsimulation model. This model is built on data from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (IT-SILC) survey, which has been enriched with administrative data and aligned with monthly observed labour market dynamics by industries and regions.FindingsWe measure the degree of job teleworkability and routinization with the teleworkability index (TWA) built by Sostero et al. (2020) and the routine-task-intensity index (RTI) developed by Cirillo et al. (2021), respectively. We find that RTI and TWA are negatively and positively associated with wages, respectively, and they are correlated with higher (respectively lower) risks of a large labour income drop due to the pandemic. Our evidence suggests that labour market risks related to the pandemic – and the associated new types of earnings inequality that may derive – are shaped by various factors (including TWA and RTI) instead of by a single dimension. However, differences in income drop risks for workers in jobs with varying degrees of teleworkability and routinization largely reduce when income support measures are considered, thus suggesting that the redistributive effect of the emergency measures implemented by the Italian government was rather effective.Originality/valueNo studies have so far investigated the effect of the pandemic on workers employed in jobs with a different degree of routinization and teleworkability in Italy. We thus investigate whether income drop risks in Italy in 2020 – before and after income support measures – differed among workers whose jobs are characterized by a different degree of RTI and TWA.

A study of the flow characteristics with natural accumulations of vegetative floating matter at trash racks

Rivers and reservoirs with rich vegetation resources may suffer from the natural accumulations of vegetative floating matter (VFM) at trash racks. The relationship between hydraulic parameters and physical characteristics of natural VFM accumulations needs to be developed. This research experimentally simulated the natural VFM (leaf-type, fascicled-type, and mixed-type) accumulation at trash racks, varied by flow rate, VFM quantity, and release position. The blockage of cross-section, increase in local head loss, and changes in flow distribution with a natural VFM accumulation were quantified. The results indicate that the hydraulic parameters and physical characteristics of natural VFM accumulations are closely related to the structure of VFM. The head loss and the percentage of gap flow due to the accumulations of leaf type-VFM are numerically lager than that of fascicled-type VFM. Furthermore, the head loss and flow distribution were estimated based on the types of VFM, blockage ratio and the original Froude number. Considering the natural accumulation, a total flow prediction was proposed without estimating the resistance coefficient. This work provided basis for the management and prediction of VFM accumulations in river systems.

Research and numerical assessment of design and construction errors in the swimming pool facility structures

Swimming pools are characterized by high humidity, high temperature, an aggressive environment caused by disinfection processes, high energy consumption, and extensive technical infrastructure. As a result, these facilities are at high risk of damage, including structural damage, which can have catastrophic consequences in extreme cases. Adequate ventilation plays a critical role in natatoria. The technical condition of swimming pool facilities should be regularly inspected to ensure that they are safe for the public. Various techniques can be used for this purpose. In the present study, a numerical analysis of ventilation performance and an assessment of the risks associated with design and construction errors in the ventilation system were conducted in a swimming pool building with a volume of 116,280.7 m3 and a surface area of 20,188.6 m2 in north-eastern Poland. Two scenarios were analyzed: the performance of the originally designed ventilation system and the performance of the ventilation system installed in the examined facility. The analyses were conducted with the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools in the FloVent program. Air distribution was determined by measuring ventilation parameters and conducting smoke tests in analyzed natatorium, and the obtained data were consistent with the results of the numerical analysis. The analyzed scenarios were compared to identify the risks associated with inadequate ventilation in swimming pools. A significant decrease in air supply led to local increases in air velocity and worsened thermal comfort parameters in the real-world facility. In addition, the decrease in air supply induced changes in air distribution and prevented air streams from reaching all parts of the natatorium. Some areas were inadequately ventilated, and condensed water vapor settled on the building’s glass facade and the roof, posing a direct threat to structural elements. The results of the numerical analysis were congruent with on-site measurements, which indicates that CFD tools are highly useful for assessing ventilation systems in swimming pools. These tools can be used to analyze ventilation performance and optimize the proposed solutions already at the design stage. The applied tools enable designers to eliminate construction errors and optimize a building’s structural safety, performance, and energy efficiency.

Potential climates and habitability on Gl 514 b: a super-Earth exoplanet with high eccentricity

ABSTRACT The recently discovered super-Earth Gl 514 b, orbiting a nearby M0.5-1.0 star at 7.6 pc, is one of the best benchmark exoplanets for understanding the potential climate states of eccentric planets. The elongated (e = 0.45$^{+0.15}_{-0.14}$) orbit of Gl 514 b, which only partially lies in the Conservative Habitable Zone, suggests a dynamically young system, where the spin-orbit tidal synchronization may not have yet occurred up to the present time. In the present work, we use a seasonal-latitudinal energy balance model, EOS-ESTM, to explore the potential impact of both constrained and unconstrained planetary, orbital, and atmospheric parameters on the Gl 514 b habitability, mapped in terms of surface temperature. We test three distinct CO2-dominated atmospheres by varying the CH4 concentration values (0 per cent, 0.1 per cent, and 1 per cent) and the total surface pressure. As a general trend, we find that habitable conditions are favoured by high-CH4 and high-pressure regimes. Habitability also increases for high-axis obliquities (at least until the appearance of an icebelt), long-rotation periods, and high-ocean fractional coverage. If the ocean fraction is low, then also the argument of periastron becomes relevant. Our results are robust against changes of the continental distribution. Thus, we conclude that Gl 514 b can potentially maintain temperate surface conditions with modest seasonal temperature variations under a wide variety of planetary, orbital, and atmospheric conditions. Despite no transit have been detected yet, the results found in this work should motivate the community to invest time in future observations.

Simulation of the thermal field in reservoir during the filtration of live oil and water with considering the heat of oil degassing and thermodynamic effects

In the process of water invasion of reservoir under conditions of pressure decrease below the bubble point pressure of oil with dissolved gas, when oil degasses, an area of three-phase flow of oil, water and gas appears in the reservoir. In this case, each of the phases makes a certain contribution to the formation of the thermal field in the reservoir, due to the thermodynamic effects shows and the heat of oil degassing. The thermal field forming is influence many parameters, for example, the initial water cut of formation, gas oil ratio, the ratio of reservoir pressure and bubble point pressure of oil with dissolved gas, the ratio of reservoir pressure and bottomhole pressure, etc. The thermohydrodynamic processes occurring in this case carry information about the formation and the near wellbore zone. One of the directions for using the features of the formation of the temperature field in this case is the use of thermometric studies of wells to diagnose the condition of the well and formation. Reservoir water invasion under the condition of oil degassing leads to a change in the temperature distribution in the formation, which can be used in diagnosing the identifying sources of water invasion. Using a numerical method for solving the equations of mass conservation and heat influx during non-isothermal three-phase filtration, in this work are studied the features of the formation of the temperature field in an oil-saturated reservoir with an initial water cut during oil degassing. As a result of calculations for various ratios of the initial water cut of the formation and the gas oil ratio, temperature dependences were obtained for different of well operation times. The obtained dependences of temperature on water cut and gas oil ratio can be used as palettes for quantitative evaluation of water inflow rates from formations.

Salmonella carriage and change in serovar distribution in broiler giblets at slaughterhouse level in Turkiye: first report using ISO 6579-1:2017 and ISO 6579-3:2014

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and serovar distribution of salmonellae in liver, heart, and spleen (LHS) and gizzard (G) of slaughtered broilers. For this, a total of 60 sample units, comprised of 30 LHS and 30 G collected from 3 slaughterhouses, were analysed by reference methods for detection and serotyping as revised ISO 6579-1:2017 and ISO 6579-3:2014, respectively. Also, Salmonella-specific real-time PCR (Salm-PCR) was used for species confirmation, while Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) specific real-time PCR (SE/ST-PCR) was evaluated to determine its efficiency for rapid detection of the serovars mandated in current legal regulations compared to standard serotyping. All LHS (100%-30/30) and 90% (27/30) of G samples harbored Salmonella with an overall prevalence of 95% (57/60) in samples examined, where all isolates were confirmed as Salmonella by Salm-PCR. The most prevalent serovar in broiler giblets was S. Virchow (80.70%-46/57) followed by S. Enteritidis (19.30%-11/57). SE/ST-PCR (%17.54-10/57) could not detect one G isolate, which was serotyped as S. Enteritidis by standard serotyping. High relative accuracy (98.25%), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%), and agreement between methods (κ: 0.94) verified SE/ST-PCR's potential to be used as an alternative in rapid detection of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Data on high Salmonella prevalence in broiler giblets of slaughterhouse origin, and detection of the pathogen by the implementation of all requirements indicated in the revised ISO 6579-1:2017 standard method, enabling the determination of actual prevalence in the samples with high sensitivity and specificity is of significance for public health. Additionally, identification of S. Virchow as the dominant serovar followed by S. Enteritidis with a relatively lower prevalence, and absence of S. Typhimurium in broiler giblets are important findings for Turkiye. This up to date data, obtained by strict application of ISO 6579-3:2014 procedures, indicated a shift in circulating serovars in the broiler industry. The objective findings in this study would bring awareness to national/international literature, and may be of use in future improvements in legal regulations.