Distribution System In Order Research Articles

Implementation of Technological Upgradation in Public Distribution System in India for Ensuring Availability, Accessibility and Affordability

The largest initiative to reduce poverty in India is the public distribution system (PDS), which uses a network of fair-pricing shops to supply highly subsidised food grains in order to fulfil necessities of households living below poverty line. PDS's primary objective is to buy food grains from farmers. This is to ensure that grain is distributed, stored, and transported so that people in need have access to food. The Indian government has thus upgraded the PDS's technology in an attempt to increase its transparency. To close this gap between technology and citizen benefits, e-government makes use of technical intermediaries like ration Integrated Weight Management System (IWMS), Management Information System (MIS), Inventory management system, etc. The focus of the government is to enact a number of administrative and technological changes under the centralised online real-time electronic public distribution system in order to empower end users of the PDS supply. In this context this paper deals with the number of difficulties when distribution system switches from manual to automated transactions, dealer of fair price shop, who employs the technologies. Based on secondary literature, the objective of this paper is to understand the challenges associated with implementing technology at the point of sale during distribution, as well as study the status of the implementation technological based distribution system. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 11, Issue-(1-2): 1-6.

Quantum Key Distribution with Post-Processing Driven by Physical Unclonable Functions

Quantum key distribution protocols allow two honest distant parties to establish a common truly random secret key in the presence of powerful adversaries, provided that the two users share a short secret key beforehand. This pre-shared secret key is used mainly for authentication purposes in the post-processing of classical data that have been obtained during the quantum communication stage, and it prevents a man-in-the-middle attack. The necessity of a pre-shared key is usually considered to be the main drawback of quantum key distribution protocols, and it becomes even stronger for large networks involving more than two users. Here, we discuss the conditions under which physical unclonable functions can be integrated in currently available quantum key distribution systems in order to facilitate the generation and the distribution of the necessary pre-shared key with the smallest possible cost in the security of the systems. Moreover, the integration of physical unclonable functions in quantum key distribution networks allows for real-time authentication of the devices that are connected to the network.

Water Quality Assessment of Lower Usuma Dam Water from Treatment plant to points of Consumption in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study investigated and compared the bacteriological, physicochemical and heavy metals concentrations of drinking water quality of Lower Usuma Dam from treatment plant to the points of consumption in three Area Councils (Bwari, Abuja Municipal and Gwagwalada) of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Most probable number technique was employed for coliform detection. Molecular characterization of isolated bacteria was carried out. Seven out of the 26 water samples analyzed in this study were contaminated in the range of 7 MPN/100ml to >23 MPN/100ml. Physicochemical parameters such as colour, pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and seven heavy metals were also determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that Bwari had the highest value for colour, 16.67 Pt.Co while AMAC had the least with 1.00 Pt. Co, Gwagwalada had the highest pH value (7.33±0.12) and Bwari the lowest pH of 6.77±0.06. Bwari also had highest temperature of 30.23±2.80oC while AMAC recorded the least (27.29±0.26oC). Turbidity ranged from 1.86 to 2.83 NTU. The highest level of the other parameters [(TDS 54.27 mg/L, conductivity 90.10 µs/cm, total hardness 34.00 mg/L, total alkalinity 28.00 mg/L, Cl– 20.82 mg/L)] was observed in water samples from Gwagwalada Area Council. Gwagwalada recorded the highest values for iron and zinc at 0.09mg/l and 0.003mg/l respectively. Copper concentration was highest in AMAC (0.043mg/l) and lowest in Bwari area council (0.007mg/l). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the concentration of Cr detected in all the water samples. There is need for provision of adequate sanitation facilities and improvement on monitoring of distribution system in order to maintain drinking water quality and prevent water borne disease outbreaks.

APPLICATION OF ASCA TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF HARMONIC DISTORTIONS SOURCES IDENTIFICATION

One of the most important components of the electricity market is its instrumental support, which is a set of systems, instruments, devices, communication channels, algorithms, etc. To control and manage the parameters of energy consumption and energy supply. The basis for the formation and development of instrumental support is the automated systems of commercial account of electric power (ASCA). In addition to the tasks of monitoring energy consumption and power supply, it is also advisable to use ASCA to solve the tasks of monitoring the power quality, identifying the culprits of harmonic distortions and determination the degree of participation of each element of the distribution system in the distribution of higher harmonics power in order to improve the quality and reliability of power supply consumers and adjust the amount of payment for consumed electricity. This paper discusses the issues of the possibility of ASCA for monitoring the harmonic set of voltage and current curves in distribution systems in order to identify and assess of harmonic distortion sources. The block diagram of an industrial facility ASCA and its main components are considered. An algorithm for expanding the functionality of electricity meters is proposed, which makes it possible to control the harmonic composition of the supplied power, to register the power and energy of higher harmonics. Considered are the issues of using counters with recording the power and energy of higher harmonics as part of the ASCA.

Effects of Integration of Multi Type DGs on Voltage stability and Loss Minimization in the Distribution System

In recent days in distribution system the more importance is giving to Loss minimization techniques since electricity demand is continuously increasing and utility companies are struggling to meet this rapid increase in load due constraints on energy resource to increase the generation. Furthermore, voltage instability phenomena is also playing important role in distribution systems and caused a major blackout in the network. To solve the above problem new technology that is drawing more attention is Distributed Generation (DG). Placing DG in the distribution system inherently reduces the power loss and improves the system voltage. The selection of type of DG, proper placement and sizing of DG plays an important role. This paper presents an effective methodology to identify the optimum location of multi type DG in the distribution system in order to reduce the losses and improve the voltage. In this work the IEEE 33-Bus system is simulated in Power World Simulator (PWS) and the voltage stability and system losses are analyzed with different types of DGs and combination of different types of DGs are studied. Simulation result shows that optimal placement and sizing of DG will reduce the system losses and improve the voltage profile within the acceptable limits and the loss reduction and voltage profile improvement are depending on the types of DGs and combination of DGs placed in the distribution system. Index Terms: Distributed generation, Optimum size, Optimum location, Power loss, Power world simulator, Sensitivity analysis, Types of DG, Voltage stability.

Overview and Recommendations for Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Based on Performance Indicators

Abstract The protection of the water sources represents a topic that concerns humanity worldwide. Hence, the decrease of the water losses that occurs in water distribution networks during its overall operational lifetime, is an important issue for water operators and for researchers at theoretical and experimental level. Over the last years progresses have been made on the evaluation and analysis methods in order to eliminate the water losses. Among these methods, the evaluation of the water distribution systems, made on performance indicators by the use of the water balance, is the most current. Thus, the calculated value of each performance indicator and the analysis of these values will lead to the identification of the real problems within the water distribution system. As a result, this analysis has to be the first step in the planning phase of a new project and in the same time, it can serve as a pattern for any water distribution systems in order to decrease the water losses at lower costs.

Incentive-Based Flexible-Ramp-Up Management in Multi-Microgrid Distribution Systems

The increasing integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) and the expansion of multi-microgrid systems have transformed the operational condition of power systems. Respectively, the high-amount installation of RERs could result in the volatile changes exchanged-power of local systems, when their power generation drops suddenly. Nevertheless, the available ramp-up power for compensating the supply-demand gap in the power system could be limited due to the operational constraints of power networks and generation units. As a result, in this article, a transactive flexible-ramp-up-management-mechanism is offered in order to enable system operators to exploit the scheduling of microgrid systems with the aim of ensuring power requirements of the multi-microgrid system meet the flexible-ramp-up constraints. Therefore, the mechanism would result in the efficient rescheduling of local flexible resources in a multi-microgrid distribution system in order to address the ramp-up constraints in the system. The offered mechanism limits the information exchange between microgrids and the system operator to transactive control signals and accumulated power exchanges to impede privacy concerns of independently operated entities. Lastly, the recommended mechanism is implemented on the IEEE-37-bus test system, where, its effectiveness in addressing the overall system flexible-ramp-up limitations is investigated.

An Improved Equilibrium Optimizer for Optimal Placement of Distributed Generators in Distribution Systems considering Harmonic Distortion Limits

This paper proposes an improved equilibrium optimizer (IEO) for determining optimal location and effective size of distributed generation units (DGUs) in the distribution systems in order to minimize the total power loss on distribution branches, investment cost, and operation and maintenance cost. In a good obtained solution, limits of voltage, current, and harmonic flows are also seriously considered, exactly satisfying predetermined ranges. Especially, individual harmonic distortion (IHD) and total harmonic distortion (THD) of bus voltage must fall into IEEE Std. 519. The proposed IEO is developed from the original equilibrium optimizer (EO), which was motivated by control volume mass balance models. This novel algorithm can effectively expand the search area and avoid the premature convergence to low‐quality solution spaces. With the determined solutions from IEO, not only are the voltages well improved but also the harmonics are mitigated from the violated values down to the allowable values of IEEE Std. 519. Moreover, the total power loss is significantly reduced from 0.2110 MW to 0.0815 MW, 0.2245 MW to 0.07197 MW, and 0.3161 MW to 0.1515 MW for IEEE 33‐bus, IEEE 69‐bus, and IEEE 85‐bus radial distribution systems, respectively. Not only that, the total cost of DGUs is also more economical and consumes only $3.4753 million, $3.2840 million, and $3.0593 million corresponding to the three systems for a 20‐year planning period. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to three other implemented methods consisting of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, salp swarm algorithm (SSA), and EO and eight previously published methods for the three test systems. The comparisons of results imply that IEO is better than other methods in terms of performance, stability, and convergence characteristics.

PSCAD/EMTDC를 이용한 ±35kV급 MVDC 하이브리드 배전망의 사고해석에 관한 연구

Based on ±35kV-scale MVDC hybrid distribution system to demonstrate MVDC distribution technology, this paper presents scenarios of contingency fault analysis and modeling for impact evaluation on MVDC hybrid distribution system in order to examine the operation characteristics of MVDC facilities and customers. And also, this paper proposes a modeling of the ±35kV-scale MVDC hybrid distribution system using PSCAD/EMTDC, which is composed of distribution substation, MVDC distribution feeder, converter station and PV system. From the simulation results of fault analysis in MVDC distribution system based on the modeling for impact evaluation on distribution system with the fault scenarios, it is confirmed that tremendous fault current can be momentarily occurred due to discharging of DC link capacitor in converter station regardless of fault type. Furthermore, it is found that the faults in MVDC feeder can cause the phenomenon of under-voltage at customers in other feeder of the main transformer. In addition, it is clear that the malfunction of recloser in other feeder can be prevented due to ungrounded system of MVDC system, and also the voltages of AC 22.9kV bus and MVDC feeder are maintained in a stable manner even if ground fault is occurred in AC 22.9kV feeder.

Identifying consumer behavior influence on fashion retailing in the COVID-19 pandemic situation

Aim: The current study is aimed at examine how corona-virus affects consumer behavioral patterns in the fashion retail sector, to explore how the awareness level of buyers affects consumer purchase behavior, and to analyze how online services affect consumer behavioral patterns in the fashion retail sector in the context of COVID-19 emergence. Further studies on how fashion retail brands should adapt to the new normal and the demand for local brands with the issues and challenges of online marketing during and after the lockdown period.Methodology: The study has been conducted by targeting the fashion consumers who lived in the up country of Sri Lanka, known as the city of Kandy and 10 fashion brands which sell in the fashion retailing outlets in the city. The research adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods used to gather, sort, and analyze data. Changes in consumer behavior as well as retailors and their new trends were observed, and identified that online purchasing has signaled a rapid increase.Findings: An analysis of the data indicated that 51.7% of the consumers when considering will continue purchasing online. A group of consumers who like conventional commerce has been obliged to turn to new trade methods based on online purchasing, and experts’ predictions ensure that the trade habit continues. The results of this study support the multidimensional nature of consumers behavior in a pandemic situation. Fashion retailers will need to focus on understanding the demands of their customers and adapting their product offerings and distribution systems in order to lower new consumption limitations and facilitate sales.Implications/Novel Contribution: Recommendations could be used in the uplifting of the Sri Lankan fashion retailer market to adopt in future with digital development and for the survival when a sudden situation like a lock down or global pandemic hits Sri Lanka.

Power System Reconfiguration in Distribution Network for Improving Reliability Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper presents an optimal method for optimizing network reconfiguration problems in a power distribution system in order to enhance reliability and reduce power losses. Network reconfiguration can be viewed as an optimization problem involving a set of criteria that must be reduced when adhering to various constraints. The energy not supplied (ENS) during permanent network faults and active power losses are the objective functions that are optimized in this study during the reconfiguration phase. These objectives are expressed mathematically and will be integrated into various optimization algorithms used throughout the study. To begin, a mathematical formulation of the objectives to be optimized, as well as all the constraints that must be met, is proposed. Then, to solve this difficult combinatorial problem, we use the exhaustive approach, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) on an IEEE 33-bus electrical distribution network. Finally, a performance evaluation of the proposed approaches is developed. The results show that optimizing the distribution network topology using the PSO approach contributed significantly to improving the reliability, node voltage, line currents, and calculation time.

Isolation, identification and reviewing the health effect of HPC bacteria in household point-of-use (PoU) water treatment devices: a case study, Ahvaz, Iran.

In Ahwaz, a city in west southern Iran, the majority of households are using Point of Use (PoU) water treatment units. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria were isolated from these units while they were mounted on water distribution system in order to determine the variations in HPC and diversity of the bacterial population using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that bacterial population regrowth in PoU units could increase HPC exceeding the limit of the 500CFU/mL in outlet water. In around 70% of the input water samples, the HPC was less than 500CFU/ml with a mean of 226.7 (CI 95%: 28.1-425.3). HPC in output treated water samples had an increasing trend from the start of the unit operation with a mean of 2416.4 (CI 95%: 1074.9-3757.9). Out of 49 detected bacterial strains, 20 strains were Gram-negative and 29 Gram-positive. Bacillus was the most frequent genes detected in inlet and outlet water samples. Most of the identified bacterial strains were opportunistic pathogens potentially dangerous for immunocompromised population. HPC population in PoU units significantly can be increased during a one-month period of operation, so replacement of the filters must be done regularly.

A New Fractional Particle Swarm Optimization with Entropy Diversity Based Velocity for Reactive Power Planning.

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) is the vital concern of network operators in the planning and management of electrical systems to reduce the real and reactive losses of the transmission and distribution system in order to augment the overall efficiency of the electrical network. The principle objective of the ORPD problem is to explore the best setting of decision variables such as rating of the shunt capacitors, output voltage of the generators and tap setting of the transformers in order to diminish the line loss, and improve the voltage profile index (VPI) and operating cost minimization of standard electrical systems while keeping the variables within the allowable limits. This research study demonstrates a compelling transformative approach for resolving ORPD problems faced by the operators through exploiting the strength of the meta-heuristic optimization model based on a new fractional swarming strategy, namely fractional order (FO)–particle swarm optimization (PSO), with consideration of the entropy metric in the velocity update mechanism. To perceive ORPD for standard 30 and 57-bus networks, the complex nonlinear objective functions, including minimization of the system, VPI improvement and operating cost minimization, are constructed with emphasis on efficacy enhancement of the overall electrical system. Assessment of the results show that the proposed FO-PSO with entropy metric performs better than the other state of the art algorithms by means of improvement in VPI, operating cost and line loss minimization. The statistical outcomes in terms of quantile–quantile illustrations, probability plots, cumulative distribution function, box plots, histograms and minimum fitness evaluation in a set of autonomous trials validate the capability of the proposed optimization scheme and exhibit sufficiency and also vigor in resolving ORPD problems.

Comparison of the Use of Energy Storages and Energy Curtailment as an Addition to the Allocation of Renewable Energy in the Distribution System in Order to Minimize Development Costs

This paper presents a comparison of the efficiency of energy storage and energy curtailment as an addition to the allocation of renewable energy in the distribution system in order to minimize development costs using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP). Energy sources and energy storages are selected, sized and allocated under operational circumstances such as grid congestions and weather conditions. Loads and power units are modeled by daily consumption and generation profiles respectively, to reflect the intermittent character of renewable generation and consumption of energy. The optimization is carried out for a one-year time horizon using twenty-four representative days. The method is verified on three main simulation scenarios and three sub-scenarios for each of them, allowing for the comparison of the efficiency of each used tool. The main scenarios differ in their share of energy from renewable energy sources (RES) in total consumption. In the sub-scenarios, different tools (RES sizing and allocation, energy storages (ES) sizing and allocation and energy curtailment) are used. The results of this research confirm that energy curtailment is a more efficient additional tool for RES sizing and allocation than energy storages. This method can find practical application for Distribution System Operators in elaborating grid development strategies.

Optimal Regulation of Pumping Station in Water Distribution Networks Using Constant and Variable Speed Pumps: A Technical and Economical Comparison

Greenhouse gas emission is one of the main environmental issues of today, and energy savings in all industries contribute to reducing energy demand, implying, in turn, less carbon emissions into the atmosphere. In this framework, water pumping systems are one of the most energy-consuming activities. The optimal regulation of pumping systems with the use of variable speed drives is gaining the attention of designers and managing authorities. However, optimal management and operation of pumping systems is often performed, employing variable speed drives without considering if the energy savings are enough to justify their purchasing and installation costs. In this paper, the authors compare two optimal pump scheduling techniques, optimal regulation of constant speed pumps by an optimal ON/OFF sequence and optimal regulation with a variable speed pump. Much of the attention is devoted to the analysis of the costs involved in a hypothetical managing authority for the water distribution system in order to determine whether the savings in operating costs is enough to justify the employment of variable speed drives.

Short Circuit Fault Discrimination Using SiC JFET Based Self-Powered Solid State Circuit Breakers in a Residential DC Community Microgrid

This article identifies and validates the use of ultrafast silicon carbide (SiC) junction field effect transistor (JFET)-based self-powered solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) as the enabling protective device for a 340 Vdc residential dc community microgrid. These SSCBs will be incorporated into a radial distribution system in order to enhance fault discrimination through autonomous operation. Because of the nature and characteristics of short-circuit fault inception in dc microgrids, the time–current trip characteristics of protective devices must be several orders of magnitude faster than conventional circuit breakers. The proposed SSCBs detect short-circuit faults by sensing the sudden voltage rise between its two power terminals and draw power from the fault condition itself to turn off SiC JFETs and then, coordinate with no-load contacts that can isolate the fault. Depending upon the location of the SSCBs in the microgrid, either unidirectional or bidirectional implementations are incorporated. Cascaded SSCBs are tuned using a simple resistor change to enable fault discrimination between upstream high-current feeds and downstream lower current branches. Operation of one of the SSCBs and three in cascaded arrangements are validated both in simulation and with a hardware test platform. Thermal impact on the SSCB is discussed as well. The target application is a residential dc microgrid that will be installed as part of a revitalization effort of an inner city Milwaukee neighborhood.

Constructing the 'automatic' Greenwich time system: George Biddell Airy and the telegraphic distribution of time, c.1852-1880.

In the context of the telegraphic distribution of Greenwich time, while the early experiments, the roles of successive Astronomers Royal in its expansion, and its impacts on the standardization of time in Victorian Britain have all been evaluated, the attempts of George Biddell Airy and his collaborators in constructing the Royal Observatory's time signals as the authoritative source of standard time have been underexplored within the existing historical literature. This paper focuses on the wide-ranging activities of Airy, his assistant astronomers, telegraph engineers, clockmakers and others, which served to increase the reliability of the Royal Observatory's time service between the 1850s and 1870s. Airy and his collaborators aimed to mechanize and automate their telegraphic time distribution system in order to improve its accuracy and reliability. The accomplishment of such technological innovations was disseminated via public lectures, journal articles and correspondence with experts, secondary distributors of standard time and the general public. These communications were used to build public trust in the Greenwich time service. However, the unexplored archival material used in the present paper provides fresh insight into the unstable nature of the Greenwich time system, including its clear limits in terms of its scale of automation and degree of accuracy.

A Novel Graphically-Based Network Reconfiguration for Power Loss Minimization in Large Distribution Systems

Distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) is the optimized change in the topological structure of distribution systems without violating its radial configuration. DNR has been of interest in applied mathematics and engineering because of its importance in modern power systems. In literature, various optimization techniques that constitute a large area of applied mathematics were proposed to obtain optimized radial configurations; however, most of them were tested in small distribution systems. In this paper, a novel graphically-based DNR is proposed to obtain the optimized radial configurations for power loss minimization. The proposed DNR is based on the graphical representation of the distribution system without any need for a radiality check. Case studies were conducted on 16-, 33-, 70-, 83-, 136-, 415-, 880-, 1760-, and 4400-node distribution systems in order to minimize the total power loss. Results have proven the ability of the proposed graphical DNR for power loss minimization by obtaining fast radial configurations in comparison with previous studies and also its ability to deal with large distribution systems efficiently. The proposed DNR succeeded in minimizing the total losses for large distribution systems as the 880-, 1760-, and 4400-node distribution systems by 69.45%, 72.51%, and 74.35%, respectively.

Optimal DG allocation for enhancing voltage stability and minimizing power loss using hybrid gray wolf optimizer

High penetration of photovoltaic and wind turbine-based distributed generators (DGs) can help reduce carbon emissions which is an important goal for the whole world. DG can be used to improve the voltage stability, present generation reserve/emergency, and consequently, the system power quality can be improved. However, it is very important to select the right size and location of a DG so that the power system can increase the gained benefits of such an installation to the maximum. In this paper, a hybrid optimization technique is proposed to determine the optimal allocation of DG in the standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system in order to improve the voltage stability and minimize the total power loss. The proposed hyprid technique is based on the gray wolf optimizer algorithm with loss sensitivity factor. The performance of the system is analyzed without DG installation, then it is compared with the performance of the system when DGs are installed with the predefined optimal sizes and locations. The study is performed by MATLAB M-Files and NEPLAN software.

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION PLACEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

This paper presents a proposed function which is known as techno-economic model for optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) resources in distribution systems in order to minimize the power losses and improve voltage profile. Combined sensitivity factors (CSF), such real power loss reduction index, reactive power loss reduction index, voltage profile improvement index, and life cycle cost, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are applied to the proposed technique to obtain the best compromise between these costs. Simulation results on IEEE 14-bus test system are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed procedure.