Principle Of Distribution Research Articles

BUILDING THE LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON A UNIFIED INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

The article is devoted to the topical issues of the development of the legal information system based on modern convergent technologies and digital platform solutions in the information society. Purpose: to scientifically substantiate the concept of the formation of the infrastructure of the national legal information system. Research method: the work is based on a system analysis that allows studying comprehensively the problem of the development of the legal information system in the context of legal regulation in the digital environment. Results: it is concluded that, in the context of digitalization, legal information is a key strategic resource; the link between digitalization and the emergence of a new type of social relations and with the intensification of the development of digital platforms used both in public administration and in other areas is revealed. Under conditions of turbulence in the world, the author justifies the significance of the national legal information system, which has an official, comprehensive, integrated, multi-level, open character, and is based on the principles of territorial distribution and reliability of information, on new platform solutions using digital and other technologies aimed at information and legal support of national interests.

Large deviations for interacting multiscale particle systems

We consider a collection of weakly interacting diffusion processes moving in a two-scale locally periodic environment. We study the large deviations principle of the empirical distribution of the particles’ positions in the combined limit as the number of particles grow to infinity and the time-scale separation parameter goes to zero. We make use of weak convergence methods providing a convenient representation for the large deviations rate function, which allow us to characterize the effective controlled mean field dynamics. In addition, we rigorously obtain equivalent non-variational representations for the large deviations rate function as introduced by Dawson–Gärtner.

Large-Time Behavior of Finite-State Mean-Field Systems With Multiclasses

We study in this paper large-time asymptotics of the empirical vector associated with a family of finite-state mean-field systems with multiclasses. The empirical vector is composed of local empirical measures characterizing the different classes within the system. As the number of particles in the system goes to infinity, the empirical vector process converges toward the solution to a McKean-Vlasov system. First, we investigate the large deviations principles of the invariant distribution from the limiting McKean-Vlasov system. Then, we examine the metastable phenomena arising at a large scale and large time. Finally, we estimate the rate of convergence of the empirical vector process to its invariant measure. Given the local homogeneity in the system, our results are established in a product space. Funding: This research was supported by Discovery Grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [NSERC 315660] and by Carleton University.

Principles and application of tunnel gravity full-space positioning and detection method for deep high-density vertical orebodies

Considering the needs of current deep mineral exploration and development, the tunnel gravity exploration method is advantageous, as it is unaffected by electromagnetic interference, is hardly affected by terrain, has a high detection accuracy, and overcomes the multi-solution problem of geophysical anomalies. Herein, to systematically explain the distribution law and principle of the tunnel gravity method in spatial position prediction, a systematic study was performed on upright orebodies, and 18 types of positive and negative combination rules of spatial distribution anomalies are proposed. The method is used for the detection of concealed ore in the deep part of the Huangshaping skarn-type deposit in southern Hunan, China, and accurate results are obtained. The results indicate that tunnel gravity exploration solves the problem of orebodies located in the deep parts of a high-density vertical orebody when a single tunnel or multiple tunnels are detected. This study not only extends the theory and method of tunnel gravity exploration but also provides an important basis for the layout of deep exploration projects.

Impacts of underwater topography on the distribution of microplastics in lakes: A case from Dianchi Lake, China.

The spatial distribution of microplastics and the factors influencing their distribution in lakes are important aspects of plastics pollution studies. This study investigated the impacts of lake underwater topography on the spatial distribution of microplastics in Dianchi Lake in China. Data on spatial distribution of microplastics were obtained by pump sampling, microscopic examination, and polymer identification. Parameters of underwater topography were extracted from an isobaths map of Dianchi Lake. The relationships between underwater topography and the abundance of microplastics were analyzed. The results showed that for the northern part of the lake, water depth, slope gradient, relief, roughness and surface curvature have significant relationships with the spatial distribution of microplastics. In the southern part, only roughness showed a significant relationship. The roughness is the only important factor which impacts the microplastics distribution in both parts of the lake and the whole lake. These differences between the northern part and the southern part of the lake are related to the stronger circular currents in the southern part of the lake. These results showed that the impacts of underwater topography manifest themselves well when lake currents are weak, and these impacts are reduced or muted when lake currents are strong. Our research results provide a good reference for understanding distribution and migration principle of microplastics in lakes.

Shifting terms: Development discourses and moral imaginaries in Indian state service provision

How are multiple visions of state–society relations accommodated within the daily practices of the post-liberalization Indian state? How does state service provision relate to these shifting normative framings of state duty and citizen responsibility? This article examines these questions through an ethnographic study of citizen–state encounters in rural north India. Focusing on the presentation of social services and programmes through a single village council, I trace how development discourses under the post-liberalization state oscillate between welfarist principles of distribution and neoliberal values of self-sufficiency. As the state is fashioned variously as a provider or a more distant facilitator of enterprising activity, I explore how citizens manage these shifting normative terms, negotiate the varied demands of bureaucratic claims-making, and engage with moral ideals of responsibility and care.

제주도의 해조류 톳 채취 관행과 소비 양상

This work aims to study tot (seaweed) gathering customs and aspects of consumption among the other seaweeds of Jeju. This writing covers tot-gathering customs and focuses on how the gathering customs are practiced depending on changes in conditions such as marine resources and ecological environments, residential conditions, and others. In addition, there is a brief examination of how the collected tot is consumed. Haenyeo (women divers) have recognized the ecological properties of seaweeds, fishing grounds, tides, winds, and more. They have undertaken diving based on their knowledge and wisdom of the haenyeo community and following environmental changes. Tot-gathering customs are examined in terms of the operation of the fishing grounds, collection methods, and principles of distribution. Haenyeo have used the fishing grounds depending on the operating rules of the ocheongye (village fishing cooperative), while the areas are managed through cleaning activities known as gatdaggi. Seaweeds are gathered differently according to ecological conditions, and tot is communally collected and distributed. Lastly, the tot habitat and the gathering period are considered as functioning as the foundation for the tot food culture on Jeju. Traditional fishery culture is a motive to pass down community spirit and traditional culture. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze how haenyeo communities adapt to environmental change alongside aspects of transmission for livelihood community cultures.

Assessment of marketing costs on the example of Apple and Samsung companies

The object of research is the importance of advertising costs. Marketing research is defined as a set of measures aimed at systematic analysis and presentation of data on the behavior, needs, attitudes, and impressions, motivations of business units in the context of their economic, political, social and daily activities. As a result, the issues of systematization and evaluation of marketing costs are becoming relevant both in the context of developing marketing activities by the relevant structural unit, and increasing the efficiency of the use of marketing cost budgeting tools. The paper considers the conceptual principles of the formation of marketing costs on the example of technological enterprises Apple and Samsung. The complexity and ambiguity of the principles of formation of marketing costs at enterprises require a clear understanding of the socio-economic and political processes in the country, the continuous collection of information by the enterprise, its analytical processing and feedback with target segments. Marketing budget approval decisions should be based on the company's strategy and activities to achieve them. Many companies neglect the significant costs of marketing communications. This work contains reasoned arguments why marketing is the main foundation for a successful enterprise. The trends that directly affect and determine the size of the marketing budget are investigated. The world approaches and principles of structural distribution of marketing costs are analyzed. This study was aimed at developing ways to improve the marketing activities of the enterprise in the current market conditions. The results of the study can be used by enterprises to improve the use of marketing activities, thereby ensuring the growth of the competitiveness of domestic enterprises and the improvement of the economic condition of their own country. Based on the theory and practice of research, companies will be able to logically and effectively create a budget for marketing activities.

혈액투석 환자의 피로 유형: Q 방법론적 접근

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine and categorize the cognitive structure of fatigue in hemodialysis patients through the Q methodology. This study attempted to understand the characteristics of fatigue types in hemodialysis patients and to present nursing intervention programs and strategies to recover from fatigue. Methods: Q-methodology, which provides a process of analyzing the subjectivity of each item, was used. Twenty-nine selected Q-statements were extracted based on data analyzed through literature review and in-depth interviews. The 27 hemodialysis patients who participated in the study were classified into Q according to the principle of normal distribution on a 7-point scale. Collected data were analyzed by the PC-QUANL program. Results: It was extracted into five types: bio-rhythm change sensitive type, negative emotional response type, support-based dependence type, human relationship restriction type, and life-wide fatigue perception type. Conclusion: This study suggested that the response strategies should be applied differently to match the kind of fatigue felt by hemodialysis patients. Therefore, It is expected to be the basis for the review and supplementation of the nursing intervention provision process that can improve the quality of nursing provided to hemodialysis patients and increase their satisfaction with hemodialysis patients.

Protecting Traditional Agricultural Landscapes by Promoting Industrial Integration Development: Practices from Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) Sites in China

Traditional agricultural landscapes (TAL) have a long history. They have received significant attention due to concerns regarding their multiple functions and scarcity. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS), designated by the FAO or some countries, are typical TAL that are facing conservation problems. This study takes IAHS as an example and examines the pathway and coordinating mechanism that industrial integration development (IID) uses to promote TAL conservation using available literature reviews and field surveys in IAHS sites. The findings suggest that the main pathways protecting IAHS, depending on IID, include increasing product price by IAHS branding, diversifying farmers’ income by developing special resources, and employing more seasonal surplus laborers by extending local industrial chains. Building a fair and reasonable benefit coordination mechanism among stakeholders in IID is crucial to prompt IAHS conservation. It rests on accurately identifying key stakeholders in IAHS conservation, selecting industrial organization modes that are suitable to an IAHS site, and introducing beneficial distribution mechanisms that can encourage farmers to stay on the farm. The case studies show that diversifying income channels and increasing income with industrial development are the main forces driving farmers to protect IAHS. The IID based on IAHS resources and the win-win benefit distribution principle are key to sustainable conservation.

ISLAMIC INHERITANCE LAW IN SARUASO AND SAWAH TANGAH VILLAGES BASED ON ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES

This research aims to comprehend the practice of dividing the inheritance in Saruaso and Sawah Tangah Villages following the distribution principle of inheritance law distribution in Islam. The problem was that there were different views on the distribution of inheritance in the Saruaso and Sawah Tangah Villages with the provisions on the distribution of inheritance based on Islamic teachings. Meanwhile, the people of Saruaso and Sawah Tangah Villages embraced Islam. This research used a survey method. The research object was Niniak Mamak (indigenous stakeholders) and Bundo Kanduang (village's mothers) in two villages, Kanagarian Saruaso and Kanagarian Sawah Tangah. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling technique. The results of this research are the practice of dividing inheritance in Saruaso and Sawah Tangah Village; in this case, low inheritance does not conflict with the provisions that apply to inheritance law in Islamic teachings (based on Faraid law). While the division of high inheritance follows customary provisions, this is because the high inheritance belongs to the people (tribes), cannot be traded, and cannot be divided individually.

Sustainable agrifood systems for a post-growth world

Sustainable agrifood systems are critical to averting climate-driven social and ecological disasters, overcoming the growth paradigm and redefining the interactions of humanity and nature in the twenty-first century. This Perspective describes an agenda and examples for comprehensive agrifood system redesign according to principles of sufficiency, regeneration, distribution, commons and care. This redesign should be supported by coordinated education and research efforts that do not simply replicate dominant discourses on food system sustainability but point towards a post-growth world in which agroecological life processes support healthy communities rather than serving as inputs for the relentless pursuit of economic growth.

From Climate Injustice to Resilience: What Is the Role of Social and Technological Innovation?

For too long climate change addressed as an environmental issue without truly articulating that this is first and foremost a social/environmental justice issue. Using a justice framework that includes the principles of distribution, recognition, and procedural, this article explores how innovation can address causes of climate injustice. The article highlights opportunities for introducing social and technological innovation in two areas: communities and institutions. The discussion of these two areas underscores the many potential roles of social and technological innovation: (1) to handle the impacts of extreme weather in communities; and (2) to create climate and energy resilient institutions. Furthermore, the article shows that this (in)justice framework is useful to better capture the role of innovations in the reduction of existing inequalities. This study calls attention to the pivotal role that innovative social and technological approaches play in finding solutions for climate injustice.

The benchmark for VAT and VAT expenditures in Ukraine: methodological and pragmatic aspects

Despite the preparation by the State Tax Service of Ukraine of Reports on tax reliefs that are a loss of budget revenues, which indicate certain steps towards the introduction of the concept of tax expenditures in the budget process, the question of their quality remains open due to the uncertainty of the principles of distribution of tax reliefs into those that are losses of budget revenues and other tax reliefs, and due to the algorithm for calculating budget losses from the provision of tax reliefs. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to determine methodological approaches to the formation of Directories and, accordingly, Reports of the State Tax Service of Ukraine on tax reliefs (on the example of VAT reliefs), that are losses of budget revenues, and on other tax reliefs and justification of the guidelines for improving the quality of such reports. Based on the analysis of concepts of benchmark tax system (tax) and tax expenditure and approaches to determining their main elements, the author formulates requirements for the structure of Directories of tax reliefs and Reports on tax reliefs, in particular, it is established that if the Directory of tax reliefs, which are losses of budget revenues should include only tax expenditures, then in the structure of the Directory of other tax incentives two components can be distinguished – "structural incentives", which are elements of the benchmark tax system, and special incentives that do not lead to the loss of budgetary revenues. In order to facilitate the identification and analysis, the main components of "structural VAT reliefs" in Ukraine, as well as types (groups) of reliefs that do not cause budget losses are identified, cases of unjustified classification of tax reliefs in the State Tax Service Directories are considered and proposals to change their classification are substantiated. Based on the calculations, it was identified which groups of reliefs predominate in the system of other reliefs, as well as in the reliefs that are losses of budget revenues. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the amount of "structural reliefs" of VAT in Ukraine is 4.5 times higher than the amount of tax expenditures, which, if necessary, can be considered as a reserve for increasing tax revenues to the state budget of Ukraine. The shortcomings of the systematic accounting of VAT reliefs in the Directories of tax reliefs have been identified and proposals aimed at improving the correctness and completeness of their accounting have been developed.

JUSTIFICATION OF INHERITANCE DISTRIBUTION FOR WOMEN ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC INHERITANCE LAW

The issue of justice in inheritance distribution in Islamic inheritance law is often questioned by certain quarters especially among rights advocates of gender equality who claim that there exists a discrimination between men and women which denies women social justice in the context of inheritance distribution as compared to men with a ratio of 2:1. In truth, the ultimate aim of Islamic inheritance law is to dignify justice in inheritance distribution at all levels and to eligible heirs without discrimination in terms of gender, age and physical body adequacy. Therefore, the objective of this article is to articulate and thus raise the concept of justice in inheritance distribution according to Islamic inheritance law which is often disputed and disregarded by some who hold the view that Islamic inheritance law implementation is a form of discrimination to women. To achieve this objective, this study employed a content and data analysis study which were obtained from document analysis and are explained and delivered descriptively. Results of this study found that the determined eligibility and proportion are appropriate with the role of each member of the family especially the men who have to bear various responsibilities financially and provision-wise. Besides, distribution principle with a ratio of 2:1 between men and women is non-binding from certain aspects. In fact, there are situations where the women allocation exceeds that of men.

The Fairness Dispute of Layered Optimal Teaching

As a controversial form of teaching organization, the fairness of layered optimal teaching has been questioned and defended in educational practice and theoretical research. The question of layered optimal teaching is mainly based on formal justice, criticizing the uneven distribution of resources caused by unequal opportunities; The defense of layered optimal teaching starts from the discrimination of the concepts of fairness and equality, and believes that fairness means “difference” and “compensation” on the premise of ensuring the basic right to education. In this article, it is demonstrated that education, as a unique field, has its own distribution principle, and the fairness of layered optimal teaching should be considered from the perspective of “complex equality”. Furthermore, based on the principles of “demand” and “due”, it is proposed that layered optimal teaching can promote the realization of educational fairness in the process of practice from three aspects: strengthening guidance, clarifying needs, scientific evaluation, reasonable stratification, dynamic management, and appropriate compensation.

Determination of information about a physical person in composition the objects of civil laws by an international and national legislation

In the article investigational and legal foundation of informative safety that is built on principles of fundamental distribution of all volume legally meaningful information on two kinds is studied: popular information and information with a limit access. The legal mode of information is called to guard information, free turnover of that can violate rights and interests of the state, society and individual, provide informative independence of private legal subjects in relationships with the state and inter se, co-ordinate a public requirement in freedom of information and right each on maintenance of secret.
 Turnover of information in society grounds for a conclusion about appearance of new type of public relations - informative, that is the object of the legal adjusting. In the conditions of scientific novelty of information as article of research, in default of high-cube of legislative and judicial practice legal science objectively can not have in the order deep cognitions in this industry.
 Most interest of theorists and practical workers is in recent year caused by the questions, related to the civil legal adjusting of informative relations, realization and protection of informative rights, researches of features of information as an object of civil legal relationships, subject composition and maintenance of informative legal relationships, principles of functioning of informative legal relationships.
 Importance of problems of realization of informative rights, in particular, inhibition, implementation and use of norms of informative legislation and especially - civil legal aspects of realization of informative rights, a specific of realization of informative rights in the field of the personal unproperty legal relationships is founding for realization of research within the framework of this article.

How Asteroid Mining Affects Global Equity

The shortage of mineral resources on Earth is worsening. As a promising form of resource extraction, asteroid mining has technical problems and faces capital challenges. The arrival of asteroid mining is a crucial opportunity to improve global equity. The development of reasonable mining methods and policies can enable asteroid mining to reshape the global economic landscape, which will greatly promote global equity. Firstly, we give a concrete definition of global equity and explain the meaning of the different terms in the definition. Then we quantitatively assess global equity through four dimensions: resources, economy, living conditions, and degree of the rule of law. In order to quantify these four abstract concepts, we introduce a total of 14 different indicators. Then, we design a form of international cooperative mining for the asteroid mining industry in which we build a resource allocation model using national research capacity and research inputs as measures. The model follows the principle of output distribution by input, allowing international companies to extract asteroid minerals, which are then distributed in three ways: company operations, input charity, and shareholder income. Next, we clustered the indicators affecting this international mining company and finalized three conditions. We use these as indicators of changes in the conditions affecting the company. Finally, we discuss the difficulties faced in asteroid mining and the policies that should be implemented based on the results obtained.

Readings in Times of Crisis: New Interpretations of Stories about the Settlement of Iceland

Readings in Times of Crisis: New Interpretations of Stories about the Settlement of Iceland

Inheritance Sharing System in Tinombala Village from the Perspective of Islamic Law

The legal system in Indonesia is plural in nature of the existence of customary law, Islamic law, and laws in Western traditions. The customary law system seems to be dominantly used by rural communities in solving private problems, such as the distribution of inheritance. Considering Indonesia has a Muslim majority population, this article discusses the inheritance distribution system in rural communities from the perspective of Islamic law. The research location is Tinombala Village in Parigi Mautong Regency. This study uses qualitative methods with three data collection techniques: observation, interviews, and documentation. Primary and secondary data were analyzed using data reduction, presentation, and verification methods. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of inheritance carried out by the villagers is determined based on customary law, even though the majority of the population is Muslim. Based on local customary law, the assets left by the deceased parents are distributed only to the children who died. The last child often gets the most share. Such practice is not following the principle of inheritance distribution in Islamic law.