Distribution Pipes Research Articles

Experimental investigation on a 0.5-metre-long aluminum flat heat pipe for thermal management in electronic devices

In this work, an aluminum flat heat pipe with 500 mm in length and 3 mm in thickness is proposed for efficient long-distance heat transfer and utilization for waste heat recovery. The experiments of aluminum flat heat pipes with different filling ratios are carried out under different inclination angles. The surface temperature distribution, critical power, thermal resistance, and thermal conductivity of aluminum flat heat pipes are experimentally investigated, respectively. The results indicate that the optimized liquid filling ratio of the aluminum flat heat pipe is 30 %, and the recommended working angle is 90° (with gravity assistance). The optimized aluminum flat heat pipe has good temperature distribution, a high critical power (110 W), a low thermal resistance (0.25 ℃/W@90 W), and excellent thermal conductivity (13880 W/(m·K) @90 W). In addition, the aluminum flat heat pipe has a low density of 1.8 g/cm3, which is suitable for lightweight and efficient heat dissipation applications, especially for the aerospace field. Furthermore, the application of long aluminum flat heat pipe for waste heat recovery is also demonstrated, showing great potential advantages in wide industrial fields.

Analysis of steady-state operation of high temperature heat pipe and optimization of the working medium

High temperature heat pipes exhibit excellent heat transfer performance and can operate stably under high temperature conditions above 750K. They are widely used in heat recovery and heat removal processes. In this paper, a flow and heat transfer model is established to calculate the temperature, pressure, and velocity distribution of the high temperature heat pipe, and the results are similar to the experimental data. In addition, the working medium of the high temperature heat pipe is optimized through a novel optimization method based on probability, and it is concluded that sodium has better heat transfer performance than lithium and potassium under 800K-1000K operating conditions. The optimal result is consistent with the simulation result, which provides a reference for the optimization of working medium in high temperature heat pipes under other operating conditions.

Performance of low-cost fiber optic cables as leak detection sensors for water pipelines in unsaturated soil

Large volumes of potable water are lost from leaks in water distribution systems around the world. Such leaks may go undetected for a long time. A passive means of leak detection can be implemented by burying a suitable fiber optic cable in the pipe trench with water distribution pipes when they are installed. Water leaking from pipes into the ground results in a temperature change at the leak location. Leaks into unsaturated soil also cause changes in the bulk density and strength of the soil, resulting in significant soil deformation. Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) in optical fibers is sensitive to changes in both temperature and mechanical strain, allowing fiber optic cables to act as efficient leak detection sensors. Purpose-made fiber optic cables may be expensive, but telecommunication grade cables generally have a low cost and are readily available around the world. This paper investigates the performance of five different fiber optic cables, including communication grade fiber optic cables, to act as leak detection sensors in unsaturated ground. It was found that the most efficient leak detection sensors are flexible tight-buffered fiber optic cables.

Research on the staggered battery thermal management system based on air distribution pipes

Addressing the issues of temperature rise and inconsistent temperature uniformity in traditional staggered air-cooled battery thermal management systems, a novel cooling strategy based on air distribution pipes is proposed. By utilizing these pipes, cooling air is better distributed throughout the battery module, thereby compensating for the shortcomings of traditional structures in terms of cooling air distribution. Meanwhile, by taking advantage of the staggered arrangement, the problems of additional volume and complex piping that are commonly caused by the use of air distribution pipes are avoided, thus effectively making up for the shortcomings of the two methods. The results demonstrate that this design offers significant advantages over traditional structures. Based on this foundation, an optimization analysis has been conducted on the structural parameters of the air distribution device and those of the battery module. The findings reveal that when the module's air outlet is positioned directly above, with an outlet radius of 6.5 mm, a battery spacing of 2 mm, an air distribution pipe outlet size of 5?10 mm2, and an angle between adjacent outlets of the air pipe of 40?, the BTMS exhibits optimal temperature performance. Specifically, Under the optimal configuration of structural parameters, when the charge/discharge rate reaches 2C, the maximum temperature of the battery module is 37.81?C the maximum temperature is reduced by 2.47?C compared to the traditional structure, while the temperature difference is decreased by 74.5%.

Performance investigation of installed Pico-Hydro power using maximum power point tracking based on incremental conductance algorithm in solar water pumped storage system

The Solar Water Pumped Storage System (SWPS) has been gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution to address water supply challenges in areas with abundant solar radiation. The potential energy stored in SWPS is harnessed by converting it into electrical energy through the installed pico-hydro power (picoHP) within the SWPS distribution pipe system. PicoHP performance depended on the flow rate and water pressure, which could not be naturally controlled, leading to low reliability in picoHP generation. This research aimed to optimize picoHP performance through engineering changes in pipe diameter and voltage regulation using a SEPIC MPPT circuit based on the Incremental Conductance (INC) algorithm. The parameters affecting the voltage and current of the picoHP were the water level in the tank and the choice of pipe adapter type based on changes in pipe diameter. The SEPIC MPPT circuit with the INC algorithm began operating when the input voltage from the picoHP reached 7.56 V, resulting in an output voltage of 11.2 V with a duty cycle (D) = 25%. This indicated a delay in the operation of the SEPIC MPPT with the INC algorithm due to the computational process, which did not respond quickly when the input voltage from the picoHP started to decrease. The electrical energy generated by the picoHP through the SEPIC MPPT circuit successfully charged the battery through the BMS module.

Modifikasi Algoritma Edmonds Karp untuk Menentukan Aliran Maksimum Pada Jaringan Distribusi Air PDAM (Studi Kasus Jaringan Telaga Sari PDAM Giri Menang Mataram)

Clean water is the main and basic need for humans which is of concern to the government. Distribution network system is a very important part to delivering water to all consumers. The lack of water discharge distribution in several areas, especially at the end of the pipeline service, is cause by not optimal water distribution, the flow rate of sorce and leak in pipeline effect. This research has to analyze the optimal network model and determine the maximum flow rate from the PDAM pipeline using modified Edmonds Karp algorithm. Modified Edmonds Karp algorithm is a method for calculating maximum flow of a network. Based on analysis of modified Edmonds Karp algorithm there is a less efficient us of pipe in PDAM network and result of maximum flow from the network is 202,30 liter/second. This means it can be adding flow discharge to the water distribution pipe by PDAM for expedite the flow to consumer with the addition of flow should not exceed 202,30 liter/second.

Kajian Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih Berdasarkan Indikator Debit dan Tekanan Air Kpspams Kuro Sejahtera 1, Desa Kuro Kabupaten Oki

The clean water distribution system is generally a piping network consisting of a system of pipes, pumps, reservoirs and other equipment. With the existing treatment system and piping network system, the management in this case KPSPAMS Kuro Sejahtera 1 is expected to be able to meet the clean water needs of the community in Kuro Village, Pampangan District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the analysis of the clean water network for the village. It is hoped that the determination of the right analysis will serve the community well in terms of clean water needs for the development stage in Kuro Village, simulate the clean water distribution pipe network in Kuro Village using EPANET 2.0 software, and compare the results of the simulation of the clean water distribution pipe network using EPANET software. 2.0 with the results of the distribution pipeline system planning for the current condition. From the calculation results, it is found that the average daily requirement of 0.89 L/second is sufficient for the water production of KPSPAMS Kuro Sejahtera 1 which produces water of 1.9 L/second. Based on the simulation results, the pressure value for the peak hour of water usage is at 07.00 WIB, and the highest pressure is 11.90m while the lowest pressure is 0.11m.
 
 

ANALISA KEHILANGAN PANAS SECARA KONDUKSI PADA SALURAN STEAM (PIPA) DARI TURBIN KE BACK PRESSURE VESSEL (BPV) PADA PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT (PKS) KAPASITAS 45 TON/JAM

The Palm Oil Factory (PKS) is a factory that operates to process Fresh Fruit Bunches/FFB into several products, the main products of the palm oil factory are Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). This research aims to measure temperature temperature in the distribution pipe between the turbine and the back pressure vessel which uses the observation method by observing directly. The results of this research show that on T1 on the first day the temperature was 161.5°C, on the second day there was a fairly low temperature drop at 142°C, on T2 it was not far from T1, on T3 there was a decrease in temperature in the boiler and at T4 there is a fairly low decrease and increase in temperature. Researcher Manarik concluded that a decrease in temperature between the distribution pipe between the turbine and the Back Pressure Vessel is a common occurrence in palm oil mills, and this can affect the operational efficiency and performance of the mill. Therefore, this research aims to determine the loss of heat energy. by conduction in the steam distribution pipe entitled "Analysis of Heat Loss by Conduction in the Steam Channel (Pipe) from the Turbine to the Back Pressure Vessel in a Palm Oil Mill (PKS) with a Capacity of 45 Tons/Hour"

Investigation on performance and refrigerant distribution of plate evaporator under lower heat flux conditions

Refrigerant distribution among channels plays an important role on performance of plate evaporator, especially under low heat flux conditions. Behaviors of plate evaporator under low heat flux condition are comprehensively and experimentally investigated based on distribution pipe solution in this paper. Influences of orifice diameter do, orifice pitch dp and injection orientation φ are figured out on overall heat transfer coefficient (HTC), refrigerant distribution, and superheat oscillation. Results show that do significantly affects evaporator performance compared to dp and φ. The HTC can be improved by 30 % with do deceasing from 1.0 mm to 0.6 mm. φ obviously influences distribution when do ≥ 0.7 mm and such effect is diluted at small orifice diameter. Two categories of distribution profiles are observed: rear flooded – front starved shape for the orientation of -45° and rear starved -front flooded shape for -90°. Refrigerant distribution is dramatically improved when do = 0.6 mm and φ = -45°. Superheat oscillation shows strongly relevant to refrigerant distribution and affects plate evaporator performance distinguishedly. Pressure drop over the orifice is absolutely dominant in total pressure drop of plate evaporator. Flow coefficient of distribution pipe,α is defined and α can be considered as a constant value of 1.15×10−3 for predicting pressure drop and guiding distribution pipe design. The upper and lower deviations between calculated values and test data are within ±8.7 %.

Treatment of greywater using banana peel, corn cob and orange peel as major filter media- a review

Water isthe most important element required for the existence of all living beings on earth. As the population increases, water demand also increases. About 75-80% of water through distribution pipe reaches the sewer as waste water. So it is a need of mankind to recycle and reuse waste water. The domestic water (Grey Water from TIST campus) from household can be treated and can be used for irrigation rather than disposing into river. This paper focus on grey water filtration using Banana Peel, Orange Peel and Corn cob as a filter media. All are good natural absorbent which can remove excess nutrients suspended solids and can even remove pollutants and sediments from wastewater. Orange peel is a great biosorbent. The orange peels biosorbent is one of the best biosorbent for removal of ammonia and nitrate present in water. Banana peels are capable of adsorbing various metals and other pollutants present in industrial waste waters, provided the peels are pre-treated with proper surface-activeagents. Corn cobs have the efficiency to adsorb contaminants from grey water. The purpose of this paper is Treatment of Greywater using Banana Peel, Orange Peel and Corn cob as major filter media.

Design of Clean Water Booster Pump for High-Rise Buildings

A sanitary system is a supporting component designed to meet the clean water requirements of a building, primarily for sanitation activities. The average sanitary equipment used typically requires a shower pressure of ±1 Bar. However, the shower pressure can be significantly affected by factors such as the distance from the top tank and the building's layout, considering only the pressure due to gravity. To address inadequate shower pressure, an auxiliary pump known as a booster pump is necessary. The need for a booster pump is determined by the cumulative demand from plumbing equipment, where the total capacity required is 6057 liters/hour. To address this demand, the system employs two pump units, each with a capacity of 3 m3/hour. The distribution pipes utilized in the system adhere to established standards and are made of random polypropylene with a diameter of 2 inches and a flow rate of 0.005889 m3/second. The overall head loss resulting from this installation amounts to 31.62 meters. To accommodate the booster system, a pressure tank with a capacity of 67 liters is employed. The minimum working pressure required for the pumps is 1.8 Bar.

Features of Press Distribution of Pipes in the Manufacturing of Heat Exchangers by Creating Press Connections with an Elastic Element

Features of Press Distribution of Pipes in the Manufacturing of Heat Exchangers by Creating Press Connections with an Elastic Element

Design and Implementation of Unidirectional Flushing in Water Distribution Pipe System at Emily Homes Cabantian, Davao City

Design and Implementation of Unidirectional Flushing in Water Distribution Pipe System at Emily Homes Cabantian, Davao City

Effect of Undercrossing Shield Tunnels Excavation on Existing Rectangular Pipe-Jacking Tunnels

Shield tunneling underneath existing rectangular pipe jacking can often lead to uneven settling. To solve the problem of excessive deformation of the existing underground pedestrian passages, excavated via the rectangular pipe-jacking method due to the adjacent shield tunnels construction beneath, a safety control plan has been proposed based on the shield tunnels constructed beneath a well-type underground pedestrian passage in Hohhot Subway. This plan involves the use of both numerical simulations and on-site monitoring to investigate the deformation patterns of the rectangular pipe jacking. The results suggest that the combined approach of interlayer soil grouting and steel support reinforcement is not only appropriate but also feasible for on-site implementation. It can be concluded that interlayer soil grouting for reinforcement was applied successfully to improve the strength of surrounding soils. Steel support reinforcement is advantageous for controlling the relative deformation between pipe segments. The maximum settlement induced by the shield tunneling for Passage A and Passage B was measured at 17.67 mm and 10.08 mm, respectively, with the final settlement distribution of the rectangular pipe jacking taking on a “W” shape. This study could provide a reference for the design and construction of shield tunnels that undercross existing rectangular pipe-jacking tunnels.

The interaction between extracellular polymeric substances and corrosion products in pipes shaped different bacterial communities and the effects of micropollutants

There are growing concerns over the effects of micropollutants on biofilms formation and antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) transmission in drinking water distribution pipes. However, there was no reports about the influence of the interaction between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and corrosion products on biofilms formation. Our results indicated that the abundance of quorum sensing (QS)-related genes, polysaccharide and amino acids biosynthesis genes of EPS was 6747–8055 TPM, 2221–2619 TPM, and 1461–1535 TPM in biofilms of cast iron pipes, respectively, which were higher than that of stainless steel pipes. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis of attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR–FTIR) results indicated that polysaccharide of EPS was more easily adsorbed onto the corrosion products of cast iron pipes. Therefore, more human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) carrying ARGs were formed in biofilms of cast iron pipes. The amide I and amide II components and phosphate moieties of EPS were more susceptible to the corrosion products of stainless steel pipes. Thus, more bacteria genera carrying mobile genetic elements (MGE)-ARG were formed in biofilms of stainless steel pipes due to more abundance of QS-related genes, amino acids biosynthesis genes of EPS and the functional genes related to lipid metabolism. The enrichment of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and sulfadiazine (SUL) in corrosion products induced upregulation of QS and EPS-related genes, which promoted bacteria carrying different ARGs growth in biofilms, inducing more microbial risks.

The Results Comparison of Numerical and Analytical Methods for Electric Potential on Rectangular Pipes

Two methods can be used to solve the problem of electric potential distribution in a rectangular pipe: numerical and analytical. The analytical solution is obtained using the Laplace equation and the given boundary conditions to complete the solution in the form of a linear combination of sinusoidal and hyperbolic functions. While the numerical solution is obtained using the finite difference method in the Python programming language. The comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions shows that the two have a good fit. This can be seen from the graph of the electric potential distribution in the rectangular pipe produced by the two methods. Numerical solutions obtained using the finite difference method in the Python programming language provide accurate and efficient results in solving the problem of the electric potential distribution in rectangular pipes. The use of the first four terms in the analytical method and the selection of 4 observation points on the pipe, namely points A (3.33, 1.67), B (3.33, 3.34), C (6.67, 1.67), and D (6.67, 3.34) produces a difference in the electric potential value between analytical and numerical methods each point is 35.91%, 51.96%, 51.96%, and 35.91%. The value difference between analytical and numerical methods will be smaller if more terms are taken in the analytical calculation, and more observation points are considered on the pipe.

A quantitative analysis on the influence of temperature on head loss along PVC pipe and the choice of pipe diameter

PVC pipe is widely used in engineering. For instance, it can be used to transport hot water. However, in the process of transmission, a certain head loss will be produced, and the cost problem will be considered in the choice of pipe diameter [1]. Through the controlling of variable, this paper introduces and deduces the formula used to calculate the influence of temperature on head loss. By listing the results and making a graph after calculation, the influence of temperature parameter change on the head loss of PVC pipe is explored, and a reasonable pipe diameter selection scheme is discussed. The formulas and parameters used in this paper are all from the research of other scholars and experts. The results show that the head loss in PVC pipe decreases gradually and stably with the increase of temperature. In addition, with the increase of pipe diameter, the head loss will be reduced, the power consumption of the pump will be reduced, but the material cost will be increased. In conclusion, the water temperature can be increased in a certain range to reduce the head loss. When the distance of pipe distribution is short, a larger pipe diameter can be selected to reduce the power consumption cost. For longer distances, smaller pipe diameters can be selected to reduce material costs.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pelumasan saat Kegagalan Sistem Kelistrikan (Black Out) pada Kompresor Boil Off Gas (K-6801) pada Fasilitas LNG Hub

The lube oil system in the compressor plays an important role for any rotating equipment because it functions to provide lubrication against the effects of friction on various rotating equipment. This overhead tank works by gravity to distribute lubricating oil from operating speed to zero rpm. The large volume of lube oil provides lubrication to the compressor bearings when the normal circulating flow from the pump stops and is assisted by the backup flow from the overhead tank. The purpose of this approach is to calculate the need for lubrication when an electrical fault occurs in the Boil-off Gas compressor (K-6801). Based on the results of analysis and calculations where the Boil-Off Gas Compressor (K-6801) is the object of observation, the amount of lubricating oil needed for the remaining rounds is 1885 liters while the amount of lubricating oil available in the field is 1528,286 liters. From the calculation results, 1528,286 liters is sufficient based on the reference API Standard 614 edition 4, chapter 2, Section 1.4.10.2 because it has exceeded the 20% reduction from 1885 liters, namely 1508 liters. The height of the overhead tank that is suitable for flowing lubricating oil to the compressor bearings is 5.2588 meters above the compressor with a distribution pipe diameter of 3 inches and an orifice bore diameter of 1 inches.

Investigating the Susceptibility of Tunnel Erosion in Southern Nigeria using Integrated Geophysical Methods

There has been a growing incidence of soil subsidence in various regions of Anambra State, located in southern Nigeria. These subsidence events primarily stem from the formation of natural tunnels or soil pipes within the subsurface. To delve deeper into this issue, the present study employed two geophysical techniques, namely the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method and the Electric Resistivity Method utilizing the Dipole-Dipole array. These methods were utilized to investigate the characteristics and spatial distribution of soil pipes at two specific sites: Awka Site 1 and Awka Site 2, both situated within Anambra State, Nigeria. Four profiles with transverse lengths of 100 m and 5 m spacing were surveyed. On each profile, the inphase and outphase were collected using the Abem Wadi Meter after a confirmed connection to the external satellite, while nine dipole-dipole profiles were carried on the same location. Four profiles with transverse lengths of 100 m and 5 m spacing were surveyed (Figures 3 and 4). The data analysis from the VLF-EM survey reveals that a significant portion (80%) of the low conducting zones observed in the pseudosection originates from the top of the profile, indicating a downward trend in the formation of soil piping. The VLF-EM result also inferred that the subsurface voids in the study areas extend vertically downward up to 10 meters, with an average horizontal extension exceeding 0.5 meters. This highlights the extensive spatial reach of the subsurface voids and emphasizes their potential impact on the surrounding environment. The dipole-dipole survey conducted in the study area identified six distinct structures, with the eroded formation being particularly noteworthy. This structure, characterized by resistivity ranging from 1200–30000 Ωm, plays a significant role in creating favorable conditions for soil piping. Furthermore, the presence of strong dispersive soils increases the likelihood of soil piping occurrences within this structure.

Modified Iwate kiln for production of good quality charcoal and high volume of wood vinegar

The modified Iwate kiln size is 3 m in length and 1.7 m in height. Refractory brick, red clay brick, and cement were used to construct the kiln. The modified Iwate kiln is different from the general Iwate kiln in terms of an added part, i.e., a heat distribution pipe installed inside the kiln. The steel pipe plays an important role in heat flow in the kiln. The cylindrical-shaped pipe has slots at the top and the bottom part for heat to pass from the heat source to biomass. The heat distribution inside the kiln was monitored by thermometers at six positions in three different zones of the kiln, i.e., the front part, the middle part, and the back part. The result showed that all three parts provided the same temperatures, both on the top and bottom parts of the kiln. Bamboo and mango wood were used to test the kiln efficiency of charcoal production. Using 1684 kg of bamboo, the output was 292 kg of bamboo charcoal and 909 kg of crude bamboo vinegar; mango wood charcoal production used 2984 kg of mango wood, producing 550 kg of mango wood charcoal and 1212 kg of crude mango wood vinegar. Both types of charcoal have good quality, with a heat value of 31 MJ/kg. The energy conversion efficiency of the modified Iwate kiln was 41–45 %.