Distribution Pipeline Network Research Articles

DIGITAL CADASTRE FOR POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE

Water is one of the most important natural resources, and as a resource to any nation, it should be well-planned, developed, conserved, distributed, and managed. Its infrastructure should also be properly maintained to avoid future water problems. This project sought to evaluate the water infrastructure in Lokoja with a focus on identifying areas requiring improvement. The scope of the study encompassed mapping the primary water pipeline distribution network and gathering geometric and attribute data concerning storage tanks and reservoirs within the designated area. Employing a combination of remote sensing and ground survey techniques, data was collected and utilized to generate a detailed spatial distribution map illustrating the major water supply networks and reservoirs. ArcGIS 10.2 was utilized for data processing and analysis, with the 3D analyst tool utilized to generate an elevation map and ascertain optimal site selection for gravity reservoir placement. The outcomes of the analysis included a visual representation of major pipeline connections, the precise location of tanks and reservoirs, and a comprehensive database containing both location and attribute information for these structures within the study area. The study findings revealed a pressing need for enhancing maintenance practices for water reservoir tanks, as a significant portion were found to be in substandard condition. Additionally, the study highlighted the necessity for pipeline extension to incorporate newly developed suburban areas within the study vicinity. The collated data serves as a pivotal resource for informed decision-making regarding the establishment of new reservoirs and the expansion of existing pipeline networks. Overall, this...

Study on the Influence of Hydrogen Blended Transportation on the Safety of Existing X70 Steel in Gas Distribution Pipeline Network

Coal to gas is one of the natural gas sources utilized in Beijing, with a hydrogen blend concentration range from 1% to 3% and reaching up to 5% in specific cases. In order to evaluate the safety of transporting hydrogen blended natural gas with X70 pipeline steel in distribution pipelines, this study first conducted the slow strain rate tensile tests under a total pressure of 4 MPa in hydrogen environment. The results show that X70 steel exhibits highly sensitive to a hydrogen blending ratio of 5%. Subsequently, four types of hydrogen compatibility tests were conducted in the above sensitive hydrogen partial pressure include the impact toughness test, fracture toughness test, fatigue crack growth test, and fastening disk pressure test. The findings demonstrated that hydrogen blended natural gas has virtual no effect on the impact and fracture toughness, with only 10% reduction in fatigue crack growth threshold. Finally, based on fatigue life analysis by fracture mechanics evaluation, it can be concluded that the existing natural gas pipe of X70 steel is capable to operate safely over 40 years under a total pressure of 4 MPa with a hydrogen blend concentration of 5%.

Kajian Kehilangan Air pada Perencanaan District Meter Area PDAM Kota Pasuruan

Water loss that occurred in the service area of the Pleret 1 Reservoir managed by PDAM Pasuruan City from January to November was 42.92%. The highest water loss occurred in January of 46.85% and the lowest in May of 33.43%. This is still very far from the standard 20%. The current condition of the Pasuruan City PDAM distribution pipeline network is that all systems are connected to each other, so that there are no separate systems. Efforts that can be made by PDAM Kota Pasuruan to reduce water loss and interconnection networks are to isolate the piping network by establishing a DMA (District Area Meter). Formation of DMA requires hydrolysis modeling simulation of distribution pipeline network using Epanet 2.2 software. Besides using Epanet 2.2 software, Quantum GIS 3.16.16 software is needed to create a pipeline. The validity test in the field uses the discharge parameter with a correlation coefficient between EPANET and field discharge data obtained at 0.61. The formation of DMA with good results to reduce air loss is by reducing air pressure, if the air pressure decreases, the air loss will be lower.

War-induced energy insecurity in Europe: what role for liquefied natural gas after the Russia’s invasion of Ukraine?

Abstract This article addresses the issue of energy insecurity in Europe arising from the Russia–Ukraine war, and Europe’s decision to ‘consciously uncouple’ from its use and reliance on Russian gas. After considering the cause and consequences of EU reliance on Russian gas, this article considers the role of floating storage and regassification units (FSRUs), vessels designed to store liquefied natural gas (LNG) until needed and then to regassify the LNG directly into the gas pipeline distribution network. This article considers FSRUs in general, and the experiences of Finland and Germany as they diversify away from Russian gas. It also considers the contribution of Croatia’s Krk Terminal in Croatian and Balkan energy security. Finally, this article considers legal issues arising from the rapid deployment of FSRUs, especially in countries with no previous experience of such hazardous facilities.

Green Energy Revolution and Substitution of Hydrocarbons with Hydrogen: Distribution Network Infrastructure Materials

Global warming is an accepted fact of life on Earth, posing grave consequences in the form of weather patterns with life-threatening outcomes for inhabitants and their cultures, especially those of island countries. These wild and unpredictable weather patterns have persuaded authorities, governments, and industrial leaders to adapt a range of solutions to combat the temperature rise on Earth. One such solution is to abandon fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) for energy generation and employ renewable energy sources, or at least use energy sources that do not generate greenhouse gases. One such energy carrier is hydrogen, which is expected to slowly replace natural gas and will soon be pumped into the energy distribution pipeline network. Since the current energy distribution network was designed for hydrocarbons, its use for hydrogen may pose some threat to the safety of urban society. This is the first time an overview article has examined the replacement of hydrocarbons by hydrogen from a totally different angle, by incorporating material science viewpoints. This article discusses hydrogen properties and warns about the issue of hydrogen embrittlement in the current pipeline network if hydrogen is to be pumped through the current energy distribution network, i.e., pipelines. It is recommended that sufficient study and research be planned and carried out to ensure the safety of using the current energy distribution network for hydrogen distribution and to set the necessary standards and procedures for future design and construction.

A Pragmatic Approach to the Economic Assessment of Green Synthetic Methane Power in the Baltics

The synthesis of methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide creates an energy resource that is suitable for long-term storage. Once this process is powered by renewable electricity, it produces a clean fuel for producing electricity and heat and supports large-scale renewable energy deployment, energy transition and climate change mitigation. This paper proposes a pragmatic approach to assessing the economic potential of synthetic methane-based power. Today, natural gas plays an important role in the Baltic region due to the existing infrastructure, which includes a transmission and distribution pipeline network, gas power plants and a large underground storage reservoir. Replacing natural gas with synthetic methane would fulfil carbon emission reduction ambitions. In this paper, we simulate electricity producers’ actions at market conditions and consider the generation portfolio in the Baltics and the interconnections with Scandinavia and Poland operating in the NORDPOOL electricity market. As a result of these calculations, we obtain the volume of the synthetic gas, the production costs, the volume of gas storage, the installed capacity of the gas power plant, and the investments required to ensure energy transition and system adequacy. These results are essential for the informed decisions made by policymakers, investors and system operators.

PLANNING OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE NETWORK AT UNIVERSITAS JAMBI KAMPUS PINANG MASAK MENDALO

In 2021 it is estimated that there are 19,836 people at Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo. One of the most important aspects to support activities in Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo is a clean water supply. This study aims to determine clean water needs, to analyse hydraulic factors such as water discharge, flow speed, water pressure, and head loss using EPANET program, and to calculate the budget required to build a water distribution pipeline system. The results of water distribution pipeline network design are clean water needs at Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo as much as 665,910 liters/day or 18.4975 liters/second and at the maximum daily needs as much as 732,500 liters/day or 20.3472 liters/second in the projected year of 2031. Analyses of hydraulic factors in the pipeline distribution system using EPANET program and manual calculation give the same results, but there are some pipe segments that do not fulfill of flow velocity standard, that are on pipe A1 = 0.15 m/s, B1 = 0.08 m/s dan pipa B2 = 0.25 m/s. The cost required to build a clean water distribution pipeline network at the Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo, is amounting Rp238,252,263.00,-

A new maximal flow algorithm for solving optimization problems with linguistic capacities and flows

The maximal flow problems (MFPs) are among the most significant optimization problems in network flow theory with widespread and diverse applications. To represent qualitative aspects of uncertainty in the maximal flow model, which asks for the largest amount of flow transported from one vertex to another, the use of linguistic variables has effective means for experts in expressing their views. In this paper, we first define trapezoidal Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (TrPFNs) along with some new arithmetic operations which cover the gaps in previously defined operations. For defuzzification of TrPFNs, we introduce a ranking procedure based on value and ambiguity indices. This work puts forward a theoretical framework for a new Pythagorean fuzzy maximal flow algorithm (PFMFA), which helps to solve different optimization problems with PF information by considering linguistic capacities and flows. The implementation of the algorithm is elaborated by considering two case studies. Firstly, we examine the maximum flow of a water distribution pipeline network in Pyigyitagon Township, Mandalay, Myanmar. Secondly, we compute maximum PF power flow in a 14-bus electricity network provided by the IEEE working group, concerning the example data from the University of Washington. The results illustrate the superiority of the proposed method and give a detailed analysis of flow connected with several practical performances. In addition, the Pythagorean fuzzy optimal flows corresponding to each network arc are compared and performance comparison of our method is investigated which shows the increasing and decreasing trends of backward and forward arcs of the network, respectively. Moreover, the runtime analysis of existing well-known maximal flow algorithms is provided. Finally, we present the advantages of our technique to promote its cogency.

The Risk Identification On 3" GL BO3-52520 Process Pipelines Using a Risk-Based Inspection Method

The oil and gas industry can contribute significantly to sustainable development by mitigating negative environmental impacts, such as equipment failure. Numerous pipeline failures have occurred due to the dramatic expansion of the oil and gas product distribution pipeline network, which is a significant factor in the offshore gas pipeline network's failure. In general, compared to other equipment types in the industry, planning inspections presents more challenges. Due to a lack of jurisdictional requirements regarding inspection intervals and piping methods. This research aims to ensure the reliability by conducting a risk assessment of the likelihood and consequences of equipment failure, mitigating the impact of that risk, and developing a more optimal inspection plan. This study is focused on API Class 5L Pipe 3" GL BO3-52520. The Routine Inspection Technique (RBI) was implemented in 2016 following the API 581 standard. This semi-quantitative approach is built based on operational data and validated inspection results. According to the risk assessment, the pipeline will have a Medium risk level, with metal losses occurring in each segment. Four years after the risk-based inspection assessment, the recommended inspection plan for gas pipelines is four years.

A SINGLE PHASE MODEL FOR ANALYZING GAS PIPELINE NETWORKS

A single phase flow model has been developed for gas distribution pipeline networks. The model is developed based on looped-system approach with some modifications. In this model, a equation of state model is implemented for predicting the gas properties required for the governing equations of the network system. By utilizing the Linear Theory Method, the Panhandle’s single phase gas flow model is implemented in this model to predict the hydrodynamic variables in each leg of the network using the iterative technique which is developed in this study. A generalization of the single phase network model is provided thereby making it possible for the single flow model used to be replaced by another one that may be more applicable for a particular situation. Using the iterative procedure developed, pressure at all nodes, gas flow rate at each leg can be predicted. The test results demonstrate that the model can serve as a predictive and design tool for solving a single phase gas flow problem in pipeline network.

Design of Natural Gas Pipeline

India today has an in depth network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of gas. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently utilized in the domestic sector similarly as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks. India today has an intensive network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of fossil fuel. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently employed in the domestic sector additionally as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks, these networks have already been founded within the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Vadodara, Firozabad, Kanpur and plenty of more such networks are planned within the near future. Given the infrastructure and layout available in typical Indian cities, it becomes difficult to make such gas distribution networks without separate corridors for competing utilities. Reckoning on pressures, flow rates and economic criteria, these networks may be constructed with steel pipes, polyethylene (PE) pipes or a hybrid PE-steel pipe system. In contrast to borehole pipelines, which stretch for miles directly through open fields, the CGD network is more complex. These are located in densely populated areas, and an oversized number of network branches meet the wants of users in several locations in an exceedingly city. Although they're much smaller long and size than background pipelines, a city's network is far more dispersed and diverse. The rise within the number of branches means over the amount of sleeves, bends, reducers, fittings, etc. within the network, with the exception of the quantity of delivery points for the availability of fossil fuel. Due to the assorted activities of third parties other city agencies, the chance of injury and accidents is even on top of the substantial pipelines. of these factors require better security systems integrated into the network and therefore the need for special preparation to manage any emergency situation.

Conceptual Design of Gas Distribution Pipeline Network for Estates in Nigeria

This work presents the conceptual design of a gas distribution pipeline network for estates in Nigeria using the University of Abuja Staff Quarters as a case study. The problem statement was the aggressive consumption of cooking gas, referred to as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), without gas pipeline networks infrastructures to homes and estates across Nigeria but relies on cylinders with its attendant danger. The methodology includes the determination of the gas demand from the average monthly gas consumption in each of the households, the elevation head, diameter of the pipelines, gas velocity, gas mass flow rate, head losses and the pressure drop analysis of series (option 1), parallel (option 2) and grid (option 3) options. The results obtained indicate that the best gas distribution design option for the trunk, reticulation and service pipelines was the grid connections to minimize investment costs with equitable pressures at service outlets. In the selected design option, the total length of the 50.8 mm diameter trunk pipelines was 19.52 m, while the total length of the 12.7 mm diameter reticulation and service pipelines were 3,223.34 m and 1,648.46 m respectively. The quantities of fittings required for the pipeline network layout were determined for an estate of 124 houses. The mass flow rates of the LPG in the 3 pipeline sections were found to be 0.39 kg/s and total head loss based on local resistance coefficients was found to be lowest in option 3 (1,568.33 m), which also has the least pressure drop of 67.84 kPa in the trunk and reticulation pipelines. It can be concluded that the optimized design could be adopted for the gas distribution pipeline network of University of Abuja staff quarters and other estates in Nigeria, with similar elevation and buildings layout.

Monitoring of Gas Distribution Pipelines Network Using Wireless Sensor Networks

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) usually consist of several wirelessly connected sensors, to accumulate the data from some geographically scattered field and communicate it to a central database. Thus WSNs become an expedient tool to monitor the widespread gas distribution network such as Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd. Pakistan. In this paper, some routing protocols performance has been investigated for gas pipeline monitoring applications. Simulated comparison of various routing protocols for WSNs deployed over gas distribution pipeline networks can give a valuable insight into the workability of the system, its performance, and other critical design parameters. The estimated lifetime of the network, node deployment for encyclopedic operation, the impact of energy harvesting from the field, and placement of the sink node at an optimal location are the key issues in the design of the WSN for pipeline network monitoring. All these issues are studied through simulation of various protocols for WSNs based upon real geographic locations of the nodes, real-world power levels and power consumptions by various processes of the wireless sensor networks. The simulations results show that DDEEC based WSN, for monitoring an actual Gas Distribution Network with a substantial quantity of nodes, can run with about 99.9% alive nodes for a benchmark period of 10 years. It was also evident from the comparison of the simulation results that the routing protocol DDEEC based system performs 0.4 to 34% better than the system based on LEACH, SEP, DEEC, and its other variants.

Impact of Additional Water Capacity from Umbulan Spring to Water Distribution System of Central Gresik and South Gresik

The service area of drinking water in Gresik is divided into three zones: Central Gresik Zone, Central Gresik Zone, and South Gresik Zone. Gresik would receive an additional flow of 1,000 l/s from Umbulan Spring in 2021 to supply the demand of Central Gresik Zone. Legundi Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and Dewata WTP are two of several WTPs that supply Central Gresik Zone’s demand. Moreover, those two aforementioned WTPs also supply Central Gresik Zone’s demand. Once there is additional water capacity from Umbulan Spring, the water capacity of those two WTPs will be allocated to supply Central Gresik Zone’s demand. Central Gresik Zone is also supplied by Drupadi WTP which supplies South Gresik Zone’s demand. The rate of drinking water service in Central Gresik Zone and South Gresik Zone has not reached 100% especially in Benjeng sub-district and Balongpanggang sub-district. Therefore, the distribution pipeline network was planned to be developed in stages starting from 2015 until 2030. Analysis result of additional capacity to existing distribution pipeline network in 2021 showed incompatibility to design criteria.

Optimum Process of Pipeline Selection in Water Distribution Network: Case Study

This research deals with a case study of clear water rising pumping main to supply drinking water in Adityapur Municipality, Jharkhand, India. Pipes are important and most cost bearing entity in a water pipeline distribution network. Hence proper selection of pipe is most challenging job to pipeline designers. This study shows about various processes involved in order to get an optimum design in respect to the selection of pipes using WaterGEMS software. A 60 MLD Subarnarekha Water Supply Scheme (WSS) is been considered where two numbers 30 MLD pumps with 40 m rated head have been proposed on the basis of two working and two standby modes to fulfill the demand of drinking water. Mainly cost variation is compared due to change in pipe diameter in relation with energy cost against this WSS. As per the data received, the inputs were incorporated and accordingly the results are interpreted. The whole considered network consists 37 pipes and 10 junctions. Various system outputs are been reflected for steady state simulations. An extended period simulation has also been carried out to compute filling time of all tanks according to their water demands. The pumping energy cost comparison is also reflected when a 1200 mm diameter of pipeline is been replaced with 1000 mm pipeline that runs for 4.173 km. This study is an effort to open up the process of cost optimization in pressure pipeline network for implementation in various water supply schemes.

Water Management in Agriculture: A Survey on Current Challenges and Technological Solutions

Water plays a crucial role in the agricultural field for food production and raising livestock. Given the current trends in world population growth, the urgent food demand that must be answered by agriculture highly depends on our ability to efficiently exploit the available water resources. Among critical issues, there is water management. Recently, innovative technologies have improved water management and monitoring in agriculture. Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing, have been used in diverse contexts in agriculture. By focusing on the water management challenge in general, existing approaches are aiming at optimizing water usage, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural crops, while minimizing the need for direct human intervention. This is achieved by smoothing the water monitoring process, by applying the right automation level, and allowing farmers getting connected anywhere and anytime to their farms. There are plenty of challenges in agriculture involving water: water pollution monitoring, water reuse, monitoring water pipeline distribution network for irrigation, drinking water for livestock, etc. Several studies have been devoted to these questions in the recent decade. Therefore, this paper presents a survey on recent works dealing with water management and monitoring in agriculture, supported by advanced technologies. It also discusses some open challenges based on which relevant research directions can be drawn in the future, regarding the use of modern smart concepts and tools for water management and monitoring in the agriculture domain.

EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF DEBIT AND PRESSURE ON NETWORK DISTRIBUTION PDAM TIRTA KAHAYAN KOTA PALANGKA RAYA

PDAM Tirta Kahayan of Palangkaraya city has a technical problem regarding with inadequate service standard (coverage level). As a result from the direct observations at the service area of PDAM Tirta Kahayan of Palangka Raya city, there were numerous public complaints related to PDAM services, especially the issue on fees, debit and distributed water pressure. Lossing water in PDAM Palangka Raya City ranges from 23% -35%. The aims of this study is to identify the condition of the pipeline distribution network of PDAM Tirta Kahayan in Palangka Raya City, to evaluate the debit distribution patterns and pressure on pipeline network of PDAM Tirta Kahayan Palangka Raya City by simulating the Epanet 2.0 program and to compare the simulation results with the exiting conditions, moreover to analyze the improvement alternatives debit and pressure on distribution piping networks. Based on the results of the simulation of Epanet 2.0 program there are still some locations that have debits and flow rates below 0.3 LPS. This is due to differences in elevation, the distance which is getting much more apart from the service source and mismatching of the pipe dimension. The improvement alternatives that have been made are by installing booster pumps in several locations that aim to increase the flow and flow velocity, continuous reservoir filling and regulation of distribution pump operation; therefore the water pressure is always maintained.

Seasonal and diurnal variations of greenhouse gases in Florence (Italy): Inferring sources and sinks from carbon isotopic ratios

In this study, the results of a continuous monitoring of (i) CO2 fluxes, and (ii) CO2 and CH4 concentrations and carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C-CO2 and δ13C-CH4) in air, carried out from 7 to 21 July 2017 and from October 10 to December 15, 2017 in the city centre of Florence, are presented. The measurements were performed from the roof of the historical building of the Ximenes Observatory. CO2 flux data revealed that the metropolitan area acted as a net source of CO2 during the whole observation period. According to the Keeling plot analysis, anthropogenic contributions to atmospheric CO2 were mainly represented by vehicular traffic (about 30%) and natural gas combustion (about 70%), the latter contributing 7 times more in December than in July. Moreover, the measured CO2 fluxes were about 80% higher in fall than in summer, confirming that domestic heating based on natural gas is the dominant CO2 emitting source in the municipality of Florence. Even though the continuous monitoring revealed a shift in the δ13C-CO2 values related to photosynthetic uptake of atmospheric CO2, the isotopic effect induced by plant activity was restricted to few hours in October and, to a lesser extent, in November. This suggests that urban planning policies should be devoted to massively increase green infrastructures in the metropolitan area in order to counterbalance anthropogenic emissions. During fall, the atmospheric CH4 concentrations were sensibly higher with respect to those recorded in summer, whilst the δ13C-CH4 values shifted towards heavier values. The Keeling plot analysis suggested that urban CH4 emissions were largely related to fugitive emissions from the natural gas distribution pipeline network. On the other hand, δ13C-CH4 monitoring allowed to recognize vehicular traffic as a minor CH4 emitting source.

Probability Propagation Method for Reliability Assessment of Acyclic Directed Networks

AbstractMany civil infrastructure systems that deliver resources from source points to sinks, e.g., power distribution and gas pipeline networks, can be described as acyclic directed networks compr...

Performance assessment of the Greater Tehran Area buried gas distribution pipeline network under liquefaction

The interconnectedness of current urban life with infrastructures urges the decision-makers to consider the resilience of urban lifeline systems as a priority. This motivates the research presented here, where the performance of a complex urban gas distribution system in a city with more than 12 million resident population is evaluated under the effects of seismic-induced liquefaction. The paper reviews the liquefaction potential in the Greater Tehran Area, and identifies the inputs for the analysis of soil-pipe interactions. The performance assessment is carried out using both numerical (finite elements analysis) and small scaled experimental assessments, for validation of the numerical models. The experimental results indicate that the numerical models are adequate for the performance evaluation of buried pipelines. The assessment shows that the buried pipelines perform well in most areas of the city, however, structural damage is expected in areas with higher seismic demands. In such areas, hands-on countermeasures are proposed to mitigate the risk of liquefaction-induced damage on the buried pipelines system. The results, methodology and procedures can be used as a framework the similar urban infrastructure risk analysis and mitigation studies.