Distribution Pipes Research Articles

Numerical study on dense-phase powder conveying in the feeding system of powder fueled ramjets

A better understanding of gas-solid flow in the pneumatic conveying of dense powders is an essential prerequisite for effective design and operation of conveying systems in powder fueled ramjets. This paper presents a resistance modified model applicable to the dense-phase powder conveying in gas-driven piston powder feeding system based on Two-Fluid Model (TFM), and the dynamic grid techniques related to the output powder mass flow rate has been applied on gas-driven piston boundary. The validity of the modified model is confirmed by comparing the predicted powder mass flow rate with data obtained from the experiment. The resistance modified model, which incorporates a comprehensive consideration of gas momentum loss by accounting for local solid fraction, interphase slip velocity, and powder diameter, is proved to significantly improve the accuracy of predicting dense powder conveyance. The features of gas-solid flow evolution in gas-driven piston powder feeding systems are numerical explored. The formation of the fluidizing gas cavity and its radial diffusion characters are studied and the influences of the total pressure of fluidizing gas on mass flow rate of powders are obtained. And choked occurs in gas-powder two-phase conveying to realize a stable propellant feeding under specific pressure ratio conditions. Moreover, pressure ratio determines pressure distribution in nozzle pipe revealing the transition of the flow pattern from core flow to annular flow corresponds directly to the pressure ratio.

Developing a hierarchical analytical process to determine the best irrigation system for date palm trees in the NENA region: the case of Iran

The NENA region faces serious challenges in achieving sustainable development due to water scarcity problems, especially in the agricultural sector. Identifying the most effective irrigation method for agricultural fields can have a positive impact on water consumption and management in this region. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical hierarchy process for determining the best irrigation system for date palm trees in the NENA region. Iran was selected as the case study, and the Expert Choice software was used. Using document studies, library and field data, and the opinions of 42 experts, the most important criteria and sub-criteria were identified. Based on the results of the evaluations, there were 39.1%, 8.9%, 21.0%, 19.9%, and 11.0% effects of technical, economic, social, operation and maintenance, and environmental criteria on selecting the suitable irrigation system, respectively. For palm fields in Khuzestan, a furrow irrigation system with low-pressure water distribution pipes was determined to be the most appropriate irrigation system. The bubbler irrigation system is the most suitable irrigation system for Bushehr. In Kerman, Sistan, and Baluchestan, bubbler and sprayer irrigation systems were introduced as the most effective irrigation systems. Using the model presented in this study, useful, comprehensive, and practical results can be obtained for evaluating and ranking irrigation systems in the NENA region and similar water-scarce arid regions. It is also suggested that a database for palm irrigation be developed in the NENA region in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development.

The Study of the Common Rail Pipe Geometrical Parameters on Fuel Flow and Fuel Pressure Characteristics

The influence of the geometric parameters of the common rail pipe on the in-rail fuel flow and pressure is a key issue in the study of high-pressure common rail systems. In this study, based on the principle of fluid dynamics, the effects of the geometric parameters of the common rail pipe inlet on the fuel flow characteristics and pressure distribution in the common rail pipe are analyzed using a combination of numerical simulation and experiment. It was found that the best pressure stabilization was achieved when the fuel inlet was conical with an angle of 120°, which indicates that both the geometry and angle of the fuel inlet have a significant effect on the fuel flow in the common rail pipe. The optimized design in this study has reduced the rail pressure fluctuation value by 3.3 MPa compared to the initial geometry parameters. It is expected to play a role in improving fuel efficiency as well as enhancing system reliability.

PENYEBAB PERBAIKAN KEBOCORAN PIPA AIR BERSIH PADA JALAN RAYA KOTA SUNGAI PENUH

Water distribution pipe is one of the most basic infrastructure of any modern organization from small villages to cities. Based on data from Perumda Tirta Khayangan, Sungai Penuh City in 2022; The level of leaks and distribution pipe repair location in the last three years has increased by 34.56% with repairs of 963 location in 2020, 1,042 location in 2021 and 865 location in 2022.The location of repairment for water distribution pipe is mostly on roads and/or across roads, causing disruption to the road and even traffic due to seepage caused when leaks occur or when repairs are carried out.Therefore, this research was carried out to determine the factors that influence the repairment of leaked piping and leaked of clean water distribution pipe on the highways of Sungai Penuh City. The method used is quantitative descriptive by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The number of respondents was 35 people.The research results show five factors that influence distribution pipe repairment, such as pipe condition and environments, pipe specifications and human resources, operations and management, as well as technical documents and coordination. Based on these five factors, it was found that the most influential factors were pipe conditions and soil conditions.

Holistic Assessment of Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of Pipe Breaks: The Case Study of Vancouver

This paper presents a holistic assessment framework for the impacts of water distribution pipe breaks to promote environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. This framework considers social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities as well as probabilities associated with pipe failure. The integration of these features provides a comprehensive approach to understanding infrastructure risks. Taking the city of Vancouver as a case study, the social vulnerability index (SVI) is obtained following the application of a cross-correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the most influential among 33 selected variables from the 2021 census of the Canadian population. The Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) is evaluated by considering the park and floodplain areas. The Economic Vulnerability Index (ECI) is derived from the replacement cost of pipes. These indices offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution of vulnerabilities (consequences) across urban areas. Subsequently, the Consequence of Failure (COF) is computed by aggregating the three vulnerabilities with equal weights. Pipe probability of failure (POF) is evaluated by a Weibull model calibrated on real break data as a function of pipe age. This approach enables a dynamic evaluation of pipe deterioration over time. Risk is finally assessed by combining COF and POF for prioritizing pipe replacement and rehabilitation, with the final objective of mitigating the adverse impacts of infrastructure failure. The findings show the significant impact of ethnicity, socioeconomic indices, and education on the social vulnerability index. Moreover, the areas close to English Bay and Fraser River are more environmentally vulnerable. The pipes with high economic vulnerability are primarily concrete pipes, due to their expensive replacement costs. Finally, the risk framework resulting from the vulnerabilities and pipe break probabilities is used to rank the Vancouver City water distribution network pipes. This ranking system highlights critical areas requiring different levels of attention for infrastructure improvements. All the pipes and corresponding risks are illustrated in Vancouver maps, highlighting that the pipes associated with a very high level of risk are mostly in the south and north of Vancouver.

Analysis of Regional Characteristics of Climate Change Factors Affecting Water Distribution Pipe Leakage

Understanding the factors behind urban water leakage is crucial for developing a sustainable climate and protecting civil infrastructure. Water leaks not only waste essential resources but also increase urban vulnerabilities to climate-induced disasters. This study investigates the teleconnection between leakage incidents and climate change indices to establish predictive insight for water management. It focuses on climate phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which significantly influence global climate dynamics, affecting temperature and precipitation in South Korea. Using Pearson correlation analysis and Granger causality tests, this research examines climate indices and leakage data across South Korea’s inland regions from 2009 to 2022. The results indicate that ENSO indices exhibit a lead time of 6 to 30 months, with significant correlations in coastal areas, particularly Chungnam (west coast) and Gyeongnam (east coast). Inland regions such as Gimcheon and Chuncheon also showed notable correlations influenced by topographical factors. The findings highlight the importance of integrating climate teleconnection indices into risk management strategies. This approach allows for targeted monitoring and predictive modeling, enabling proactive responses to water leakage risks and contributing to sustainable urban development.

I Don’t Want to Shoot up the Meth Anymore: Pipe Distribution as a Harm Reduction Service for People Who Use Methamphetamine

Background Methamphetamine use is disproportionately high in rural settings, with rates increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. While syringe service programs reduce disease transmission among people who inject drugs, limited research exists around the value of smoking equipment, specifically pipes, in minimizing harms associated with rural methamphetamine use. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with people who use methamphetamine in rural southern Illinois. Inclusion criteria involved methamphetamine use in the past 30 days. Interview guides explored attitudes and behaviors regarding pipe use practices and pipe access. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded. The data were analyzed for emergent themes using a sequential, deductive process. Results Nineteen participants, average age 37.1 (SD + 8.7), were interviewed. 53% were women, and 89% were white. All reported smoking methamphetamine, and 84% reported injecting. Participants reported engaging in smoking instead of injection to decrease wounds, pain, and infections. Smoking enabled some to use socially as opposed to alone, as was typically the case when they injected. Participants expressed interest in pipe distribution through a harm reduction agency. They shared that, were a harm reduction agency to distribute pipes, it would connect people to other services such as HIV testing, naloxone, and safer sex supplies. Conclusions Pipe distribution may function as a harm reduction strategy by decreasing injection and solitary drug use and linking patients to additional services. Given disproportionate methamphetamine use in rural regions, this intervention could specifically address drug-related harms that impact rural populations.

Heat Transfer Mechanism Study of an Embedded Heat Pipe for New Energy Consumption System Enhancement

Aiming at the demand for new energy consumption and mobile portable heat storage, a gravity heat pipe with embedded structure was designed. In order to explore the two-phase heat transfer mechanism of the embedded heat pipe, CFD numerical simulation technology was used to study the internal two-phase flow state and heat transfer process of the embedded heat pipe under different working conditions. The evolution law of the internal working medium of the heat pipe under different working conditions was obtained. With the increase in heating power, it is easier to form large bubbles and large vapor slugs inside the heat pipe. When the heating power increases to a certain extent, the shape of the vapor slugs can no longer be maintained at the bottom of the adiabatic section, and the vapor slugs begin to break and merge, forming local annular flow. When the filling ratio (FR) is relatively low, the bubble is easy to break through the liquid level and rupture, unable to form a vapor slug. With the increase in FR, the possibility of projectile flow and annular flow in the heat pipe increases. Under the same heating power, the temperature uniformity of the heat pipe becomes stronger with the increase in heating time. The velocity distribution in the heat pipe is affected by the FR. The heating power has almost no effect on the distribution of the velocity field inside the heat pipe, but the maximum velocity is different. At an FR of 30%, there are two typical velocity extremes in the tube near positions of 120 mm and 160 mm, respectively, and the velocity in the tube is basically unchanged above a position of 200 mm. There are also multiple velocity extremes at an FR of 70%, with the maximum velocity occurring near 240 mm.

Impact of stormwater on biofilm density and microbial community composition in water distribution networks.

Harvesting of stormwater and injecting it into aquifers for storage and recovery during high water demand periods is a promising technology for augmenting conventional water reserves. However, little has been known on how stormwater impacts the biofouling of water distribution infrastructure. This study evaluated the effect on harvested and limestone aquifer treated stormwater on biofilm formation in a pilot distribution pipe network compared to an identical drinking water pipe rig. Coupons made of cement, copper and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe materials were installed to each pipe rig and exposed to stormwater or drinking water. The total cell counts determined by flow cytometry on the pilot rig coupons were in the order of 105 to 107 cells/cm2 for both source waters and showed some variation over the duration of the study. The culturable cell counts were somewhat higher for stormwater exposed coupons than for coupons in mains water rig. The total number of thermotolerant coliforms was notably higher on coupons exposed to stormwater than on those exposed to mains water. Considerable differences were observed in the bacterial and eukaryotic communities on coupons made of various materials and exposed to mains water and stormwater using pyrosequencing. Moreover, seasonal variations were observed in community composition and diversity. A number of bacterial and eukaryotic families and genera harbouring potential human pathogens were detected in both mains water and stormwater systems, with larger numbers of genera observed in the latter indicating a potentially increased risk of exposure to pathogens with stormwater. The stormwater system also harboured sulfur reducers, and a greater diversity of iron oxidisers. A number of bacterial genera that contribute to nitrogen cycling were observed in both mains water and stormwater systems. A number of bacteria grazing eukaryotes were detected, indicating that the biofilm communities are quite dynamic and the abundance of bacteria is able to support higher level eukaryotes.

Numerical study of Mg(OH)2/MgO thermochemical heat storage reactor coupled with parabolic dish solar system

Systems coupling Mg(OH)2/MgO thermochemical reactor with parabolic dish solar collector (PDSC) have a potential application prospect in solar seasonal heat storage. However, their working mechanism has not been systematically studied and not well understood either. In this study, Mg(OH)2-based thermochemical reactor, which was coupled with PDSC, was numerically studied for the first time using a three-dimensional model. The various working conditions and influencing factors of PDSC system were investigated, and a comprehensive analysis and optimization for the heat storage performance of the reactor such as the reaction time and energy storage rate were conducted. Effects of the fluid inflow temperature, velocity, and fluid pipe distribution on heat storage performance were also unfolded. For instance, when the heating pipe was arranged at 70 mm from the central axis, the reaction time was 15.9 % less than that of evenly arranged at R/2 from the center. Moreover, fins were added to the reactor and the fin shape was optimized using the density-based topology optimization method. It was found that the reaction time was reduced by 42.4 % and was only 12614 s.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Groundwater in Bathindi, Jammu, (J&K)

This Paper has been made in order to examine the “Physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of groundwater in Bathindi, Jammu, (J&K)”. Water is life’s matter and matrix, mother and medium (Saxena and Saxena, 2015). Water is a key component in determining the quality of our lives. Although water covers about 70 percent of the earth’s total surface, only 0.3% of it can be used by humans (Sabo and Christopher, 2014; Tiimub et al., 2012). Water is one of the basic needs of life and essential for survival (Das et al., 2014). Water is a vital component in socio-economic life of people (Shankar et al., 2014). The present analytical study of water samples evinces that the quality of water vis-à-vis various physico-chemical and biological parameters are within the permissible limits except for the parameters like TDS, Calcium and Total Hardness which have exceeded the desirable limits compared with National and international standards. According to standards recommended by British Ministry of Health (1957), the water quality comes under the category of satisfactory except for 2nd and 4th (Tubewell, Home and Tap), 1st, and 6th (Home and Tap), 7th (Tubewell) and 8th (Tubewell and Tap) readings. The total coliform count observed also exceeded the permissible limits, indicates that there is entry of sewage and soil sediments in the distribution pipes.

Survey Analysis Of Real Demand Of The Non Customer Community In Perumda Tirtauli Pematangsiantar City

This research aims to find out the real demand survey of the non-customer community of Perumda Tirta Uli, Pematang Siantar City, as well as to find out the reasons why they are not willing to register as customers of the company. The research design is a descriptive method with an in-depth survey. Data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews and documentaries. Data analysis techniques with stages of data tabulation, data compilation, data analysis of demand factors, supply, socio-economics, customer willingness to pay for water and customer ability to pay water bills. The research results concluded: (1) the reason people were not willing to register as customers was because from the start they had used drilled wells (35%), because installation costs were high (19%), and distribution pipes were far away (6%). while the percentage of reasons for the water not being clear is low (6%), water distribution is often jammed (16%) and the reason for not being able to pay is only (14%). non-customers who have never applied for installing a water connection pipe (92.06%), only 7.94% have applied but it was canceled. It is recommended that the use of drilled wells must be controlled by the regional government through public awareness outreach and/or the issuance of Regional Regulations, so that underground water extraction (ABT) is not excessive

Analysis of Existing Area, Clean Water Treatment, and Distribution Network Evaluation in Nagari Magek, Agam Regency, West Sumatra

Nagari Magek Village in Agam Regency, West Sumatra, faces significant challenges in managing clean water resources. To address these challenges comprehensively, a holistic approach is essential, involving through area analysis, water treatment, and evaluation of distribution networks to ensure efficient and equitable water distribution. It is crucial to adhere to the principles of water resource conservation, utilization, and management as stipulated in Law Number 17 of 2019 on water resource management, which must be observed to ensure legal clarity in water management practices. The community service team handles clean water problems in Nagari Magek by designing a clean water treatment system that includes aeration, sedimentation, and filtration units. This process improves water quality by reducing yellowish color and eliminating unpleasant odors. However, the capacity of the treatment plant is not able to meet the increasing water demand, while the galvanized pipe distribution network has not been functioning optimally. Based on simulations using EPANET 2.2 software, it was found that the water flow speed in the pipes was still below the optimal range due to the diameter of the pipes being too large. The solution applied was to increase the processing discharge to 10 L/s (0,01 m3/s), which succeeded in increasing the flow rate according to the regulatory criteria. This recommendation improves the efficiency of the distribution system and ensures better water quality for the people in Nagari Magek.

Analysis of the Effect of PWHT on the Corrosion Test of API 5L X65 Material in Submerged Arc Welding

This research discusses the method of making distribution pipes using the Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) welding process, especially for pipes with spiral connections. The material used is API 5L X65. SAW pipes with spiral joints are more commonly used for low-pressure piping systems. However, in certain cases, the production of SAW pipes for Sour Service distribution requires special treatment. Sour Service pipes have a high level of corrosion and residual stress, so Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) is required to prevent Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC). HIC occurs due to the absorption and accumulation of hydrogen gas in the metal, causing the formation and growth of cracks, which is also influenced by residual stress. PWHT is applied to reduce residual stress to reduce the risk of corrosion. PWHT is a process to change the structure of the weld metal by heating the metal at a certain temperature and time. This research shows that variations in PWHT temperature produce an average residual stress that is not much different with less difference than 2%, In corrosion testing with the HIC method shows crack evidence but is still satisfactory NACE MR0175 criteria for pipe PWHT temperature variation conditions

Impacts of blending advanced treated water and traditional groundwater supply on lead and copper concentrations and microbial diversity in premise plumbing

In response to stresses on water demands, some regions augment conventional drinking water sources with alternative water supplies such as desalinated seawater and reclaimed wastewater. The advanced treatment of wastewater by reverse osmosis, microfiltration, and advanced oxidation processes can produce high quality water for potable uses. However, if not appropriately stabilized, the resulting water can be corrosive to metal-based distribution pipes and plumbing materials. We conducted long-term premise plumbing pipe loop experiments with copper pipes containing lead solder to test the impact of the introduction of advanced treated water on the water quality. Advanced treated water (ATW) originally at low pH (<7) and low alkalinity (<10 mg/L as CaCO3) was stabilized with a calcite contactor before being blended with baseline ground water (BLW). The effects of percentages of ATW on the release of lead and copper and on the changes in the microbial diversity were monitored. Experiments monitored metal release from pipes receiving (1) only BLW, (2) a series of blends of BLW and ATW that gradually increased from 25 % to 100 % ATW, and (3) an abrupt switch from BLW to 100 % ATW. Introducing 100 % ATW dramatically increased lead release and simultaneously decreased copper release. Pipe scale analysis showed that the introduction of ATW had destabilized sulfate-containing pipe scales, which exposed the copper pipe surface to galvanic corrosion. The dissolution of scale material was associated with a significant decrease in sulfate concentration in the 100 % ATW which was in agreement with theoretical solubility calculations. The impact of blending ATW on microbial diversity was studied via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The composition of the microbial communities changed significantly after water was in contact with the copper pipes in experiments with both BLW and ATW. The type of water recirculating in the pipes affected the structure of the microbial community. The results from this study can be useful for water utilities that are considering potable reuse as they develop strategies to mitigate any adverse impacts of water quality changes.

Structure Equation Model for Costs and Benefits of Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation in Reactive Maintenance

Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair leaks or perform reactive maintenance. Far too many pipes need to be rehabilitated compared to the available budget. This research will develop an optimization model for selecting rehabilitated pipes under reactive maintenance conditions, which has never been performed before. The selection of pipe segments to be rehabilitated must be optimal to obtain maximum benefits using minimum costs. The variables that influence rehabilitation costs and benefits and the relationship between these variables need to be known to optimize the selection. The influencing variables and their model structure were obtained from literature reviews and surveys of respondents with sufficient experience in water pipe network management. These influential variables have varying characteristics. Data processing and analysis uses the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method with a formative–formative measurement model. In total, 22 variables were found to be valid and significantly influenced the cost and benefits of rehabilitation. The analysis results are a structural model of the relationship between variables that influence the costs and benefits of rehabilitation in reactive maintenance with a limited budget, which can be used to optimize rehabilitation models.

Enhancement of a heat pump's efficiency COP operating on the water-soil principle

AbstractGeothermal energy is increasingly promising for residential use due to rising energy costs and environmental awareness. This work experimentally examines the impact of pipe distribution on the heat pump's performance at varying temperatures for both the incoming water and the ground. The pipes are buried in the soil, distributing them on layers of varying depths up to a depth of 2 m, separated by insulating layers. The quantities of heat gained in the evaporator and released in the condenser are calculated to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump. It was found that at the same temperature, the total heat loss in the soil is larger in the case of water entering from the bent pipe towards the great depth compared to water entering from the direct pipe, but the heat gain is larger in the case of water entering from the direct one.

Co-selective effect of dissolved organic matter and chlorine on the bacterial community and their antibiotic resistance in biofilm of drinking water distribution pipes

The proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the biofilm of drinking water distribution pipes poses a serious threat to human health. This work adopted 15 polyethylene (PE) pipes to study the co-selective effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chlorine on the bacterial community and their antibiotic resistance in biofilm. The results indicated that ozone and granular activated carbon (O3-GAC) filtration effectively removed lignins and proteins from DOM, and chlorine disinfection eliminated carbohydrate and unsaturated hydrocarbons, which both contributed to the inhibition of bacterial growth and biofilm formation. After O3-GAC and disinfection treatment, Porphyrobacter, unclassified_d_bacteria, and Sphingopyxis dominated in the biofilm bacterial community. Correspondingly, the bacterial metabolism pathways, including the phosphotransferase system, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and starch and sucrose metabolism, were downregulated significantly (p < 0.05), compared to the sand filtration treatment. Under such a situation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion was inhibited in biofilm after O3-GAC and disinfection treatment, postponing the interaction between EPS protein and pipe surface, preventing bacteria, especially pathogens, from adhering to the pipe surface to form biofilm, and restraining the spread of ARGs. This study revealed the effects of various water filtration and disinfection processes on bacterial growth, metabolism, and biofilm formation on a molecular level, and validated that the O3-GAC filtration followed by chlorine disinfection is an effective and promising pathway to control the microbial risk of drinking water.

Numerical modeling and the ultimate bending experiment of the directional drill pipes bending at the dog-leg of the multi-branch well

Directional drill pipes are prone to failure in the fish-bone branch wells. The primary cause of the directional drill pipes failure is excessive bending. This paper established a mathematical analysis model for the bending stress of the directional drill pipes at any point along its trajectory. Tested the mechanical properties of the directional drill pipe. An ultimate bending experiment was conducted on the directional drill pipes based on the pure bending moment theory. Additionally, a non-linear finite element model(FEM) of the directional drill pipes was established to analyze the influence of different bending loads on the stress distribution of the directional drill pipes connection. The FEM results were consistent with the results of the ultimate bending experiment. The FEM results indicate that the Box bending under transverse force is the primary cause of the failure for the Tooth top. The research results enable engineers and operators to easily obtain the stress distribution of the directional drill pipes under borehole curvature.

A multi-point leakage prediction statistical method using Bayesian inference in water distribution networks

ABSTRACT Leakage in water distribution networks (WDNs) not only leads to serious water loss and pipe contamination but also affects residents’ daily water. Accurate localization of leaks in WDN is significant to conserve water resources and reduce economic losses. However, in traditional optimization and verification methods for leak detection, factors such as modeling and pressure monitoring point errors are not taken into account, resulting in the deviation from the actual location of leaks. To address the mentioned issues, this article presents a WDN leakage probability prediction method based on Bayesian inference. The method converts the prior probability of leakage events into posterior probability. Then, by utilizing the posterior probability density function, the uncertainty of modeling and measurement errors in the hydraulic simulation model are quantified. The probability distribution of leakage pipes and leakage quantity within the leakage area is calculated, allowing for the location prediction and corresponding magnitude of leakage. The experimental results indicate that the prediction model can detect unknown quantities of leakage events. By collecting multiple sets of leakage data, it is possible to accurately predict the location and quantity of leaks, enhancing the efficiency of leakage detection in large-scale water supply networks and providing decision-making assistance for water utilities.