Distribution Pattern Of Settlements Research Articles

Historical Insights into Sustainable Development: Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ancient Trade and Settlements

Ancient trade routes significantly influenced political structures, cultural exchanges, economic development, and landscape transformations across diverse regions. The Ancient Tea Horse Road, a prominent historical commercial pathway in China, is crucial for ecosystem and cultural heritage conservations. This study uses content and comparative analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, and spatial analysis to examine the spatiotemporal relationships between 13,026 settlement points identified via Google Earth and 445 recorded settlement names within the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The findings indicate that the Ancient Tea Horse Road evolved from a simple linear form to a complex radial network, reflecting its growth from local to broad regional connectivity. Settlements related to administrative, postal, and commercial functions emerged in its vicinity, underscoring the route’s impact on social structures and economic activities. The development of settlements, mainly within a 10 km radius of the route, was closely linked to its expansion, alteration, and decline, offering insights into contemporary settlement distribution patterns. This research not only enhances the understanding of the Ancient Tea Horse Road and its surrounding settlements but also supports the protection of ancient trade routes and their cultural heritage. It contributes to sustainable development by integrating ecological preservation with the safeguarding of ancient trade routes and their cultural legacies.

Bentuk Pola Spasial Permukiman di Kecamatan Salahutu

Salahutu District is directly adjacent to Ambon City so that it has experienced rapid development due to the expansion of urban activities and is supported by various potentials such as ports, fisheries, trade and services and other potentials. This attracts residents to settle and can indirectly affect the distribution of settlements by forming certain patterns both clustered, random, and uniform. This study aims to identify spatial patterns of settlement distribution in Salahutu District. This study uses a quantitative approach with Nearest Neighbour Analysis analysis which aims to identify spatial patterns. The results showed that Salahutu District had most settlement distribution patterns grouping as many as 47 zones or 94% and the rest formed random patterns as many as 3 zones or 6%. The characteristics of residential zones with a clustering pattern have relatively close distances between settlements and high building density. While the characteristics of residential zones with random patterns have relatively long distances between settlements and lower building density. The existence of family ties that are still closely established causes settlements to form in groups so that it affects the maintenance of local identity of the community that is still maintained. The importance of the results of this study is to anticipate the development of settlements that are not well planned so that it can cause the addition of slums as bad areas in Salahutu District

Sustainability Analysis of Urban Settlement Distribution in Kanigoro

Cities develop as activity centers because they provide more facilities than rural areas. After being established as the capital of Blitar Regency based on Government Regulation No. 3/2010 dated January 5, 2010, Kanigoro experienced a shift from rural to urban land use followed by an increase in population, causing the quality of the environment to decline, requiring the structuring of sustainable urban development from social, economic, and environmental aspects. This study examines the development pattern of urban settlements with an environmental perspective to build an understanding of the spatial growth process that occurs in urbanization and urban formation in a small suburban area. This research uses a quantitative approach from secondary data analysis. Initial identification of the urban regions using Arc GIS to analyze land use conditions, especially settlements, using secondary data images in 2022 to obtain land use and settlement area maps in 2022. Kanigoro Urban Settlement area develops following grid and linear patterns, following road access and service trade. The thick rural-urban mix is primarily agricultural and residential. The ecological approach of Kanigoro Urban tends to be differentiated; the population lives scattered in convenient areas that are easy to reach, and spatial expression is fragmented, including "bridgeheads" prioritized settlements near the city center, learning centrifugal style, urban functions from inside the city to the outside. Based on the land use and spatial pattern of settlement distribution, Kanigoro Urban is proposed to use the stellar/radial city model.

Analysis of The Suitability of Residential Land Around The Balongan Industrial Designation Area

In the analysis of the suitability of residential land locations around the Balongan industrial area, some provisions must be taken into account, one of which is land suitability, where with land suitability analysis, it is possible to determine the level of suitability of residential land that is suitable for use as a residence. To determine the limited level of land suitability by using variables determining land suitability, which includes slope, rainfall, soil texture, and land use. The analysis consisted of 3 (three) stages. The first stage used nearest-neighbor analysis to explain settlement distribution patterns. In the second stage, an analysis of the suitability of residential land was carried out using overlapping techniques related to physical environmental data based on selected variables for residential areas. The third stage is preparing recommendations for residential development locations around the Balongan industrial area with an overlay analysis based on parameters, namely parameters for protected rice fields (LSD), sustainable food agricultural land (LP2B), and the spatial pattern plan for Indramayu Regency for 2011-2031. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that there are three types of settlements around KPI Balongan. The ideal location for residential land to be developed based on land suitability analysis and spatial pattern planning is in Juntikebon Village, Sudimampir Village, with a settlement pattern that can be developed into medium and large types.

The In-Situ Spatial-Temporal Evolution of the Settlement Space along the Grand Canal Tianjin Section from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage

The Grand Canal of China, as a traffic artery in ancient China, has exerted profound influence on the development of the cities, towns and rural settlements along it. Now, with China’s rapid urbanization, numerous settlements along the canal are confronted with problems like slow cognition of the cultural heritage, loss of the local culture and damage of historical relics. Hence, research on the protection and updating of the settlement space along the canal is in urgent need. This paper, targeting the settlement space along the Grand Canal Tianjin Section, adopts such research methods as the Historical GIS analytical method, the kernel density estimation method and the average nearest-neighbor method to quantitatively analyze the evolution stage and distribution characteristics of the settlement space along the Grand Canal Tianjin Section from the perspective of cultural relics to reveal the in-situ rules of evolution of the settlement space. The research result indicates that the spatial-temporal evolution of the settlement space can be divided into five such periods of the settlements along the canal as the pre-canal period, the rudimentary period, the development period, the mature period and the transformation period. Each period features different cultural relics and settlement distribution patterns. The research shows that the natural geographical environment, the grain transportation projects and management systems, the wasteland opening, grain growing and military defense policies, the agricultural, commercial and economic growth and the migration and folk culture are the influencing factors of the spatial evolution of the settlement space along the Grand Canal Tianjin Section.

Land management on small islands based on settlement distribution patterns: studies on Sulabesi Island, Indonesia

With limited land availability, the land use and management on the small island must be sustainable. Sulabesi Island, with an area of <2000 km<sup>2</sup>, makes it one of the small islands in North Maluku and a remote island. This condition makes Sulabesi vulnerable to land loss and faced with adverse threats both environmentally and socio-economically if the allocation of residential places does not manage appropriately. The study aimed to identify the distribution of coastal settlement land with the characteristics of the island landscape, including analyzing its suitability to coastal boundaries and recommending directions for the development of coastal settlements on Sulabesi island. The method of this study used the geographic information system (GIS) to provide a spatial picture with overlaying and buffering techniques. The data analysis used topography, slope, distribution of settlements, and coastlines with collected data sources from government agencies and remote sensing, including field observations. The analysis results showed that the settlements scattered Sulabesi island randomly and separately with linear patterns, clustering, and combinations. The distribution in the island landscape was with a dominant height at 0-200 m and a slope of 0-30% or is a flat-steep plain. Besides that also shows a mismatch of utilization between the residence and the coastal border area, so land use for future settlements can do on the more proportional ground, especially outside the coastal buffer area. The results of this study's analysis can be used for further direction in regional planning and land management on small islands.

The Pattern of Settlement Distribution in Disaster Prone Areas of Semarang City

The increase in population in Semarang City affects the trends in land use. Limited availability of land in contrast to the increasing demand for land has prompted residents to choose a place to live in a location not following its designation. Several settlements in Semarang City have developed in disaster-prone locations. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of settlements in disaster-prone areas, including aspects of land use, levels of vulnerability to natural hazards, and settlement distribution patterns. The research is a descriptive quantitative study with a spatial approach and utilizes images from remote sensing and Geographic Information systems (GIS). The results show that the settlements covering an area of 5,577 hectares or 33.5% of the total settlement area of Semarang City are in disaster-prone areas. Most disaster-prone areas have a moderate level of vulnerability. There are three patterns of settlement distribution in the study area, namely clustered, random, and dispersed patterns. Most districts in Semarang City have a random pattern of disaster-prone settlements. The settlement distribution pattern reflects the characteristics of each disaster-prone area.

Human settlement distribution patterns during the Longshan and Xinzhai-Erlitou periods and their hydrogeomorphic contexts in the Central Plains, China

The Central Plains of China witnessed a crucial cultural transformation towards the end of the Longshan period from a chiefdom-like society to a state-level society that has been speculated to be associated with regionally favorable environmental conditions. However, this speculation has not yet been substantiated. We first compiled the information on human migrations and extreme floods during the late Longshan period and then compared the relationships of human settlements with hydrogeomorphic settings in the Central Plains between the Longshan and Xinzhai-Erlitou periods. Our comparison shows that the course of the Yellow River was relatively stable during the Longshan period in the eastern Central Plains, where abundant highlands might have existed for human dwellings. However, geologically and archaeologically documented extreme floods that occurred at ~ 4000 cal. yr BP changed hydrogeomorphic settings in key locations along the Yellow River. The northern Henan area and the bordering area of Henan, Shandong and Anhui Provinces were subjected to frequent crevasses from flooding of the Yellow River at ~ 4000 cal. yr BP, which might have forced human migrations. Consequently, the northern Henan area and the bordering area of the three provinces lacked human settlements, whereas the western Central Plains contained concentrated human settlements during the Xinzhai-Erlitou period. We propose that the success of the above-mentioned cultural transformation was likely causally associated with hydrogeomorphic setting changes in the lower Yellow River Basin. Specifically, the frequent crevasses from flooding of the Yellow River at ~ 4000 cal. yr BP in the eastern alluvial plain regions made the western hilly and mountainous regions of present-day Henan Province the “refuge” for eastern immigrants during the late Longshan period. After the floods, human reoccupation and subsequent population increase beyond the local optimum carrying capacity within the Luoyang Basin during the Erlitou period might be a key driver of local social complexity.

Performance of Geosynthetics Reinforced Subgrade Subjected to Repeated Vehicle Loads: Experimental and Numerical Studies

Use of the geosynthetics to strengthen the soil is one of the highly desirable techniques under static and dynamic loads. The present study describes the experimental and numerical studies performed on the geosynthetic reinforced subgrade subjected to repeated vehicle loads. The cyclic plate load tests were conducted on the sand subgrade reinforced with planar and 3D geosynthetic reinforcements. The vehicle load was simulated by applying a repeated load of magnitude 275 kPa with 1Hz frequency on the reinforced subgrade. Results of the experimental investigations revealed that the performance of the subgrade soil improved significantly in the presence of reinforcements. The estimated parameters illustrated the three-fold reduction in settlement of the subgrade in the presence of reinforcement. Further, the heaving of the subgrade soil was found completely arrested with the use of geosynthetic reinforcement. The three-dimensional geocell reinforcement performed effectively as compared to planar geogrids under dynamic load. The measured pressure values at different depth demonstrated a significant reduction in the pressure in the presence of reinforcements. Besides, numerical simulations were performed using PLAXIS2D to understand pressure and settlement distribution patterns in the reinforced subgrade. In overall, a good agreement was observed between numerical and experimental results.

The spatial pattern analysis of settlements area in Batusangkar City Tanah Datar Regency

The spatial distribution of populations and settlements is in line with connectivity and accessibility within a city area. Delineation of Batusangkar City exists in 3 sub-districts and 6 Nagari, causing settlement concentration in certain areas will form a certain distribution pattern and different settlement, the occurrence of diversity patterns distribution as a form of uneven population distribution. So that information is needed regarding changes in land use and patterns of settlement distribution concerning land use in urban planning. This study aims to discover the changes in area and distribution patterns of settlements. This research method is quantitative descriptive using secondary data and then analyzed using the nearest neighbor analysis. The results of the study showed the change in the distribution of settlements to areas close to public facilities such as offices, schools, and universities. Batusangkar City area has a Pureisolated type pattern, while based on the Alvin L. Bertrand category it has a Line Village Community pattern, then based on the calculation of the nearest neighbor analysis it is categorized as Clustered

POLA PERSEBARAN PERMUKIMAN PENDUDUK DI KECAMATAN TALIABU BARAT LAUT KABUPATEN TALIABU

The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) What is the pattern of population settlements in Taliabu Barat Northwest District Taliabu District, 2) What are the factors that influence the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District Taliabu District. The purpose of this study is 1) To describe the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District, Taliabu Regency. 2) To find out the factors that influence the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District Taliabu District. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using a case study approach. Data collection techniques are observation, questionnaire, and documentation.Analysis of the pattern of settlement distribution was measured using the analysis of the nearest neighbor (nearest neighbor analysis), namely by calculating the size of the nearest neighbor parameter (T). Based on the results of the research on the Distribution Pattern of Population Settlements in Taliabu Northwest Subdistrict, Taliabu District, the pattern is uniform because the value of T ≥ 1.4 is the value of T = 2.54 m and patterned to follow the path or linear settlement pattern. Factors of settlement distribution patterns in Taliabu Northwest Subdistrict, Taliabu Regency are influenced by: First the community prefers to establish settlements in the coastal area of 67.3% and close to the road by 56.4%; The two of them mostly use their land as plantation land of 78.2% and agricultural land by 20%; The third source of water comes from the PDAM of 50.9% and is> 31 m at 54.5%; The four availability of natural resources mostly comes from agriculture / plantations, which is 96.4%.

Modelling cellular automata for the development of settlement area Bengkulu City

Population and development activity increasing push will demand higher settlements. Population density is low and becomes higher along with population growth rate and leads to centralization of settlements in certain sub-districts that will shape the dispersion pattern of settlements. The research method used in this research is Cellular Automata Modeling and Geographic Information System. The purpose of this research to identify the pattern of distribution of settlements based on population density in 2032 in Bengkulu city. The results show that the pattern of settlement distribution in the western part of Bengkulu city has high Density level and distribution pattern of clustering settlements while the North-East-South has medium to low density of population and distribution pattern of random settlement.

Holocene geomorphic evolution and settlement distribution patterns in the mid-lower Fen River basins, China

Holocene geomorphic changes have fundamentally shaped the spatial-temporal distributions of prehistoric and historical settlements in North China. Through intensive field surveys and careful field examination of typical sedimentary sequences, we reconstructed the Late-Pleistocene and Holocene geomorphic history in the two major basins of the mid-lower Fen River, central-south Shanxi, China. Our first-hand data provides crucial information for reconstructing the dynamic relationship between the characteristics of Holocene geomorphic changes and settlement distribution patterns in the two basins from the Neolithic period to the Bronze-Age Xia-Shang Dynasties. In the Taiyuan Basin, due to river downcutting processes from the end of the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene, edge of the basin emerged and evolved into tablelands. The elevation of the flat lands atop the tablelands that was significantly above the level of floodwater provided an ideal environment for early settlements. The Holocene geomorphic changes are characterized by continous fluvio-lacustrine aggradation, and the central basin became void of human settlements due to uninhabitable hydrological and gemorphic conditions and especially due to frequent floods. Instead, most settlements were located along the basin, displaying a unique “around-basin” distribution pattern. In the Linfen Basin, following large-scale incision of the main channels and branches of the Fen River during the Late Pleistocene, platform-type plain with deep incised valleys was formed. Similar to the surrounding loess tableland, the central basin became an optimal environment for human activities and settlement construction, forming a “full-basin” like settlement distribution pattern that is distinctively different from the “around-basin” distribution pattern in the Taiyuan basin.

Distribution Pattern of Settlement in 2032 based on Population Density in Bengkulu City

Population and development activities that are increasingly urgent will demand higher settlements. Low population density and become higher along with population growth and centralization at the center which will shape the pattern of settlement spread. The research method used in this study is the Modeling of Cellular Automata and Geographic Information Systems. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of population distribution in 2032 in the city of Bengkulu. This study shows the CA models in changing temporal land support capacity and forward prediction in 2032 models with physical and social data in Bengkulu City. The study is to help local authorities to better understand and address complex land use systems and develop better land use. The results showed that the distribution pattern in the western part of Bengkulu City had a high level of density and distribution pattern from the settlement of North-East-South clustering had a lower population density and random settlement distribution patterns.

Pola Hubungan Sosial Di Daerah Transmigrasi Desa Kapidi, Kecamatan Mappedeceng, Kabupaten Luwu Utara (Studi Aspek Geografi Sosial)

The research aims to determine the social geography factors that support and hinder the associative relationship patterns, and patterns of social relationships that exist between community groups transmigration with local community groups. Population is 625 KK. Sampling using purposive sampling of 80 samples selected. Collecting data using observations, questionnaires and documentation. Qualitative data analysis.Results of the study are social geography factor determining patterns of social relationships. Seen from the public are not concerned about wide disparities ownership and land productivity with a percentage of 81.25 percent. Based on the distribution of settlements society rarely interact with the percentage of 67.50 percent. The use of local languages is 57.50 percent of the people do not matter. Factors religious differences, people do not visit each other when religious holidays with the percentage of 76.25 percent. Factors difference in the number of residents, community transmigration reluctant to interact with local communities. Differences in culture, inter-ethnic society visited each totaled 65 percent. Factor public infrastructure, has been fair with a percentage of 76.25 percent.The conclusion is the pattern of the relationship between local communities and society transmigration is associative relationship patterns. Social geography factor that supports associative relationship is a broad pattern of ownership of agricultural land, the level of productivity of the land, culture, public infrastructure and local languages. Social geography factors that inhibit the associative relationship is the distribution pattern of settlements, religious differences, and population.

The environment of the last hunters-gatherers and first agro-pastoralists in the western Mediterranean region, between the Rhone and the Northern Apennines (7th - 6th millennium cal. BCE): Attractiveness of the landscape units and settlement patterns

In the north western Mediterranean, in the area between the Rhone River and the Northern Apennines, the last Mesolithic societies (Castelnovian) and the first Neolithic societies (Impressed Ware or Impressa) coexisted during the first half of the 6th millennium cal. BCE (Before Common Era). Linking the two settlement distribution patterns (mainly high lands and low lands for the Castelnovian versus Mediterranean coastal areas for the Impressa) to their specific environmental backgrounds during that period of coexistence enables us to document the attractiveness of the various available landscape units as a function of the subsistence practices (hunting, fishing and gathering versus agro-pastoralism). Pollen and charcoal data from 41 archaeological sites along with contemporaneous natural (off archaeological sites) sequences (hereafter referred to as “off-site sequences”) from three windows (Provence/Western Liguria, the middle Rhone valley/Prealps and Southern Alps, Eastern Liguria/Northern Apennines) were examined in order to reconstruct the vegetal landscape in the surroundings of the Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements between 6500 and 5400 cal. BCE. The importance of environmental versus cultural factors in the settlement preferences of both groups is discussed in order to document our reflection concerning non-consensual issues, such as the existence of interaction or avoidance behaviours or the sharing (or not) of parts or all of the territory and of its natural resources. The results notably highlight the expansion of fir forests that, based on ecological and accessibility criteria, could be considered as rather inauspicious for settlement and hunting as well as for pastoral activities. This expansion may have influenced the settlement patterns of both cultural complexes, leading populations to locate their settlements principally within landscape units that remained clear of extensive fir forests. It appears that, despite being motivated by the prevailing subsistence activities, the choice of an area of land for settlement is deeply guided by various other cultural factors which are less directly dependent upon natural resources. Thus, in an area providing a large range of possibilities, the landscape in which the groups establish themselves could be considered as just one of many cultural characteristics.

Mass migration through soil exhaustion: Transformation of habitation patterns in the southern Netherlands (1000 BC–500 AD)

Long-term archaeological data gathering in the southern Netherlands may deliver an unprecedented regional comparison that could be exemplary for the Pleistocene sand areas of the Northwest European Plain. On a micro-scale level, it has become clear that Bronze Age (2000–800 BC) and Iron Age (800–12 BC) farmers intensively used the landscape, resulting in a relatively dense distribution pattern of settlements all over the ridges and planes of the cover sand landscape. However, this agricultural use of the landscape—related to the “celtic field” system—led to a process of soil degradation by increased acidification during which Umbric Podzols gradually transformed into Carbic Podzols that could no longer be used as farmland. According to established “models,” this process of “secondary podzolization” particularly affected those sections of the landscape that were dominated by dry sandy soils with a low loam content (loam=clay and silt, between c. 10% and 20%). In the Late Iron Age (250–12 BC), the changing soil conditions resulted in a dramatic shift in the habitation pattern that clearly manifests itself in the Roman period (12 BC–410AD); on the local scale, the habitation moved from the degenerated soils to nearby areas with better soil conditions (higher loam content), which became more densely inhabited now than in the Bronze Age/Early Iron Age (2000–500 BC). The introduction of new land management (in the later Iron Age, and also by Romans) could also have been important for soil degradation. The areas where the Roman period settlements concentrated became also the areas where we can find the early medieval habitation (447–751AD) and where the Plaggic Anthrosols started to develop in the late medieval period (1270–1500AD). This paper is based on the analysis of soil properties.Measured loam values of soil samples (n=181) in Veldhoven, southern Netherlands, are in agreement with the described model that the plaggen cover is located on soils containing high combined silt and clay content (>25%) and that Carbic Podzols with no plaggen cover have low combined silt and clay content (<15%). Local spatial as well as vertical variations in loam content of sand layers have shown to occur, warning against single parameter research. Other potential causes for the deviation of the model are as follows: (a) impact of fluctuating groundwater levels; (b) impact of different hydrological properties in the shallow subsurface, depending on the grain size and transmissivity of the sediments; (c) organic matter content; (d) land management; and (e) climate change.

Native Settlements in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Area and Factors Affecting Its Distribution

Naturally human beings live in settlements, and through the recognition of the distribution pattern of these settlements, the distribution of the population can be identified, which is implemented as an effective factor for seeking balanced development. Therefore, the distribution of population and native settlements with maps are very important issues because they represent the final outcome between the elements of the human and natural environment. The importance of this study merges from the importance of Makkah Al-Mukarramah area among all other areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in terms of the weight of population (as the last estimates based on the results of the general census of population and housing in 1431/2010 AD): the population is 7,026,805 habitants, spread over eleven provinces in addition to the headquarters in (Makkah Al-Mukarramah); the region’s total area is 140,814 square kilometers. It also merges from religious significance for the city of Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The study followed the descriptive and analytical approaches; in addition, it used cartographic representation method, and it had depended on the data and information obtained from the Department of Statistics publications, and other government authorities, and data and maps from published research related to the subject of the study. The results of the study revealed the geographical distribution pattern of both native settlements and population of each province via the natural and human factors affecting facilitating the knowledge of the huge disparity of the distribution which gave light for recommendations built at the end the study.

Physical Growth Pattern of Settlements in a Traditional Region, Southwest Nigeria

The study examined the growth pattern of settlements in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria between 1984 and 2011; and predicted the future growth pattern of settlements in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary sources of data include Global Positioning System (GPS), Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries of 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2011. Secondary data included administrative map and population data of the study area. Descriptive statistics and geospatial technique were used to analyse the data collected. The results showed a random pattern of settlement distribution in the study area. Results revealed that settlements covered about 0.52% of the total land area in 1984; 1.32% in 2000; and 3.78% in 2011. Whereas linear pattern of growth characterised the periods between 1984 and 1990; clustering, infilling, and fringes were the patterns of growth that characterised the periods between 1990 and 2011. The study predicted that, at an average 1.2% of annual growth rate, settlements will occupy about 44.37% of the total land area by 2031. The study concluded that settlements in the study area varied in the patterns of distribution; the area was dominated by indigenous settlements type with overconcentration of social and economic infrastructures in few centres.

Impact of flood hazard on settlement distribution pattern on active flood plains of CHEJ interfluves Punjab Pakistan (1951- 1998)

Analysis of the spatial patterns of natural and human phenomena makes the core of geographical researches possess both academic and practical values. Research in the pattern of settlement distribution is one such study analysing the point distribution patterns. In this paper, an effort has been made to study the settlement distribution pattern and the factors influencing and controlling such distribution and growth of settlement on the CHEJ interfluve in general, and on the Active Flood Plains (AFP) in particular.